Abstract
Since the outset of their activities in the field of safety evaluation of food additives, the WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Food Additives and other expert groups in the World Health Organization have dealt with the general principles in the toxicological evaluation of chemicals added to food either specifically in special meetings (1, 2, 3) or occasionally during the course of their meetings aimed at formulating toxicological decisions regarding these substances. This chapter aims at bringing together the most important observations, remarks or suggestions concerning general principles of toxicological evaluation, procedures for testing and methodological approaches made by these international expert bodies since 1956.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
WHO/FAO Procedures for the testing of intentional food additives to establish their safety for use. Second Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 17; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 144, 1958.
WHO Procedures for investigating intentional and unintentional food additives. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 348, 1967.
WHO Assessment of the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chemicals. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 546, 1974.
Ref. 1, p. 13.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of the toxicity of a number of antimicrobials and antioxidants. Sixth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 31; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 228, p. 4, 1962.
WHO/FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some emulsifiers and stabilizers and certain other substances. Tenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 43; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 373, pp. 28-30, 1967.
WHO/FAO General principles governing the use of food additives. First Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 15; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 129, pp. 4-5, 1957.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Some Food Colors, Thickening Agents, Smoke Condensates and Certain other substances. Nineteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 55; Wld Hlth techn. Rep. Ser., No. 576, p. 6, 1975.
WHO/FAO Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications. Seventeenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 539, p. 6, 1974.
Ref. 7, pp. 5–6.
Ref. 7, pp. 7–8.
Ref. 5, p. 13.
Ref. 9, p. 6.
Ref. 7, pp. 8 and 11.
Ref. 9, p. 7.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. Twentieth Report. FAO Food and Nutrition Series No. 1; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser. No. 599, pp. 8-9, 1976.
Ref. 7, p. 12.
Ref. 7, p. 14.
Ref. 16, p. 9.
WHO/ FAO Evaluation of food additives. Some enzymes, modified starches and certain other substances: toxicological evaluations and specifications and a review of the technological efficacy of some antioxidants. Fifteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 50; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 488, pp. 30–31, 1972.
Ref. 7, p. 10.
WHO/FAO Specifications for identity and purity of food additives (Antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants). Third Report. These specifications were subsequently revised and published as Specifications for identity and purity of food additives Vol. I. Anit-microbial preservatives and antioxidants, Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pp. 3-6, 1962.
WHO/FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation. Food colors and some antimicrobials and antioxidants. Eighth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 38; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 309, pp. 6-8, 1965.
Ref. 7, p. 10.
Ref. 22, p. 3.
Ref. 23, p. 6.
Ref. 23, pp. 6–7.
Ref. 6, p. 31.
Ref. 22, pp. 3–4.
Ref. 23, p. 7.
Ref. 6, p. 32.
Ref. 22, p. 4.
Ref. 22, pp. 4–5.
Ref. 23, pp. 7–8.
Ref. 6, pp. 31–32.
Ref. 22, p. 5.
WHO/ FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flour-treat ment agents, acids and bases. Ninth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 40; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 339, p. 10, 1966.
Ref. 6, p. 13.
Ref. 9, p. 11.
Ref. 5, p. 5.
Ref. 37, p. 10.
Ref. 6, p. 13.
WHO/FWO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation. Emulsifiers, stabilizers, bleaching and maturing agents. Seventh Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 35; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 281, p. 18, 1964.
Ref. 2, p. 8.
Vettorazzi, G. and P. Miles-Vettorazzi. Safety evaluation of chemicals in food. Toxicological data profiles. I. Carbamate and organophosphorous pestidices used in public health and agriculture. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 52, Suppl. 1–61, 1975.
Ref. 7, pp. 9-10.
Ref. 23, pp. 8-9.
Ref. 8, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 36, p. 8.
Ref. 20, p. 7.
Ref. 43, p. 6.
WHO/FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some food colors, emulsifiers, stabilizers, anti-caking agents, and certain other substances. Thirteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 46; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 445, p. 26, 1970.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of food Additives. Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some extraction solvents and certain other substances: and a review of the technological efficacy of some antimicrobial agents. Fourteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 48; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 462, p. 6, 1971.
Ref. 8, p. 9.
Ref. 9, p. 7 and 25.
Ref. 8, pp. 7-9.
Ref. 2, pp. 4-5.
Ref. 1, p. 5.
Ref. 9, p. 30.
Ref. 1, p. 6.
Ref. 9, p. 9.
Ref. 1, p. 8.
Ref. 2, p. 8.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of the carcinogenic hazards of food additives. Fifth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. No. 29, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 220, p. 8, 1961.
Ref. 1, pp. 8-9.
Boyland, E. The determination of carcinogenic activity. Acta Un. Int. Cancr, 13, 271, 1957.
Ref. 64, pp. 8-9.
USA National Research Council, Food Protection Committee. National Academy of Sciences Public, 749, 1959.
Ref. 64, pp. 10-12.
Ref. 1, p. 10.
Druckrey, H. Principles of toxicological methods, Arztl-Forsch., 7, 449, 1957.
Ref. 64, pp. 12-13.
Ref. 64, pp. 13-14.
Ref. 64, p. 12.
Ref. 1, pp. 15-16.
Ref. 2, pp. 12-14.
Ref. 2, p. 23.
Ref. 1, p. 5.
Ref. 2, p. 7.
Dixon, R. L., Shultice, R. W. & Fouts, J. R. Factors affecting drug metabolism by liver microsomes. IV. Starvation. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.), 103, 333, 1960.
Kato, R. & Gillette, J. R. Effect of starvation on NADPH-dependent enzymes in liver microsomes of male and female rats. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther., 150, 279, 1965.
Friedman, L. Nutritional status and biological response. Fed. Proc., 25, 137, 1966.
Hotzel, D. Dtsch. Med. Forsch., 2, 105, 1964.
Tannenbaum, A. Nutrition and cancer. In: The Physiopathology of cancer, Homburger, F. Ed., 2nd ed., New York, Hoeber-Harper, p. 517, 1959.
Ref. 2, pp. 12-13.
Ref. 64, pp. 17-18.
Ref. 2, p. 13.
Ref. 2, p. 23.
Ref. 2, pp. 11-12.
Ref. 20, pp. 33-34.
Ref. 20, p. 34.
Ref. 2, p. 12.
Ref. 1, pp. 7-8.
Ref. 2, p. 8.
Ref. 64, pp. 7-8.
Ref. 9, p. 31.
Ref. 6, p. 35.
Ref. 5, p. 8.
Ref. 1, p. 13.
Ref. 9, p. 31.
Ref. 1, p. 14.
Ref. 37, p. 9.
Ref. 6, p. 12
Ref. 9, p. 32.
Ref. 2, pp. 14-15.
Ref. 2, pp. 23-24.
Ref. 1, p. 9.
Ref. 9, p. 30.
Ref. 5, p. 7.
Ref. 6, p. 35.
Ref. 1, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 1, pp. 11-12.
Ref. 5, p. 8.
Ref. 6, pp. 35-36.
Ref. 2, pp. 13-14.
Ref. 9, p. 33.
Ref. 2, p. 17.
WHO Principles for the testing of drugs for teratogenicity. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 348, 1967.
Ref. 2, pp. 16-17 and 24.
WHO Evaluation and testing of drugs for mutagenicity: principles and problems. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 482, 1971.
Ref. 3, p. 9.
Ref. 3, p. 12.
Ref. 1, pp. 16-17.
Ref. 1, p. 5.
Ref. 64, p. 7.
Ref. 1, pp. 11-12.
Ref. 3, p. 8.
Ref. 3, pp. 8-9.
Ref. 9, p. 34.
WHO Principles for the testing and e valuation of drugs for carcinogenicity. Report of a WHO Scientific Group (Geneva 1968). Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 425, 1969.
Ref. 2, p. 9.
Ref. 2, p. 10.
Ref. 20, p. 34.
Ref. 5, p. 8.
Ref. 2, p. 9.
WHO Principles for pre-clinical testing of drug safety. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Geneva 1966. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 341, 1966.
Ref. 53, pp. 8-9.
WHO/FAO Pesticide Residues in Food. Report of the 1973 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 545, p. 9, 1974.
WHO/FAO Pesticide Residues in Food. Report of the 1974 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 574, pp. 8-9, 1975.
Ref. 16, p. 10.
Ref. 1, p. 5.
Ref. 1, pp. 14-15.
Ref. 5, p. 7.
Ref. 6, p. 35.
Ref. 9, pp. 30-31.
WHO/FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some flavouring substances and nonnutritive sweetening agents. Eleventh Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 44; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 383, p. 9, 1968.
Ref. 1, p. 15.
Ref. 2, pp. 17 and 24.
Ref. 2, pp. 18-19.
Stein, W. H., Serrone, D.M. & Coulston, F. Safety evaluation of methoxychlor in human volunteers. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 7, 499, 1965.
Sharrat, M., Frazer, A. C. & Cutler, M. Methodological studies in the assessment of the acceptability of a food additive. In: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Food Science and Technology, New York Gordon and Breach, p. 583, 1964.
Golberg, L. Liver enlargement produced by drugs: its significance. Proc. Europ. Soc. Study Drug Toxic., 7, 171, 1966.
Ref. 2, pp. 15-16.
Ref. 2, pp. 17-18.
Ref. 53, p. 8.
Ref. 3, p. 12.
Ref. 64, p. 14.
Ref. 64, p. 15.
Ref. 64, p. 33.
Ref. 64, pp. 15-16.
Ref. 64, pp. 16-17.
Ref. 2, p. 19.
Ref. 64, p. 5.
Ref. 3, p. 12.
Ref. 3, pp. 9-11.
Vettorazzi, G. The safety Evaluation of Food Additives: The dynamics of toxicological decisions. Lebansm.-Wis, U.-Technol., 8, 195, 1975.
Ref. 1, p. 17.
Ref. 5, pp. 9-10.
Ref. 6, p. 36.
Ref. 2, p. 20.
Ref. 9, p. 9.
Ref. 1, pp. 17-18.
Ref. 2, pp. 19-21.
Ref. 2, pp. 21-22 and 24.
Ref. 9, pp. 9-10.
Vettorazzi, G. State of the art of the toxicological evaluation carried out by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Pestidice Residues. I. Organohalogenated pesticides used in public health a and agriculture. Res. Rev. 56, 197, 1975.
Ref. 7, p. 14.
Ref. 1, p. 18.
Ref. 64, p. 22.
Ref. 5, pp. 6 and 10-12.
Ref. 43, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 23, pp. 13-14.
Ref. 37, p. 9.
Ref. 6, pp. 36-37.
Ref. 6, p. 47.
Ref. 2, pp. 6-7.
Ref. 2, pp. 7 and 22.
Ref. 146. pp. 10-11.
WHO/FAO Specifications for the identity and purity of food additives and their toxicological evaluation: some antibiotics. Twelfth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 45; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 430, pp. 14-15, 1969.
Ref. 52, pp. 8-9.
Ref. 52, p. 9.
Ref. 20, p. 8.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of certain food additives and the contaminants mercury, lead and cadmium. Sixteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 51; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 505, pp. 9-11, 1972.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of mercury, lead, cadmium and the food additives amaranth, diethylpyrocarbonate and octyl gallate. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 51A; WHO Food Additives Series, No. 4, 1972.
Ref. 9, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 9, p. 12.
WHO/FAO Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of specifications. Eighteenth Report. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 54; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 557, p. 10, 1974.
Ref. 3, pp. 11-12.
Mantel, N. & Bryan, W. R. “Safety” testing of carcinogenic agents. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 27, 455, 1961.
Albert R. E. & Altshuler, B. Considerations relating to the formulation of limits for unavoidable population exposures to environmental carcinogens. In: Proccedings of the Twelfth Hanford Biology Symposium on Radionuclide Carcinogenesis, Richland, Wash-ington. C. L. Sanders, 1972.
Ref. 3, p. 12 and Annex.
Ref. 9, p. 10.
Ref. 9, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 9, p. 11.
Ref. 9, p. 12.
Ref. 146, p. 11.
Ref. 37, p. 9.
Ref. 189, p. 15.
Ref. 193, pp. 9-10.
Ref. 9, p. 10.
Ref. 198, pp. 8-9.
Ref. 197, pp. 10.
Ref. 37, p. 10.
Ref. 6, pp. 7 and 37.
Ref. 1, p. 17.
Ref. 2, p. 6.
Ref. 1, p. 7.
Ref. 37, p. 7.
Ref. 5, p. 7.
Ref. 197, p. 8.
Ref. 16, pp. 9-10.
Ref. 6, p. 9.
Ref. 197, p. 10.
Ref. 156, p. 6.
Ref. 20, pp. 10-11.
Ref. 52, p. 23.
Ref. 64, pp. 24-31.
Ref. 64, pp. 5-6.
Watson, J.D. Molecular biology of the gene, 2nd end., New York, Benjamin, 662, 1970.
Cleaver, J. E. Defective repair replication of DNA in Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Nature, (Lond. ) 218, 652, 1968.
Ref. 3, pp. 6-7.
Miller, E. C. & Miller, J. A. The mutagenicity of chemical carcinogens: correlations, problems and interpretations. In: Hollaender, A. ed., Chemical mutagens, New York, Plenum, Vol. 1, pp. 83–119, 1971.
Ref. 3, pp. 6-8.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of certain food additives. Twenty-first report. FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No. 8; Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 617, pp. 10-11, 1978.
Cramer, G. M., Ford, R. A. & Hall, R. L. Estimation of toxic hazard-decision tree approach. Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. (In publication), 1978.
WHO/FAO Evaluation of certain food additives. Twenty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser. (in publication), 1978.
Ref. 2, p. 15.
WHO/IARC Transplacental carcinogenesis. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Scientific Publication No. 4, 1973.
Ref. 234, p. 10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Spectrum Publications, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vettorazzi, G. (1980). General Principles in the Toxicological Evaluation of Food Additives. In: Evaluations. Handbook of International Food Regulatory Toxicology, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7271-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7271-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7273-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7271-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive