Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Status of Modern Therapy ((TCSMT,volume 3))

Abstract

The term ‘cerebral activating drugs’ is used for the title of this chapter as a convenient way to embrace a wide variety of drugs which have been used in attempts to improve cerebral function in old age. Such drugs include vasodilators, drugs influencing cerebral metabolism, stimulants and drugs which are claimed to improve the flow of blood in the cerebral microcirculation by virtue of actions on blood viscosity, red cell deformability, or one or more biochemical effects at the cellular level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gottstein, U. (1969). The effect of drugs on cerebral blood flow especially in patients of older age. Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-Psychopharmakol, 2, 100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Fang, H. C. H. (1976). Observations on aging characteristics of cerebral blood’ vessels, macroscopic and microscopic features. In R. D. Terry and S. Gershon (eds.). Neurobiology of Aging (Aging, Vol. 3 ), pp. 155–166. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  3. Leading article (1977). Hyperviscosity in disease. Lancet, ii, 961

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thomas, D. J., Marshall, J. and Russell, R. W. R. (1978). Haematocrit and cerebral blood flow. Lancet, i, 41

    Google Scholar 

  5. York, E. L. and Sproule, B. J. (1978). Cerebral blood flow and polycythaemia. Lancet, i, 152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Leading article (1978). Red-cell deformability. Lancet, ii, 1348

    Google Scholar 

  7. Nakao, M., Nakao, T. and Yamazoe, S. (1960). Adenosine triphosphate and maintainance of shape of the human red cells. Nature, 187, 945

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nakao, M., Wada, T. and Kamiyama, T. (1962). A direct relationship between adenosine triphosphate level and in vivo viability of erythrocytes. Nature, 194, 877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. La Celle, P. L., Kirkpatrick, F. H., Udkow, M. P. and Arkin, B. (1973). Membrane fragmentation and Ca++-membrane interaction: potential mechanisms of shape change in the senescent red cell. In M. Bessis, R. I. Weed and P. F. Leblond (eds.). Red Cell Shape, pp. 69–78. ( Berlin: Springer Verlag ).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Weed, R. I., La Celle, P. L. and Merrill, E. W. (1969). Metabolic dependence of red cell deformability. J. Clin. Invest, 48, 795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sokoloff, L. (1975). Cerebral circulation and metabolism in the aged. In S. Gershon and A. Raskin (eds.). Genesis and Treatment of Psychologic Disorders in the Elderly (Aging, Vol. 2 ), pp. 45–54. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  12. Meyer, J. S. (1978). Improved method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by 133xenon inhalation. Part II: Measurements in health and disease. Stroke, 9, 205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hachinski, V. C., Lassen, N. A. and Marshall, J. (1974). Multi-infarct dementia. A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet, ii, 207

    Google Scholar 

  14. Tomlinson, B. E. (1977). The pathology of dementia. In C. E. Wells (ed.). Dementia ( Edition 2 ), pp. 113–153. ( Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. )

    Google Scholar 

  15. O’Brien, M. D. and Mallett, B. L. (1970). Cerebral cortex perfusion rates in dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr, 33, 497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hachinski, V. C, Iliff, L. D, Zilkha, E., Du Boulay, G. H., McAllister, V. L, Marshall, J., Ross Russell, R. W. and Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch. Neurol, 32, 632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heiss, W.-D., Hayakawa, T. and Waltz, A. G. (1976). Cortical neuronal function during ischemia. Effects of occlusion of one middle cerebral artery on single-unit activity in cats. Arch. Neurol, 33, 813

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Millikan, C. H. (1978). Cerebral circulation. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 239, 1313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ross Russell, R. W. (1976). Transient cerebral ischaemia. In R. W. Ross Russell (ed.). Cerebral Arterial Disease, pp. 125–145. ( Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  20. Skinhoj, E., Hoedt-Rasmussen, K., Paulson, O. B. and Lassen, N. A. (1970). Regional cerebral blood flow and its autoregulation in patients with transient focal cerebral ischemic attacks. Neurology (.Minneap.), 20, 485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Boysen, G., Ladegaard-Pedersen, J. H., Valentin, N. and Engell, H. C. (1970). Cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery flow during carotid surgery. Stroke, 1, 253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Perry, P. M., Drinkwater, J. E. and Taylor, G. W. (1975). Cerebral function before and after carotid endarterectomy. Br. Med. J, 4, 215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Toole, J. F., Janeway, R., Choi, K., Cordell, R., Davis, C., Johnston, F. and Miller, H. S. (1975). Transient ischemic attacks due to atherosclerosis. Arch. Neurol, 32, 5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Whisnant, J. P. (1977). Indications for medical and surgical therapy for ischemic stroke. In R. A. Thompson and J. R. Green (eds.). Stroke (Advances in Neurology, Vol. 16 ), pp. 133–144. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dhrymiotis, A. D. and Whittier, J. R. (1962). Effect of a vasodilator (isoxsu- prine) on cerebral ischemic episodes. Curr. Ther. Res, 4, 124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Van der Drift, J. H. A. and Kok, N. K. D. (1971). Transient ischaemic attacks. In G. Stocker, P. A. Kuhn, P. Hall, G. Becker and E. van der Veen (eds.). Assessment in Cerebrovascular Insufficiency, pp. 132–135. ( Stuttgart: Georg Thieme )

    Google Scholar 

  27. Leading article (1978). Aspirin and stroke prevention. Lancet, ii, 245

    Google Scholar 

  28. Leading article (1978). Transient ischemic attacks and the prevention of strokes. N. Engl J. Med, 299, 93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Heiss, W.-D. (1973). Drug effects on regional cerebral blood flow in focal cerebrovascular disease. J. Neurol Sci, 19, 461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lassen, N. A. (1966). The luxury perfusion syndrome. Lancet, ii, 1113

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lassen, N. A. and Palvolgyi, R. (1968). Cerebral steal during hypercapnia and the inverse reaction during hypocapnia observed by the 133-xenon technique in man. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest, 22 (Suppl. 102), XIII: D

    Google Scholar 

  32. McHenry, L. C. (1972). Cerebral vasodilator therapy in stroke. Stroke, 3, 686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Forrester, T., Harper, A. M., MacKenzie, E. T. and Thomson, E. M. (1975). Vascular and metabolic effects of systemic ATP on the cerebral circulation. In A. M. Harper, W. B. Jennett, J. D. Miller and J. O. Rowan (eds.). Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Brain. ( Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  34. Flamm, E. S., Kim, J., Lin, J. and Ransohoff, J. (1975). Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and cerebral vasospasm. Arch. Neurol, 32, 569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mcllwain, H. (1977). Extended roles in the brain for second messenger systems. Neuroscience, 2, 357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zimmerman, I. and Berg, A. (1974). Levels of adenosine 3’, 5’, cyclic monophos-phate in the cerebral cortex of aging rats. Mech. Ageing Dev, 3, 33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zimmerman, I. D. and Berg, A. P. (1975). Phosphodiesterase and adenyl- cyclase activities in the cerebral cortex of the aging rat. Mech. Ageing Dev, 4, 89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Meier-Ruge, W., Enz, A., Gygax, P., Hunziker, O., Iwangoff, P. and Reichlmeier, K. (1975). Experimental pathology in basic research of the aging brain. In S. Gershon and A. Raskin (eds.). Genesis and Treatment of Psychologic Disorders in the Elderly (Aging, Vol. 2 ), pp. 55–126. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  39. McGeer, E. and McGeer, P. L. (1976). Neurotransmitter metabolism in the aging brain. In R. D. Terry and S. Gershon (eds.). Neurobiology of Aging (Aging, Vol. 3 ), pp. 389–403. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  40. Davison, A. N. (1978). Biochemical aspects of the ageing brain. Age Ageing, 1 (Suppl.), 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Perry, E. K., Perry, R. H., Blessed, G. and Tomlinson, B. E. (1978). Changes in brain cholinesterases in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. NeuropathoL Appl. Neurobiol, 4, 273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sokoloff, L. (1978). Local cerebral energy metabolism: its relationships to local functional activity and blood flow. In Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle and its Control. Ciba Foundation Symposium 56 (new series), pp. 171–191; and subsequent Discussion, pp. 191–197

    Google Scholar 

  43. Emmenegger, H. and Meier-Ruge, W. (1968). The actions of Hydergine on the brain: A histochemical, circulatory and neurophysiological study. Pharmacology, 1, 65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Drachman, D. A. and Leavitt, J. (1974). Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging? Arch. Neurol, 30, 113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Peters, B. H. and Levin, H. S. (1977). Memory enhancement after physostig- mine treatment in the amnesic syndrome. Arch. Neurol, 34, 215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Perry, E. K., Tomlinson, B. E., Blessed, G., Bergmann, K., Gibson, P. H. and Perry, R. H. (1978). Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Br. Med. J, 2, 1457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bowen, D. M., White, P., Spillane, J. A., Goodhardt, M. J., Curzon, G., Iwangoff, P., Meier-Ruge, W. and Davison, A. N. (1979). Accelerated ageing or selective neuronal loss as an important cause of dementia? Lancet, i, 11

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gibson, G. and Blass, J. P. (1976). A relation between [NAD+]/[NADH] potentials and glucose utilization in rat brain slices. J. Biol Chem, 251, 4127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Siesjo, B. K. (1978). Brain Energy Metabolism. ( New York: John Wiley and Sons )

    Google Scholar 

  50. Heyck, H. (1961). Der Einfluss der Ausgangslage auf Sympathikolytische EfTekte am Hirnkreislauf bei Cerebrovascularen Erkrankungen. Artzl Forsch, 15, 243. (English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  51. McHenry, L. C., Jaffe, M. E., Kawamura, J. and Goldberg, H. I. (1971). Hydergine effect on cerebral circulation in cerebrovascular disease. J. Neurol Sci, 13, 475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Loew, D. M., Vigouret, J. M. and Jaton, A. L. (1976). Neuropharmacological investigations with two ergot alkaloids, hydergine and bromocriptine. Postgrad. Med. J, 52 (Suppl. 1), 40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hughes, J. R., Williams, J. G. and Currier, R. D. (1976). An ergot alkaloid preparation (hydergine) in the treatment of dementia: critical review of the clinical literature. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 24, 490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Soni, S. D. and Soni, S. S. (1975). Dihydrogenated alkaloids of ergotoxine in nonhospitalized elderly patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin, 3, 464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hyams, D. E. (1978). Cerebral function and drug therapy. In J. C. Brocklehurst (ed.). Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 2nd Ed., pp. 670–711. ( Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bazo, A. J. (1973). An ergot alkaloid preparation (Hydergine) versus papaverine in treating common complaints of the aged: double-blind study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 21, 63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Nelson, J. J. (1975). Relieving select symptoms of the elderly. Geriatrics, 30, 133 (March)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rosen, H. J. (1975). Mental decline in the elderly: pharmacotherapy (ergot alkaloids versus papaverine). J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 23, 169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Novo, F. P., Ryan, R. P. and Frazier, E. L. (1978). Dihydroergotoxine mesylate in treatment of symptoms of idiopathic cerebral dysfunction in geriatric patients. Clin. Ther, 1, 359

    Google Scholar 

  60. Buchan, T., Styles, I. M. and Newton, J. (1978). The EEG response to intravenous dihydroergotoxine mesylate. Pharmatherapeutica, 2, 59

    Google Scholar 

  61. Herzfeld, U., Christian, W., Ronge, J. and Wittgen, M. (1972). Richtgrossen fur die Beurteilung der Hirnfunktion nach Langzeittherapie mit Hydergin. Àrztl. Forsch, 26, 215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Arrigo, A., Braun, P., Kauchtschischwili, G. M., Moglia, A. and Tartara, A. (1973). Influence of treatment on symptomatology and correlated electroence- phalographic (EEG) changes in the aged. Curr. Ther. Res, 15, 417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Calisti, G., Biscarini, L. and Miseo, A. (1977). Studio clinico controllato sulF impiego della diidroergocristina nelle vasculopatie cerebrali e periferiche. Clin. Terap, 83, 371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Massoni, G. and Falciola, N. (1978). Studio ‘controllato’ della microcircolazione congiuntivale nel soggetto anziano dopo impiego di diidroergocristina. G. Gerontol, 26, 117

    Google Scholar 

  65. Cayley, A. C. D., MacPherson, A. and Wedgwood, J. (1975). Sinus bradycardia following treatment with hydergine for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Br. Med. J, 4, 384

    Google Scholar 

  66. Whittier, J. R. and Dhrymiotis, A. D. (1962). Prevention of slow wave response to hyperventilation in the human electroencephalogram by a vasodilator. Angiology, 13, 324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Miyazaki, M. (1971/2). Effect of cerebral circulatory drugs on cerebral and peripheral circulation, with special reference to aminophylline, papaverine, cyclandelate and isoxsuprine. Eur. Neurol, 6, 162

    Google Scholar 

  68. Schlichting, K. and Heidrich, H. (1976). Influence of isoxsuprine on blood viscosity. Vasa, 5, 51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Di Perri, T., Forconi, S., Guerrini, M. and Agnusdei, D. (1977). In vitro activity of isoxsuprine on blood plasma and serum viscosity. Pharmatherapeutica, 1, 447

    Google Scholar 

  70. Elliott, C. G., Brown, A. L. and Smith, T. C. G. (1973). Multicentre general practitioner trial of isoxsuprine in cerebrovascular disease: a pilot study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin, 1, 554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Affleck, D.C., Treptow, K. R. and Herrick, H. D. (1961). The effects of isoxsuprine hydrochloride (Vasodilan) on chronic cerebral arteriosclerosis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 132, 335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hussain, S. M. A., Gedye, J. L., Naylor, R. and Brown, A. L. (1976). The objective measurement of mental performance in cerebrovascular disease. A double-blind controlled study, using a graded-release preparation of isoxsuprine. Practitioner, 216, 222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gedye, J. L. and Wedgwood, J. (1966). Experience in the use of a teaching machine for the assessment of senile mental changes. Proc. 7th Int. Congr. Gerontol., Vienna, 8, 205

    Google Scholar 

  74. Guyer, B. M. (1978). Cerebrovascular disease in the elderly: Response to isoxsuprine resinate (Defencin CP) therapy. Clin. Trials J, 15, 49

    Google Scholar 

  75. Winsor, T., Hyman, C. and Knapp, F. M. (1960). The cerebral peripheral circulatory action of nylidrin hydrochloride. Am. J. Med. Sci, 239, 594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jayne, H. W., Scheinberg, P., Rich, M. and Belle, M. S. (1952). The effect of intravenous papaverine hydrochloride on the cerebral circulation. J. Clin. Invest, 31, 111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Karlsberg, P., Elliott, H. W. and Adams, J. E. (1963). Effect of various pharmacologic agents on cerebral arteries. Neurology (Minneapolis), 13, 772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gottstein, U. (1965). Pharmacological studies of total cerebral blood flow in man with comments on the possibility of improving regional cerebral blood flow by drugs. Acta Neurol. Scand, 41, Suppl. 14, 136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McHenry, L. C., Jaffe, M. E., Kawamura, J. and Goldberg, H. I. (1970). Effect of papaverine on regional blood flow in focal vascular disease of the brain. N. Engl J. Med, 282, 1167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gilroy, J. and Meyer, J. S. (1966). Controlled evaluation of cerebral vasodilator drugs in the progressive stroke. In R. G. Sickert and J. P. Whisnant (eds.). Cerebral Vascular Diseases. Trans. 5th Princeton Conf, pp. 197–202. ( New York: Grune and Stratton )

    Google Scholar 

  81. Meyer, J. S., Gotoh, F., Gilroy, J. and Nara, N. (1965). Improvement in brain oxygenation and clinical improvement in patients with strokes treated with papaverine hydrochloride. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 194, 957

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wang, H. S. and Obrist, W. D. (1976). Effects of oral papaverine on cerebral blood flow in normals: evaluation by the xenon-133 inhalation method. Biol. Psychiatr, 11, 217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Stern, F. H. (1970). Management of chronic brain syndrome secondary to cerebral arteriosclerosis, with special reference to papaverine hydrochloride. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 18, 507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ritter, R. M., Nail, H. R., Tatum, P. and Blazi, M. (1971). The effect of papaverine on patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis. Clin. Med, 78, 18

    Google Scholar 

  85. McQuillan, L. M., Lopec, C. A. and Vibal, J. R. (1974). Evaluation of EEG and clinical changes associated with Pavabid therapy in chronic brain syndrome. Curr. Ther. Res, 16, 49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cole, J. O., Branconnier, R. J. and Martin, G. F. (1975). Electroencephalo-graphic and behavioral changes associated with papaverine administration in healthy geriatric subjects. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 23, 295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Culebras, A. (1976). Effect of papaverine on cerebral electrogenesis. Neurology (Minneapolis), 26, 673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Korenyi, C. and Whittier, J. R. (1969). Prevention of brain vasospasm: effect of sustained release form of papaverine (Pavabid) on blocking of hyperventilation electroencephalogram in the human. Physicians’ Drug Manual, 1, 81

    Google Scholar 

  89. Prien, R. F. and Cole, J. O. (1978). The use of psychopharmacological drugs in the aged. In W. G. Clark and J. del Giudice (eds.). Principles of Psychopharmacology, pp. 593–605. ( New York and London: Academic Press )

    Google Scholar 

  90. Lee, B. Y., Sakamoto, H., Trainor, F., Brody, G. and Cho, Y. W. (1978). Comparison of soft gelatin capsule vs. sustained release formulation of papaverine HC1: vasodilation and plasma levels. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 16, 32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Miller, R. B., Leslie, S. T., Black, F. M. and Boroda, C. (1978). A controlled release papaverine tablet (Papacontin): a study in normal volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 5, 51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Elek, S. R. and Katz, L. N. (1942). Some clinical uses of papaverine in heart disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 120, 434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Ronnov-Jessen, V. and Tjernlund, A. (1969). Hepatotoxicity due to treatment with papaverine. N. Engl J. Med, 281, 1333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Zimmerman, H. J. (1969). Papaverine revisited as a hepatotoxin. N. Engl J. Med, 281, 1364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kiaer, H. W., Olsen, S. and Ronnov-Jessen, F. (1974). Hepatotoxicity of papaverine. Arch. Pathol, 98, 292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bijlsma, U. G., Funcke, A. B. H., Tersteege, H. M., Rekker, R. F., Ernsting, M. J. E. and Nauta, W. Th. (1956). The pharmacology of Cyclospasmol. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn, 105, 145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Eichhorn, O. (1965). The effect of cyclandelate on cerebral circulation. A double-blind trial with clinical and radiocirculographic investigations. Vase. Dis, 2, 305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. O’Brien, M. D. and Veall, N. (1966). Effects of cyclandelate on cerebral cortex perfusion fates in cerebrovascular disease. Lancet, ii, 729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Ball, J. A. C. and Taylor, A. R. (1967). Effect of cyclandelate on mental function and cerebral blood flow in elderly patients. Br. Med. J, 3, 525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rogers, W. F., Shaikh, V. A. R. and Clark, A. N. G. (1970). Cyclandelate in long-standing cerebral arteriosclerosis. Gerontol. Clin, 12, 88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Fine, E. W., Lewis, D., Villa-Landa, I. and Blakemore, C. B. (1970). The effect of cyclandelate on mental function in patients with arteriosclerotic brain disease. Br. J. Psychiatr, 117, 157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Aderman, M., Giardina, W. J. and Koreniowski, S. (1972). Effect of cyclandelate on perception, memory and cognition in a group of geriatric subjects. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 20, 268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Young, J., Hall, P. and Blakemore, C. (1974). Treatment of the cerebral manifestations of arteriosclerosis with cyclandelate. Br. J. Psychiatr, 124, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  104. Westreich, G., Alter, M. and Lundgren, S. (1975). Effect of cyclandelate on dementia. Stroke, 6, 535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Capote, B. and Parikh, N. (1978). Cyclandelate in the treatment of senility: a controlled study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 26, 360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Brasseur, R. (1978). Clinical value of a combined antiischemic and anticholinergic substance with antidepressant properties. Angiology, 29, 121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Davies, G., Hamilton, S., Hendrickson, E., Levy, R. and Post, F. (1977). The effect of cyclandelate in depressed and demented patients: a controlled study in psychogeriatric patients. Age Ageing, 6, 156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Judge, T. G., Urquhart, A. and Blakemore, C. B. (1973). Cyclandelate and mental functions: a double-blind crossover trial in normal elderly subjects. Age Ageing, 2, 121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Sourander, L. and Blakemore, C. B. (1978). Effects of cyclospasmol upon sensory parameters in patients recovering from cerebrovascular accidents. Angiology, 29, 133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Meyer, J. S., Mathew, N. T., Hartmann, A. and Rivera, V. M. (1974). Orally administered betahistine and regional blood flow in cerebrovascular disease. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 14, 280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Scipel, J. H. and Floam, J. E. (1975). Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. I. The cerebral and peripheral circulatory effects of single doses in normal subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 15, 144

    Google Scholar 

  112. Scipel, J. H., Fisher, R., Floam, J. E. and Bohm, M. (1975). Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. II. The cerebral and peripheral microcirculatory effects of single doses in geriatric patients with ‘pure’ arteriosclerotic dementia. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 15, 155

    Google Scholar 

  113. Anderson, W. D. and Kubicek, W. G. (1971). Effects of betahistine-HCl, nicotinic acid and histamine on basilar blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Stroke, 2, 409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Esser, A. H. and Reis, J. (1968). Preliminary study of betahistine in chronic psychiatric patients with symptoms of arteriosclerosis cerebri. Curr. Ther. Res, 10, 122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rivera, V. M., Meyer, J. S., Baer, P. E., Faibish, G. M., Mathew, N. T. and Hartmann, A. (1974). Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency with dementia. Controlled trials of treatment with betahistine. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 22, 397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pathy, J., Menon, G., Reynolds, A. and Van Strik, R. (1977). Betahistine hydrochloride (Sere) in cerebrovascular disease: a placebo-controlled study. Age Ageing, 6, 179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Spruill, J. H., Jr., Toole, J. F., Kitto, W. and Miller, H. E. (1975). A comparison of betahistine hydrochloride with placebo for vertebral-basilar insufficiency: a double-blind study. Stroke, 6, 116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Meyer, J. S., Mathew, N. T. and Hartmann, A. (1976). Cerebral blood flow and metabolism changes in the epilepsies and during cerebral anoxia, ischemia and edema. In H. E. Himwich (ed.). Brain Metabolism and Cerebral Disorders, 2nd ed., pp. 207–229. ( New York: Spectrum Publications, Inc. )

    Google Scholar 

  119. Cornu, F. (1969). Zur Kreislaufphysiologie und Biochemie zerebraler Abbauprozesse und der Verhaltensbeeinflussung von Kranken durch Phamakotherapie. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr, 81, 426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Boudouresques, J., Papy, J. J. and Daniel, F. (1970). Une thérapeutique retard dans les insuffisances circulatoires cérébrales chroniques. Sem. Ther, 46, 789

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Stuart, S. E. (1967). Long-acting form of the peripheral vasodilator, nicotinyl alcohol: double-blind evaluation. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 15, 780

    Google Scholar 

  122. Schreiber, H. (1970). Untersuchungen über die Änderung der Durchblutungsgröße des Gehirns unter 3-(Methyl-oxyäthylamino)-2-oxopropyl-theophyllin nikotinat mit Hilfe der Schädelrheographie. Med. Klin, 55, 509

    Google Scholar 

  123. Davis, E. and Rozov, H. (1973). The effects of xanthinol nicotinate on the small blood vessels. In J. Ditzel and D. H. Lewis (eds.). 7th Europ. Conf. Microcirculation, Aberdeen, 1972, Part I, Bibl. Anat. No. 11, pp. 334–339. ( Basel: Karger )

    Google Scholar 

  124. Brenner, G. and Brenner, H. (1972). The effect of xantinol nicotinate on the metabolism of the brain. Arzneim. Forsch, 22, 754

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Brenner, G. (1973). Beeinflussbarkeit des ATP-Gehaltes menschlicher und tierischer Erythrozyten in vivo und in vitro durch xantinol-nicotinat. Arzneim. Forsch, 23, 562

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Brenner, G. (1968). Über den Einfluss von Xantinol-nicotinat auf die Biosynthese der oxydierten Pyridinnucleotide in der Rattenleber. Arzneim. Forsch, 18, 1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Held, K., Wünsche, O. and Reuter, N. (1973). The effect of xantinol nicotinate on man in altitude oxygen deficiency. Àrtzl. Praxis, 26, 91

    Google Scholar 

  128. Held, K. (1973). Experiments on effect and mechanism of xantinol nicotinate in man during oxygen deficiency. Therapiewoche, 37, 3270

    Google Scholar 

  129. Braverman, A. M. and Naylor, R. (1975). Vasoactive substances in the management of elderly patients suffering from dementia. Mod. Geriatr, 5, 20

    Google Scholar 

  130. Mainzer, F. (1949). Frühbehandlung des Schlaganfalls mit Aminophyllin. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr, 79, 108

    Google Scholar 

  131. Gottstein, U. and Paulson, O. B. (1972). The effect of intracarotid aminophyl- line infusion on the cerebral circulation. Stroke, 3, 560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Herrschaft, H. (1975). The efficacy and course of action of vaso- and metabolic-active substances on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. In A. M. Harper, W. B. Jennett, J. D. Miller and J. O. Rowan (eds.). Blood Flow & Metabolism in the Brain, pp. 11.24–11. 28. ( Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  133. Skinhoj, E. and Poulson, O. B. (1970). The mechanism of action of aminophyl- line upon cerebral vascular disorders. Acta Neurol. Scand, 46, 129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. McGraw, C. P., Crowell, G. F. and Howard, G. (1978). Effect of aminophylline on cerebral infarction in the Mongolian gerbil. Stroke, 9, 411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Cugurra, F. and Echinard-Garin, P. (1960). Alcuni aspetti dell’ attivita farma- cologica di un nuovo teofillinico; ri-exil-3,7-dimetilxantine (SK-7). Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn, 123, 481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Quadbeck, G. and Tarragô-Humet, P. (1972). Ricerche sperimentali sulP influenza dei derivati xantinici sul metabolismo cerebrale. Clin. Ter, 60, 125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kirchberger, F., Kehl, R. and Gutmann, W. (1969). Zur Behandlung zerebraler Ernährungsstörungen. Eine Doppelblind-Studie. Med. Welt, 20, 1542

    Google Scholar 

  138. Amthauer, R. (1971). Veränderung psychischer Leistungen durch ein Pharmakon, das den Stoffwechsel im Gehirn beeinflusst. Wien Klin. Wochenschr., 83, 659

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Drug Ther. Bull. (1972). Cosaldon for vascular disorders? Drug Ther. Bull, 10, 66

    Google Scholar 

  140. Roba, J., Roncucci, and Lambelin, G. (1977). Pharmacological properties of Suloctidil. Acta Clin. Belg, 32, 3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Jacquy, J. and Noel, G. (1977). Double-blind trial with Suloctidil, a new vasoactive agent, in elderly patients with psycho-organic brain syndrome. Acta Clin. Belg, 32, 22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Bargheon, J. (1977). Evaluation de l’activité thérapeutique du Suloctidil chez le vieillard atteint d’insuffisance cerebrovasculaire. Étude en double insu par comparaison à un placebo. Acta Clin. Belg, 32, 15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Stefanovich, V. (1978). The biochemical mechanism of action of pentoxifylline. Pharmatherapeutica, 2, Suppl. 1, 5

    Google Scholar 

  144. Müller, R. (1978). The haemorheological profile of pentoxifylline: a review. Pharmatherapeutica, 2, Suppl. 1, 27

    Google Scholar 

  145. Koppenhagen, K., Wenig, H. G. and Muller, K. (1977). Measurement of cerebral blood flow following intravenous administration of pentoxifylline (Trental). Curr. Med. Res. Opin, 4, 521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Theis, H., Lehrach, F. and Muller, R. (1978). A 5-year review of clinico- experimental and therapeutic experience with pentoxifylline. Pharmatherapeutica, 2, Suppl. 1, 150

    Google Scholar 

  147. Dominguez, D., De Cayaffa, C. L., Gomensoro, J. and Aparicio, N. J. (1977). Modification of psychometric, practical and intellectual parameters in patients with diffuse cerebrovascular insufficiency during prolonged treatment with pentoxifylline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmatherapeutica, 1, 498

    Google Scholar 

  148. Fontaine, L, Grand, M., Chabert, J., Szarvasi, E. and Bayssat, M. (1968). Pharmacologie générale d’une substance nouvelle, vasodilatatrice du naftidrofuryl. Bull. Chim. Ther, 6, 463

    Google Scholar 

  149. Meynaud, A., Grand, M., Belleville, M. and Fontaine, L. (1975). Effet du naphtidrofuryl sur le métabolisme énergétique cérébral chez la souris. Thérapie, 30, 777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Plotkine, M., Paultre, C. Z., Boulu, R. and Rossignol, P. (1975). Intérêt phar- macologique d’une technique d’enregistrement de la P02 tissulaire du cortex cérébral chez le lapin. Réponse à la papaverine et au naftidrofuryl. Thérapie, 30, 713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Robinson, K. (1972). A double-blind clinical trial of naftidrofuryl in cerebral vascular disorders. Med. Dig, 17 (12), 50

    Google Scholar 

  152. Judge, T. G. and Urquhart, A. (1972). Naftidrofuryl — a double-blind crossover study in the elderly. Curr. Med. Res. Opin, 1, 166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Gerin, J. (1974). Double-blind trial of naftidrofuryl in the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis. Br. J. Clin. Pract, 28, 177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Bouvier, J. B., Passeron, O. and Chupin, M. P. (1974). Psychometric study of Praxilene. J. Int. Med. Res, 2, 59

    Google Scholar 

  155. Bargheon, J. (1975). Essai en double aveugle du Praxilene en gériatrie. Gaz. Med. Fr, 82, 4755.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Cox, J. R. (1975). Double-blind evaluation of naftidrofuryl in treating elderly confused hospitalized patients. Gerontol. Clin, 17, 160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Brodie, N. H. (1977). A double-blind trial of naftidrofuryl in treating confused elderly patients in general practice. Practitioner, 218, 274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Branconnier, R. J. and Cole, J. O. (1978). The Impairment Index as a symptom-independent parameter of drug efficacy in geriatric psychopharmacology. J. Gerontol, 33, 217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Admani, A. K. (1978). New approach to treatment of recent stroke. Br. Med. J, 2, 1678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Steiner, T., Capildeo, R. and Rose, F. C. (1979). New approach to treatment of recent stroke. (Letter). Br. Med. J, 1, 412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Woodhouse, C. R. J. and Eadie, D. G. A. (1977). Severe thrombophlebitis with Praxilene. Br. Med. J, 1, 1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Heidrich, H. (1978). Incidence of thrombophlebitis with naftidrofuryl. Br. Med. J, 1, 618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Standing, V. F., Wiggins, P. A, Pratt, D. and Kester, R. C. (1977). Thrombophlebitis with intravenous naftidrofuryl oxalate. Br. Med. J, 2, 895

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Emanuel, M. B. and Will, J. A. (1977). Cinnarizine in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease: mechanisms related to its clinical action. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 70 (Suppl. 8), 7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Godfraind, T. and Kaba, A. (1972). The role of calcium in the action of drugs on vascular smooth muscle. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn, 196, Suppl., 35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Van Neuten, J. M. (1969). Comparative bioassay of vasoactive drugs using isolated perfused rabbit arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 6, 286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Jageneau, A., Loots W. and Brugmans, J. (1974). Prolongation of anoxia- induced hyperemia in healthy middle-aged men treated with cinnarizine and flunarizine. Arzneim. Forsch, 24, 1839

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Verhaegen, H., Roels, V., Adriaensen, H., Brugmans, J., De Cock, W., Dony, J., Jageneau, A. and Schuermans, V. (1974). The arteriolar effects of cinnarizine and flunarizine. Multitechnical investigations in normal volunteers and in patients with occlusive disease of the extremities secondary to arteriosclerosis. Angiology, 25, 261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Ellis, F. and Hyams, D. E. (1977). Vascular responses with cinnarizine to standard exercise in patients with intermittent claudication. Proc. R. Soc. Med, 70 (Suppl. 8), 13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. De Cree, J., Jageneau, A. H. M., Geukens, H. and Loots, W. (1977). Use of the ECG-triggered venous occlusion Plethysmograph to study hyperaemic response patterns in patients with intermittent claudication treated with cinnarizine. Proc. R. Soc. Med, 70 (Suppl. 8), 21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Staessen, A. J. (1977). Treatment of peripheral circulatory disturbances with cinnarizine. A multi-centre double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation. Proc. R. Soc. Med, 70 (Suppl. 8), 17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Di Perri, Forconi, S., Guerrini, M., Pasini, F. L., Del Cipolla, R., Rossi, C. and Agnusdei, D. (1977). Action of cinnarizine on the hyperviscosity of blood in patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease. Proc. R. Soc. Med, 70 (Suppl. 8), 25

    Google Scholar 

  173. Wilcke, O. (1966). Ergebnisse der Behandlung zerebraler Durchblutungsstörungen mit Cinnarizin. Med. Welt, 17, 1472

    Google Scholar 

  174. Weigelin, E. and Sayegh, F. (1968). Zur Objectivierung der zerebralen durch-blutungsfördernden Effektes vasoaktiver Substanzen unter besonderer Berück-sichtigung von Cinnarizin. In K. Heinrich (ed.). Aktuelle Probleme der psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie in Klinik und Praxis, pp. 3–12. ( Stuttgart: Schattauer )

    Google Scholar 

  175. Behrens, E. (1966). Medikamentöse Beeinflussung der Hirndurchblutung durch Stugeron. Med. Welt, 38, 2029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Van der Meer-Van Manen, A. H. E. (1967). Klinische evaluatie can cinnarizine bij geriatrische patienten. Ned. T. Geneesk, 111, 256

    Google Scholar 

  177. Bernard, A. and Goffart, J. M. (1968). A double-blind crossover clinical evaluation of cinnarizine. Clin. Trials J, 5, 945

    Google Scholar 

  178. Toledo, J. B., Pisa, H. and Márchese, M. (1972). Clinical evaluation of cinnarizine in patients with cerebral circulatory deficiency. Arzneim. Forsch, 22, 448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Irvine, R. E., Greenfield, P. R., Griffith, D. G. C, Paget, S. C., Strouthidis, T. M. and Vaughan, V. St. G. (1970). Cinnarizine in cerebrovascular disease. Gerontol. Clin, 12, 297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Droller, H, Jayaram, V. K, Bevans, H. G. and Bentinck, S. J. (1971). A re-evaluation of cinnarizine with geriatric inpatients. Gerontol. Clin, 13, 89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. General Practitioner Research Group (1969). Manifestations of cerebral arter-iosclerosis unaffected by a vasodilator. Practitioner, 203, 695

    Google Scholar 

  182. Gilroy, J., Barnhart, M. I. and Meyer, J. S. (1969). Treatment of acute stroke with dextran 40. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 210, 293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Granacher, R. P. and Baldessarini, R. J. (1975). Physostigmine: Its use in acute anticholinergic syndrome with antidepressant and anti-Parkinson drugs. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr, 32, 375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Davis, K. L., Mohs, R. C., Tinkleberg, J. R, Pfefferbaum, A, Hollister, L. E. and Kopell, B. S. (1978). Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans. Science, 201, 272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. El-Naggar, M., El-Ganzouri, A.-R., Heller, F. and Sadove, M. S. (1978). Physostigmine: its use in the management of postoperative mental aberrations. Anesthesiol. Rev, 6, 49

    Google Scholar 

  186. Comfort, A. (1978). Cholinesterase inhibition in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia. Lancet, i, 659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Growdon, J. H., Cohen, E. L. and Wurtman, R. J. (1977). Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington’s disease. J. Neurochem, 28, 229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Wurtman, R. J., Hirsch, M. J. and Growdon, J. H. (1977). Lecithin consumption elevates serum free choline levels. Lancet, ii, 68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Sitaram, N., Weingartner, H. and Gillin, J. C. (1978). Human serial learning: enhancement with arecholine and choline and impairment with scopolamine. Science, 201, 274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Sitaram, N, Weingartner, H., Caine, E. D. and Gillin, J. C. (1978). Choline: selective enhancement of serial learning and encoding of low imagery words in man. Life Sci, 22, 1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Boyd, W. D., Graham-White, J., Blackwood, G., Glen, I. and McQueen, J. (1977). Clinical effects of choline in Alzheimer senile dementia. Lancet, ii, 71

    Google Scholar 

  192. Etienne, P., Gauthier, S., Johnson, G., Collier, B., Mendis, T., Dastoor, D., Cole, M. and Muller, H. F. (1978). Clinical effects of choline in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet, i, 508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E. and Bailey, M. R. (1978). Choline therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet, ii, 318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Signoret, J. L., Whiteley, A. and Lhermitte, F. (1978). Influence of choline on amnesia in early Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet, ii, 837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Levy, R. (1978). Choline in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet, ii, 944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Tamminga, C. A., Smith, R. C., Ericksen, S. E., Chang, S. and Davis, J. M. (1977). Cholinergic influences in tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiatr, 134, 769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Pfeiffer, C. C. and Murphree, H. B., Jr. (1958). Stimulant effect of 2- dimethylaminoethanol in human subjects. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther, 112, 60A

    Google Scholar 

  198. Lawrence, R. M. and Leichman, N. S. (1965). Comparison of the effects of heparin sodium, xanthinol nicotinate (Complamin) and 2-dimethylamino- ethanol (Deaner) in institutionalized geriatric groups. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 13, 325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Re, O. (1974). 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol): a brief review of its clinical efficacy and postulated mechanism of action. Curr. Ther. Res, 16, 1238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Murphy, D. L. (1973). Mental effects of L-dopa. Ann. Rev. Med, 24, 209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Drachman, D. A. and Stahl, S. (1975). Extrapyramidal dementia and levodopa. Lancet, i, 809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Phuapradit, P., Phillips, M., Lees, A. M. and Stern, G. M. (1978). Bromocriptine in presenile dementia. Br. Med. J, 1, 1052

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Hakim, A. M. and Mathieson, G. (1978). Basis of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, ii, 729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Lewis, C., Ballinger, B. R. and Presly, A. S. (1978). Trial of levodopa in senile dementia. Br. Med. J, 1, 550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Renvoize, E. B., Jerram, T. and Clough, G. (1978). Levodopa in senile dementia. Br. Med. J, 2, 504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Johnson, K., Presly, A. S. and Ballinger, B. R. (1978). Levodopa in senile dementia. Br. Med. J, 1, 1625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Kristensen, V., Olsen, M. and Theilgaard, A. (1977). Levodopa treatment of presenile dementia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand, 55, 41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Richardson, A. E. and Bereen, F. J. (1977). Effect of piracetam on level of consciousness after neurosurgery. Lancet, ii, 1110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Kretschmar, J. H. and Kretschmar, C. (1976). Zur Dosis-Wirkungs-Relation bei der Behandlung mit Piracetam. Arzneim. Forsch, 26, 1158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Dorn, M. (1978). Piracetam bei vorzeitiger biologischer Alterung. Fortschr. Med, 96, 1

    Google Scholar 

  211. Abuzzahab, F. S, Sr., Merwin, G. E. Sherman, M. C. (1973). A controlled investigation of piracetam versus placebo on the memory of geriatric patients. Pharmacologist, 15, 456

    Google Scholar 

  212. Gedye, J. L., Ibrahimi, G. S. and McDonald, C. (1978). Double-blind controlled trial of piracetam (2-pyrrolidone acetamide) on two groups of psychogeriatric patients. IRCS Med. Sci 6, 202

    Google Scholar 

  213. De Wied, D. (1977). Peptides and behavior. Life Sci, 20, 195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Gold, P. W., Goodwin, F. K. and Reus, V. I. (1978). Vasopressin in affective illness. Lancet, i, 1233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Legros, J. J., Gilot, P., Seron, X., Ciaessens, J., Adam, A., Moeglen, J. M., Audibert, A. and Berchier, P. (1978). Influence of vasopressin on learning and memory. Lancet, i, 41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. Oliveros, J. C., Jandali, M. K., Timsit-Berthier, M., Remy, R., Benghezal, A., Audibert, A. and Moeglen, J. M. (1978). Vasopressin in amnesia. Lancet, i, 42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Leboeuf, A., Lodge, J. and Eames, P. G. (1978). Vasopressin and memory in Korsakoff syndrome. Lancet, ii, 1370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Urban, I. and De Wied, D. (1978). Neuropeptides: effects on paradoxical sleep and theta-rhythm in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 8, 51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Longo, V. G. and Loizzo, A. (1973). Effects of drugs on the hippocampal 0-rhythm. In F. E. Bloom and J. H. Acheson (eds.). Pharmacology and the Nature of Man. Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Pharmacology, San Francisco, 1972., Vol. 4, p. 46. ( Basel: Karger )

    Google Scholar 

  220. Dadrill, C. B. and Troupin, A. S. (1977). Psychotropic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Neurology, 27, 1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Ryback, R. S. (1971). The continuum and specificity of the effects of alcohol on memory: a review. Q. J. Stud. Ale, 32, 995

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Kusumo, K. S. and Vaughan, M. (1977). Effects of lithium salts on memory. Br. J. Psychiatr, 131, 453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Samorajski, T. and Rolsten, C. (1973). Age and regional differences in the chemical composition of brains of mice, monkeys, and humans. In D. H. Ford (ed.). Neurological Aspects of Maturation and Aging. Progr. Brain Res., 40, 251. ( Amsterdam: Elsevier )

    Google Scholar 

  224. Glassman, E. (1969). The biochemistry of learning: an evaluation of the role of RNA and protein. Ann. Rev. Biochem, 38, 605

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Cameron, D. E. (1966). Evolving concepts of memory. In J. Wortis (ed.). Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, IX, pp. 1–12. ( New York: Plenum Press )

    Google Scholar 

  226. Babich, F. R., Jacobson, A. L., Bubash, S. and Jacobson, A. (1965). Transfer of a response to naive rats by injection of ribonucleic acid extracted from trained rats. Science, 149, 656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Cameron, D. E., Sved, S., Solyom, L. and Wainrib, B. (1963). Effects of ribonucleic acid on memory defect in the aged. Am. J. Psychiat, 120, 320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Kral, V. A., Solyom, L., Enesco, H. and Ledwidge, B. (1970). Relationship of vitamin B12 and folic acid to memory function. Biol. Psychiatr, 2, 19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Talland, G. A., Mendelson, J. H., Koz, G. and Aaron, R. (1965). Experimental studies of the effects of tricyanoaminopropene on the memory and learning capacities of geriatric patients. J. Psychiatr. Res, 3, 171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Schmidt, L. (1956). 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxo-oxazolidine-ein zentral erregender Stoff. Arzheim. Forsch, 6, 423

    Google Scholar 

  231. Plotnikoff, N. (1971). Pemoline: review of performance. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med, 29, 467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Valle-Jones, J. C. (1978). Pemoline in the treatment of psychogenic fatigue in general practice. Practitioner, 221, 425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Cameron, D. E. and Brand, M. I. (1966). Magnesium pemoline and memory. Proc. IV World Congr. Psychiatr, 4, 2558. ( Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation )

    Google Scholar 

  234. Dureman, I. (1962). Behavioral patterns of antibarbituric action after 5-phenyl- 2-imino-4-oxo-oxazolidine, amphetamine and caffeine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, 3, 163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. East, M. and Mann, R. D. (1966). A clinical trial of magnesium and pemoline: a central nervous system stimulant. J. Ther, 1, 22

    Google Scholar 

  236. Droller, H., Bevans, H. G. and Jayaram, V. K. (1971). Problems of a drug trial (pemoline) on geriatric patients. Gerontol. Clin, 13, 269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Smart, R. G. (1967). Magnesium pemoline. Science, 155, 603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  238. Talland, G. A., Hogen, D. Q. and James, M. (1967). Performance tests of amnesic patients with Cylert. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 144, 421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Eisdorfer, C, Conner, J. F. and Wilkie, F. A. (1968). Effect of magnesium pemoline on cognition and behavior. J. Gerontol, 23, 283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Coirault, R., Jarret, T. Ramel, P., Cadour, E., Crocq, L. and Vincent, A. (1962). Dimethyl-amino-ethyl ester of parachorophenoxy-acetic acid — its psychopath- ological action. J. Neuropsychiatry 3, 367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Nandy, K. (1978). Centrophenoxine: effects on aging mammalian brain. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 26, 74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Leading article (1970). A new line on age pigment. Lancet, ii, 451

    Google Scholar 

  243. Marcer, D. and Hopkins, S. M. (1977). The differential effects of meclofenoxate on memory loss in the elderly. Age Ageing, 6, 123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Gedye, J. L., Exton-Smith, A. N. and Wedgwood, J. (1972). A method of measuring mental performance in the elderly and its use in a pilot clinical trial of meclofenoxate in organic dementia (preliminary communication). Age Ageing, 1, 74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Morton, O. (1977). Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  246. McGaugh, J. L. (1973). Drug facilitation of learning and memory. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol, 13, 229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Parkes, J. D., Tarsy, D., Marsden, C. D., Bovill, K. T., Phipps, J. A., Rose, P. and Asselman, P. (1975). Amphetamine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr, 38, 232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Miller, E. and Nieburg, H. A. (1973). Amphetamines. NY State J. Med, 73, 2657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Clark, A. N. G. (1978). Morale and motivation. Practitioner, 220, 735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Kaplitz, S. E. (1975). Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate. J. Am. Geriat. Soc, 23, 271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Pritchard, J. G. and Mykyta, L. J. (1975). Use of a combination of methylphenidate and oxprenolol in the management of physically disabled, apathetic, elderly patients: a pilot study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin, 3, 26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Eisdorfer, C., Nowlin, J. and Wilkie, F. (1970). Improvement of learning in the aged by modification of autonomic nervous system activity. Science, 170, 1327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Darvill, F. T. (1959). Double-blind evaluation of methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride. Its use in the management of institutionalized geriatric patients. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 169, 1739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Holliday, A. R. and Joffe, J. P. (1965). A controlled evaluation of protriptyline compared to a placebo and to methylphenidate hydrochloride. J. New Drugs, 5, 257

    Google Scholar 

  255. General Practitioners Medical Research Unit (1972). Double-blind comparison trial of Reactivan and placebo in the treatment of debility. Med. Dig, 17 (11), 64

    Google Scholar 

  256. General Practitioner Group (1974). Studies with Reactivan in general practice. Med. Dig, 19 (4), 68

    Google Scholar 

  257. Magnus, R. V. and Cooper, A. J. (1974). A controlled study of Reactivan in geriatrics. Mod. Geriatr, 4, 270

    Google Scholar 

  258. Carney, M. W. P., Cashman, M. D., King, A., Rogan, P. A. and Sheffield, B. F. (1976). Severely demented patients beyond help of drugs. Mod. Geriatr, 7, 36

    Google Scholar 

  259. Lehmann, H. E. and Ban, T. A. (1975). Central nervous system stimulants and anabolic substances in geropsychiatric therapy. In S. Gershon and A. Raskin (eds,). Genesis and Treatment of Psychologic Disorders in the Elderly (Aging, Vol. 2), pp. 179–202. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  260. Ben-Yishay, Y. and Diller, L. (1973). Changing of atmospheric environment to improve mental and behavioral function. Applications in treatment of senescence. NY State J. Med, 73, 2877

    Google Scholar 

  261. Ben-Yishay, Y., Haas, A. and Diller, L. (1967). The effects of oxygen inhalation on motor impersistence in brain-damaged individuals: a double-blind study. Neurology, 17, 1003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Jacobs, E. A, Winter, P. M., Alvis, H. J. and Small, S. M. (1969). Hyperoxy-genation effect on cognitive functioning in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med, 281, 753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cerebral Activating Drugs

  1. Edwards, A. E. and Hart, G. M. (1974). Hyperbaric oxygenation and the cognitive functioning of the aged. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 22, 376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Goldfarb, A. I., Hochstadt, N., Jacobson, J. H. and Weinstein, E. A. (1972). Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of organic mental syndrome in aged persons. J. Gerontol, 27, 212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Thompson, L. W., Davis, G. C., Obrist, W. D. and Heyman, A. (1976). Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on behavioral and physiological measures in elderly demented patients. J. Gerontol, 31, 23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Eisner, D. A. (1975). Can hyperbaric oxygenation improve cognitive functioning in the organically impaired elderly?: a critical view. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr, 8, 173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Raskin, A., Gershon, S., Crook, T. H., Sathananthan, G. and Ferris, S. (1978). The effects of hyperbaric and normobaric oxygen on cognitive impairment in the elderly. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr, 35, 50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ben-Yishay, Y, Diller, L., Reich, T., Rosenblum, J. A. and Rusk, H. A. (1978). Can oxygen reverse symptoms of senility? NY State J. Med, 78, 914

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Krop, H. D., Block, A. G., Cohen, E., Croucher, R. and Shuster, J. (1977). Neuropsychologic effects of continuous oxygen therapy in the aged. Chest, 72, 737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jarvik, L. F. and Milne, J. F. (1975). Gerovital-H3: A review of the literature. In S. Gershon and A. Raskin (eds.). Genesis and Treatment of Psychologic Disorders in the Elderly (Aging, Vol 2 ), pp. 203–227. ( New York: Raven Press )

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ostfeld, A., Smith, C. M. and Stotsky, B. A. (1977). The systemic use of procaine in the treatment of the elderly: A review. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 25, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Davison, W. (1978). The hazards of drug treatment in old age. In J. C. Brock- lehurst (ed.). Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology ( 2nd ed. ), pp. 651–669. ( Edinburgh and London: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hyams, D.E. (1980). Cerebral activating drugs. In: Denham, M.J. (eds) The Treatment of Medical Problems in the Elderly. Current Status of Modern Therapy, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6223-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6223-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6225-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6223-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics