Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Hormones and Atherosclerosis pp 129–141Cite as

Sex hormones, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

  • Chapter

  • 52 Accesses

Abstract

The marked difference in incidence of atherosclerosis in males and females, at least in developed countries, has prompted a search for differences in risk factors between the two sexes. Most attention has been paid to plasma lipids and lipoproteins and many epidemiological studies have reported differences in total and individual lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride in males and females.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee (1979). Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the lipid research clinics program prevalence study. Circulation, 60, 427

    Google Scholar 

  2. Carlson, L. A. and Lindsted, S. (1969). The Stockholm Prospective Study. I. The initial values for plasma lipids. Acta Med. Scand., 185, (suppl. 493), 1

    Google Scholar 

  3. Goldstein, J. L., Hazzard, W. R., Schrott, H. G., Bierman, E. L. and Motulsky, A. G. (1973). Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease. Lipid levels in 500 survivors of myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Invest., 52, 1533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lewis, B., Chait, A., Wooton, I. D. P. et al. (1974). Frequency of risk factors for ischaemic heart-disease in a healthy British population. Lancet, 1, 141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dyerberg, J. and Hjorne, N. (1973). Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in childhood and adolescence. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 31, 473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nikkila, E. A. and Kekki, M. (1971). Polymorphism of plasma triglyceride kinetics in normal human adult subjects. Acta Med. Scand., 190, 49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Olefsky, J., Farquhar, J. W. and Reaven, G. M. (1974). Sex difference in kinetics of triglyceride metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridaemic human subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 4, 121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carlson, L. A. and Ericsson, M. (1975). Quantitative and qualitative serum lipoprotein analysis. Part 1. Studies in healthy men and women. Atherosclerosis, 21, 417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Slack, J., Noble, N., Meade, T. W. and North, W. R. S. (1977). Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 1604 men and women in working populations in north-west London. Br. Med. J., 2, 353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stern, M. P., Brown, B. W., Jr, Haskell, W. L., Farquhar, J. W., Wehrle, C. L. and Wood, P. D. S. (1976). Cardiovascular risk and use of oestrogens or oestrogen- progestogen combinations. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 235, 811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wallace, R. B., Hoover, J., Sandler, D., Rifkind, B. M. and Tyroler, H. A. (1977). Altered plasma lipids associated with oral contraceptive or oestrogen consumption. Lancet, 2, 11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wallace, R. B., Hoover, J., Barrett-Connor, E. et al. (1979). Altered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with oral contraceptive and oestrogen use. Lancet, 111, 655

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hennekens, C. H., Evans, D. A., Castelli, W. P., Taylor, J. O., Rosner, B. and Kass, E. H. (1979). Oral contraceptive use and fasting triglyceride, plasma cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Circulation, 60, 486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Miller, G. J. and Miller, N. E. (1975). Plasma-high density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet, 1, 16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Albers, J. J., Wahl, P. W., Cabana, V. G., Hazzard, W. R. and Hoover, J. J. (1976). Quantitation of apolipoprotein A-I of human plasma high density lipoprotein. Metabolism, 25, 633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bradley, D. D., Wingerd, J., Petitti, D. A., Kraus, R. M. and Raucharan, S. (1978). Serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in women using oral contraceptives, estrogens and progestogens. N. Engl. J. Med., 299, 17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arntzenius, A. C., van Gent, C. M., van der Voort, H., Stegerhoek, C. I. and Styblo, K. (1978). Reduced high-density lipoprotein in women aged 40–41 using oral contraceptives. Lancet, 1, 1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Silvers, A., Jutagir, R. and Bradley, D. D. (1977) Changes in serum high density lipoproteins in women on oral contraceptive drugs. Clin. Chim. Acta, 80, 465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Larsson-Cohn, U., Wallentin, L. and Zador, G. (1979). Plasma lipids and high density lipoproteins during oral contraception with different combinations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. Horm. Metab. Res., 11, 437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Buckman, M. T., Johnson, J., Ellis, H., Srivastava, L. and Peake, G. T. (1980). Differential lipemic and proteinemic response to oral ethinyl estradiol and parenteral estradiol cypionate. Metabolism, 29, 803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wallentin, L. and Varenhorst, E. (1978). Changes of plasma lipid metabolism in males during estrogen treatment for prostatic carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 47, 596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wallentin, L. and Varenhorst, E. (1981). Plasma lipoproteins during anti-androgen treatment by estrogens or orchidectomy in men with prostatic carcinoma. Horm. Metab. Res., 13, 293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nordoy, A., Aakvaag, A. and Thelle, D. (1979). Sex hormones and high density lipoproteins in healthy males. Atherosclerosis, 34, 431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Heller, R. F., Miller, N. E., Lewis, B. et al. (1981) Associations between sex hormones, thyroid hormones and lipoproteins. Clin. Sci., 61, 649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mendozza, S. G., Osuna, A., Zerpa, A., Gartside, P. S. and Glueck, C. J. (1981). Hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia in azoospermic and oligospermic young men: relationships of endogenous testoterone to triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism. Metabolism, 30, 481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gutai, J., La Porte, R., Kuller, L., Dai, W., Falvo-Gerard, L. and Cagguila, A. (1981). Plasma testosterone, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipoprotein fractions. Am. J. Cardiol., 48, 897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Reckless, J. P. D., Betteridge, D. J., Taylor, K. G. et al. (1980). Serum lipoproteins and the concentrations of thyroxine and sex hormones in diabetic man. Horm. Metab. Res., 12, 629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wynn, V., Adams, P. W., Godsland, I. et al. (1979). Comparison of effects of different combined oral contraceptive formulations on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Lancet, 1, 1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Taggart, H. and Stout, R. W. (1981). Effect of a low dose estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive on lipids and lipoproteins. Irish J. Med. Sci., 150, 13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Knopp, R. H., Walden, C. E., Wahl, P. W. et al. (1981). Oral contraceptive and postmenopausal estrogen effects on lipoprotein triglyceride and cholesterol in an adult female population: relationship to estrogen and progestin potency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 53, 1123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hirvonen, E., Malkonen, M. and Marninen, V. (1981). Effects of different progestogens on lipoproteins during postmenopausal replacement therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 304, 560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Glueck, C. J., Ford, S., Jr., Steiner, P. and Fallat, R. (1973). Triglyceride removal efficiency and lipoprotein lipases: effects of oxandrolone. Metabolism, 22, 807

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Solyom, A. (1972). Effect of androgens on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids, 7, 100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ehnholm, C., Huttunen, J. K., Kinnunen, P. J., Miettinen, T. A. and Nikkila, E. A. (1975). Effect of oxandrolone treatment on the activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1of human postheparin plasma. N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 1314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kissebah, A. H., Harrigan, P., Adams, P. W. and Wynn, V. (1973). Effect of methandienone on free fatty acid and triglyceride turnover in normal females. Horm. Metab. Res., 5, 275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bagdade, J. D., Livingston, R. and Yee, E. (1975). Effects of the synthetic androgen fluoxymesterone on triglyceride secretion rates in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 149, 452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hazzard, W. R., Spiger, M. J., Bagdade, J. D. and Bierman, E. L. (1969). Studies on the mechanism of increased plasma triglyceride levels induced by oral contraceptives. N. Engl. J. Med., 280, 471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Applebaum, D. M., Goldberg, A. P., Pykalisto, O. J., Brunzell, J. D. and Hazzard, W. R. (1977). Effect of estrogen on postheparin lipolytic activity. Selective decline in hepatic triglyceride lipase. J. Clin. Invest., 59, 601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kekki, M. and Nikkila, E. A. (1971). Plasma triglyceride turnover during use of oral contraceptives. Metabolism, 20, 878

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kissebah, A. H., Harrigan, P. and Wynn, V. (1973). Mechanism of hypertriglyceridaemia associated with contraceptive steroids. Horm. Metab. Res., 5, 184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rossner, S., Larsson-Cohn, H., Carlson, C. A. and Boherg, J. (1971). Effects of an oral contraceptive agent on plasma lipids, plasma lipoproteins, the intravenous fat tolerance and the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase-activity. Acta Med. Scand., 190, 301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chait, A., Brunzell, J. D., Albers, J. J. and Hazzard, W. R. (1977). Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia (‘remnant removal disease’). Lancet, 1, 1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kushwaha, R. S., Hazzard, W. R., Gagne, C., Chait A. and Albers, J. J. (1977). Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: paradoxical hypolipidemic response to estrogen. Ann. Intern. Med., 87, 517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Floren, C-H., Kushwaha, R. S., Hazzard, W. R. and Albers, J. J. (1981). Estrogen- induced increase in uptake of cholesterol rich very low density lipoproteins in perfused rabbit liver. Metabolism, 30, 367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wynn, V. and Doar, J. W. H. (1969). Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism. Lancet, 2, 761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wynn, V. and Doar, J. W. H. (1966). Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism. Lancet., 2, 715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Spellacy, W. N., Buhi, W. C., Spellacy, C. E., Moses, L. E. and Goldzieher, J. W. (1970). Glucose, insulin and growth hormone studies in long-term users of oral contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 106, 173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ashby, J. P., Shirling, D. and Baird, J. D. (1981). Effect of progestogen on the secretion and peripheral action of insulin and glucagon in the intact rat. J. Endocrinol., 88, 49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Leis, D., Bottermann, P., Ermler, R. and Schlauch, W. (1980). Effects of low-dose gestagen and combination-type oral contraception on blood glucose and serum insulin levels after a glucose load. Arch. Gynecol., 230, 143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Barrett-Connor, E., Brown, W. V., Turner, J., Austin, M. and Criqui, M. H. (1979). Heart disease risk factors and hormone use in postmenopausal woman. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 241, 2167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ostrander, L. D., Lamphiear, D. E., Block, W. D., Williams, G. W. and Carmen, W. J. (1980). Oral contraceptives and physiological variables. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 244, 677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK

    Robert W. Stout MD, FRCP (Professor of Geriatric Medicine)

Authors
  1. Robert W. Stout MD, FRCP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 R. W. Stout

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stout, R.W. (1982). Sex hormones, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In: Hormones and Atherosclerosis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6264-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6264-7_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6266-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6264-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation