Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is commoner in young men than in young women1. In England and Wales in 1973 there were 1942 deaths from coronary heart disease in women aged 30–34 compared to 10692 in men during the same period2. However, after the age of about 50 years the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in men and women tends to equalize and after about 70 the incidences are much the same.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Oliver, M. F. (ed.) (1978). Coronary Heart Disease in Young Women. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Editorial (1977). Coronary heart disease in young women. Lancet, 2, 282
Kagan, A., Dawber, T. R., Kannel, W. B. and Revotskie, N. (1962). The Framingham study: a prospective study of coronary heart diseases. Fed. Proc., 21, suppl. 2, 52
Kannel, W. B., Hjortland, M. C., McNamara, P. M. and Gordon, T. (1976). Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med., 85, 447
Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., Cohen, M. E. and McNamara, P. M. (1965). Vascular disease of the brain — epidemiologic aspects: The Framingham study. Am. J. Publ. Health, 55, 1355
Bengtsson, C. (1973). Ischaemic heart disease in women. Acta Med. Scand., suppl. 549, 1
Haberman, S., Capildeo, R. and Rose, F. C. (1978). The changing mortality of cerebrovascular disease. Q. J. Med., 47, 71
Phillips, G. B. (1976). Evidence for hyperoestrogenaemia as a risk factor for myocardial infarction in men. Lancet, 2, 14
Entrican, J. G., Beach, C., Carroll, D. et al. (1978). Raised plasma oestradiol and oestrone levels in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Lancet, 2, 487
Taggart, H., Sheridan, B. and Stout, R. W. (1980). Sex hormone levels in younger male stroke survivors. Atherosclerosis, 35, 123
Goodale, F., Thomas, W. A. and O’Neal, R. M. (1960). Myocardial infarction in women. Arch. Pathol., 69, 599
Mitchell, J. R. A. and Schwartz, C. J. (1965). Arterial Disease. (Oxford: Blackwell)
Kuller, L. and Lilienfeld, A. (1966). Epidemiological study of sudden and unexpected deaths due to arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation, 34, 1056
Sternley, N. H. (1968). Atherosclerosis in a defined population. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., suppl. 194, 1
Tejada, C., Strong, J. P., Montenegro, M. R., Restrepo, C. and Selberg, L. A. (1968). Distribution of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis by geographic location, race and sex. Lab. Invest., 18, 509
James, J. N., Post, H. W. and Smith, F. J. (1955). Myocardial infarction in women. Ann. Intern. Med., 43, 153
Oliver, M. F. (1974). Ischaemic heart disease in young women. Br. Med. J., 4, 253
Mann, J. I., Doll, R., Thorogood, M., Vessey, M. P. and Waters, W. E. (1976). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in young women. Br. I. Prev. Soc. Med., 30, 94
Morris, D. C., Hurst, J. W. and Logue, R. B. (1976). Myocardial infarction in young women. Am. J. Cardiol., 38, 299
Adlersberg, D., Schaefer, L. E., Steinberg, A. G. and Wang, C. I. (1956). Age, sex, serum lipids and coronary atherosclerosis. I. Am. Med. Assoc., 162, 619
Wood, P. D. S., Stern, M. P. and Silvers, A. (1972). Prevalence of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in a free-living population of the Central Valley, California. Circulation, 45, 114
Lewis, B., Chait, A., Wooton, I. D. P. et al. (1974). Frequency of risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in a healthy British population. Lancet, 1, 141
Garcia, M. J., McNamara, P. M., Gordon, T. and Kannel, W. B. (1974). Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes, 23, 105
Hjortland, M. C., McNamara, P. M. and Kannel, W. B. (1976). Some atherogenic concomitants of menopause: the Framingham study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 103, 304
Gordon, T., Kannel, W. B., Hjortland, M. C. and McNamara, P. M. (1978). Menopause and coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med., 89, 157
Bengtsson, A. and Lindquist, O. (1978). Coronary heart disease during the menopause. In Oliver, M. F. (ed.) Coronary Heart Disease in Young Women, pp. 234–42. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Editorial (1977). Coronary heart disease and the menopause. Br. Med. J., 1, 862
Weiss, N. S. (1972). Relationship of menopause to serum cholesterol and arterial blood pressure — the United States health examination survey of adults. Am. J. Epidemiol., 96, 237
Hallberg, L. and Svanborg, A. (1967). Cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in plasma in 50 year-old women. Acta Med. Scand., 181, 185
Taylor, R. D., Corcoron, A. C. and Page, I. H. (1974). Menopausal hypertension: a critical study. Am. J. Med. Sci., 213, 475
Doll, R. (1978). Discussion. In Oliver, M. F. (ed.) Coronary Heart Disease in Young Wome., pp. 22–3. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Wilhelmsen, L. (1978). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in young women. In Oliver, M. F. (ed.) Coronary Heart Disease in Young Wome., pp. 3–9. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Baird, D. T. (1978). Patterns of sex hormone production in women. In Oliver, M. F. (ed.) Coronary Heart Disease in Young Wome., pp. 95–100. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Vermeulen, A. (1978). Patterns of sex hormone production in men. In Oliver, M. F. (ed.) Coronary Heart Disease in Young Women, pp. 101–5. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone)
Kley, H. K., Edelmann, P. and Kruskemper, H. L. (1980). Relationship of plasma sex hormones to different parameters of obesity in male subjects. Metabolism, 29, 1041
Wuest, J. E., Dry, T. J. and Edwards, J. E. (1953). The degree of coronary atherosclerosis in bilaterally oophorectomised women. Circulation, 7, 801
Parrish, H. M., Carr, C. A., Hall, D. G. and King, T. M. (1967). Time interval from castration in premenopausal women to development of excessive coronary atherosclerosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 99, 155
Robinson, R. W., Higano, N. and Cohen, W. D. (1959). Increased incidence of coronary heart disease in women castrated prior to the menopause. Arch. Intern. Med., 104, 908
Higano, N., Robinson, R. W. and Cohen, W. D. (1963). Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in castrated women: two-year follow-up study. N. Engl. I. Med., 268, 1123
Oliver, M. F. and Boyd, G. S. (1959). Effect of bilateral ovariectomy on coronary-artery disease and serum-lipid levels. Lancet, 2, 690
Sznajderman, M. and Oliver, M. F. (1963). Spontaneous premature menopause, ischaemic heart disease and serum lipids. Lancet, 1, 962.
Novak, E. R. and Williams, T. J. (1960). Autopsy comparison of cardiovascular changes in castrated and normal women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 80, 863
Manchester, J. H., Herman, M. V. and Gorlin, R. (1971). Premenopausal castration and documented coronary atherosclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol., 28, 33
Blanc, J. J., Boschat, J., Morin, I.-F., Clavier, J. and Penther, T. (1977). Menopause and myocardial infarction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 127, 353
Roberts, W. C. and Giraldo, A. A. (1979). Bilateral oophorectomy in menstruating women and accelerated coronary atherosclerosis: an unproved connection. Am. J. Med., 67, 363
Heller, R. F. and Jacobs, H. S. (1978). Coronary heart disease in relation to age, sex and the menopause. Br. Med. J., 1, 472
Vermeulen, A., Rubens, R. and Verdonck, L. (1972). Testosterone secretion and metabolism in male senescence. I. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 34, 730
Rubens, R., Dhont, M. and Vermeulen, A. (1974). Further studies on Leydig cell function in old age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 39, 40
Pirke, K. M. and Doerr, P. (1973). Age-related changes and interrelationships between plasma testosterone, oestradiol and testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin in normal adult males. Acta Endocrinol., 74, 792
Stearns, E. L., MacDonnell, J. A., Kaufman, B. J. et al. (1974). Declining testicular function with age. Hormonal and clinical correlates. Am. J. Med., 57, 761
Phillips, G. B. (1977). Relationship between serum sex hormones and glucose, insulin, and lipid abnormalities in men with myocardial infarction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 1729
Levin, L. C. and Koreman, S. G. (1978). Elevated estradiol levels in acute MI and coronary artery disease. Clin. Res., 26, 308A
Heller, R. F., Jacobs, H. S., Vermeulen, A. and Deslypere, J. P. (1981). Androgens, oestrogens and coronary heart disease. Br. Med. J., 282, 438
Carr, D. (1978). Oestrogens, myocardial infarction and smoking. Lancet, 2, 1048
Taggart, H. and Stout, R. W. (1979). Reduced high density lipoprotein in stroke: relationship with elevated triglyceride and hypertension Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 9, 219
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 R. W. Stout
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stout, R.W. (1982). Atherosclerosis in males and females. In: Hormones and Atherosclerosis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6264-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6264-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6266-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6264-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive