Abstract
Before 1960, ideas about meat tenderness tended to be dominated by the role of connective tissue, of which the quantity, quality, and arrangement were held to be important (Ramsbottom et al. 1945). There is still no reason to doubt this judgment. The improvement in tenderness on aging, without much apparent change in the connective tissue, might perhaps have been expected to direct more attention to the myofibrillar component. However, in the late 1950s, the time was only just ripe for serious study of the myofibril. Acceptance of the sliding filament theory of muscular contraction was a recent event in muscle biology. The power of electron microscopy was making an impact in that field but had barely touched meat science. However, it was not so much these exciting developments that led to a new interest in the myofibrillar contribution to toughness, but a much more mundane observation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
BAXTER, R.I., BOUTON, P.E., FISHER, A.L. and HARRIS, P.V. 1972. Evaluation of hanging methods for improving the tenderness of beef and mutton. CSIRO Meat Res. Rep. 2/72.
BENDALL, J.R. 1951. The shortening of rabbit muscle during rigor mortis: Its relation to the breakdown of ATP, creatine phosphate and to muscular contraction. J. Physiol. 114, 71.
BENDALL, J.R. 1972. Consumption of oxygen by the muscles of beef animals and related species and its effects on the colour of meat. I. Oxygen consumption in prerigor meat. J. Sci. Food Agric. 23, 61.
BOUTON, P.E., FISHER, A.L., HARRIS, P.V. and BAXTER, R.I. 1973. A comparison of the effects of some post-slaughter treatments on the tenderness of beef. J. Food Technol. 8, 39.
BOWLING, R.A., SMITH, G.C., CARPENTER, Z.L., DUTSON, T.R. and OLIVER, W.M. 1977. Comparison of forage-finished and grain-finished beef carcasses. J. Anim. Sci. 45, 209.
BRUNTON, W.G. and GILBERT, K.V. 1972. Interim studies in lamb tenderness. Evaluation of lamb conditioned and aged at 10°C and 7°C. Meat Ind. Res. Inst. N.Z. Publ. 275.
BUCHTER, L. 1972. The influence of chilling temperature on the toughness of loin muscles from young calves and bulls. In Symp. 2. p. 451. Meat Res. Inst., Langford, England, 1972.
BUEGE, D.R. and MARSH, B.B. 1975. Mitochondrial calcium and post mortem muscle shortening. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 65, 478.
BUSCH, W.A., PARRISH, F.C. and GOLL, D.E. 1967. Molecular properties of post mortem muscle. 4. Effect of temperature on ATP degradation, isometric tension and shear resistance of bovine muscle. J. Food Sci. 32, 390.
BUSH, W.A., STROMER, M.H., GOLL, D.E. and SUZUKI, A. 1972. Ca++ specific removal of Z-lines from rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Cell Biol. 52, 367.
CARSE, W.A. 1973. Meat quality and the acceleration of post mortem glycolysis by electrical stimulation. J. Food Technol. 8, 163.
CASSENS, R.G. and NEWBOLD, R. P. 1967. Temperature dependence of pH changes in ox muscles post-mortem. J. Food Sci. 32, 13.
CHRYSTALL, B.B. and HAGYARD, C.J. 1975. Accelerated conditioning of lamb. N.Z. J. Agric. 130 (6) 7.
CORNFORTH, D.P., PEARSON, A.M. and MERKEL, R. A. 1980. Relationship of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum to cold shortening. Meat Sci. 4, 103.
CULLER, R.D., PARRISH, F.C, SMITH, G.C. and CROSS, H.R. 1978. Relationship of myofibril fragmentation index to certain chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of bovine muscle. J. Food Sci. 43, 1177.
DAVEY, C.L. 1970. Beef processing and aging. Proc. 12th Meat Ind. Res. Inst. N.Z. Conf. Publ. 199, 73, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1982.
DAVEY, C.L. and CURSON, P. 1971. Interim studies in lamb tenderness. 1. Evaluation of high temperature conditioning and aging of lamb. 2. The effect of carcass posture on tenderness of lamb muscles. Meat Ind. Res. Inst. N.Z. Publ. 215.
DAVEY, C.L. and GARNETT, K.J. 1980. Rapid freezing, frozen storage and the tenderness of lamb. Meat Sci. 4, 319.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1967. Structural changes in meat during aging. J. Food Technol. 2, 57.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1973. The effect of carcass posture on cold, heat and thaw shortening in lamb. J. Food Technol. 8, 445.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1974A. The mechanism of cold-induced shortening in beef muscle. J. Food Technol. 9, 51.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1974B. Carcass posture and tenderness in frozen lamb. J. Sci. Food Agric. 25, 923.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1975. The tenderness of cooked and raw meat from young and old animals. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26, 953.
DAVEY, C.L. and GILBERT, K.V. 1976. Thaw contracture and the disappearance of ATP in frozen lamb. J. Sci. Food Agric. 27, 1085.
DAVEY, C.L. and GRAAFHUIS, A.E. 1976. Structural changes in beef muscle during ageing. J. Sci. Food Agric. 27, 301.
DAVEY, C.L. and NIEDERER, A.F. 1977. Cooking tenderising in beef. Meat Sci. 1, 271.
DAVEY, C.L. and WINGER, R.J. 1980. The structure of skeletal muscle and meat toughness. In Fibrous Proteins: Scientific, Industrial and Medical Aspects, Vol. 1. p. 97. D.A.D. Parry and L.K. Creamer (Editors). Academic Press, London.
DAVEY, C.L., KUTTLE, H. and GILBERT, K.V. 1967. Shortening as a factor in meat aging. J. Food Technol. 2, 53.
DAVEY, C.L., NIEDERER, A. F. and GRAAFHUIS, A.E. 1976. Effects of ageing and cooking on tenderness of beef muscle. J. Sci. Food Agric. 27, 251.
DE FREMERY, D. and POOL, M.F. 1960. Biochemistry of chicken muscle as related to rigor mortis and tenderization. Food Res. 25, 73–87.
DRABIKOWSKI, W., GORÉCKA, A. and JAKUBIEC-PUKA, A. 1977. Endogenous proteases in vertebrate skeletal muscle. Int. J. Biochem. 8, 61.
DUTSON, T.R., YATES, L.F., SMITH, G.C., CARPENTER, Z.L. and HOSTETLER, R.L. 1977. Rigor onset before chilling. Proc. Recip. Meat Conf. 30, 79.
GRAINGER, B.L. and LAZARIDES, E. 1978. The existence of an insoluble Z-disc scaffold in chicken skeletal muscle. Cell 15, 1253.
HATTORI, A. and TAKAHASHI, K. 1982. Calcium-induced weakening of the Z-disc. J. Biochem. 92, 381.
HERRING, H.K., CASSENS, R.G. and BRISKEY, E.J. 1965. Further studies on bovine tenderness as influenced by carcass position, sarcomere length, and fiber diameter. J. Food Sci. 30, 1049.
HERRING, H.K., CASSENS, R.G., SUESS, G.G., BRUNGARDT, V.H. and BRISKEY, E.J. 1967. Tenderness and associated characteristics of stretched and contracted bovine muscles. J. Food Sci. 32, 317.
HOSTETLER, R.L., LINK, B.A., LandMANN, W.A. and FITZHUGH, H.A. 1972. Effect of carcass suspension on sarcomere lengths and shear force of some major bovine muscles. J. Food Sci. 37, 132.
KHAN, A.W. 1971. Effect of temperature during post-mortem glycolysis and de-phosphorylation of high energy phosphate on poultry meat tenderness. J. Food Sci. 36, 120.
KHAN, A.W. and BALLANTYNE, W.W. 1973. Post slaughter pH variation in beef. J. Food Sci. 38, 710.
KHAN, A.W. and LENTZ, C.P., 1973. Influence of ante-mortem glycolysis and de-phosphorylation of high energy phosphates on beef ageing and tenderness. J. Food Sci. 38, 56.
KING, N.L. 1984. Breakdown of connectin during cooking of meat. Meat Sci. 11, 27.
LOCHNER, J.V., KAUFFMAN, R.G. and MARSH, B.B. 1980. Early post mortem cooling rate and beef tenderness. Meat Sci. 4, 227.
LOCKER, R.H. 1959. Striation patterns of ox muscle in rigor mortis. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 6, 419.
LOCKER, R.H. 1960. Degree of muscular contraction as a factor in the tenderness of beef. Food Res. 25, 304.
LOCKER, R.H. 1963. Unpublished results. MIRINZ, P.O. Box 617, Hamilton, New Zealand.
LOCKER, R.H. 1982a. A new theory of meat tenderness, based on the gap filaments. Proc. Recip. Meat Conf. 35, 92.
LOCKER, R.H. 1982B. A new basis for meat tenderness in terms of gap filaments. Proc. 28th Congr. Eur. Meat Res. Workers, Madrid, 1982, 117.
LOCKER, R.H. 1984. The role of gap filaments in muscle and meat. Food Microstruct. 3, 17.
LOCKER, R.H. and Daines, G.J. 1975. Rigor mortis in beef sternomandibularis muscle at 37°C. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26, 1721.
LOCKER, R. H. and DAINES, G.J. 1976. Tenderness in relation to the temperature of rigor onset in cold shortened beef. J. Sci. Food Agric. 27, 193.
LOCKER, R.H. and HAGYARD, C. J. 1963. A cold shortening effect in beef muscles. J. Sci. Food Agric. 14, 787.
LOCKER, R.H. and LEET, N.G. 1975. Histology of highly stretched beef muscle. I. The fine structure of grossly stretched single fibres. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 52, 64.
LOCKER, R.H. and LEET, N.G. 1976A. Histology of highly stretched beef muscle. II. Further evidence on the nature and location of the G-filaments. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55, 157.
LOCKER, R.H. and LEET, N.G. 1976B. Histology of highly-stretched beef muscle. IV. Evidence for movement of gap filaments through the Z-line, using the N2-line and M-line as markers. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 31.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1982A. Yield point in raw beef muscle. The effects of ageing, rigor temperature and stretch. Meat Sci. 7, 45.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1982B. A machine for measuring yield point in raw meat. J. Texture Stud. 13, 71.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1982C. Myofibrils of cooked meat are a continuum of gap filaments. Meat Sci. 7, 61.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1984A. “Ageing” of cold shortened meat depends on the criterion. Meat Sci. 10, 235.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1984B. Tenderization of meat by pressure-heat treatment involves weakening of the gap filaments in the myofibril. Meat Sci. 10, 207.
LOCKER, R.H. and WILD, D.J.C. 1984C. The fate of the large proteins of the myofibril during tenderising treatments. Meat Sci. 11, 89.
LOCKER, R.H., DAVEY, C.L., NOTTINGHAM, P.M., HAUGHEY, D.P. and LAW, N.H. 1975. New concepts in meat processing. Adv. Food Res. 21, 157.
LOCKER, R.H., DAINES, G.J. and LEET, N.G. 1976. Histology of highly-stretched beef muscle. III. Abnormal contraction patterns in ox muscle, produced by overstretching during pre-rigor blending. J. Ultrastruc. Res. 55, 173.
LOCKER, R.H., DAINES, G.J., CARSE, W.A. and LEET, N.G. 1977. Meat tenderness and the gap filaments. Meat Sci. 1, 87.
LOCKER, R.H., WILD, D.J.C. and DAINES, G.J. 1982. Tensile properties of cooked beef in relation to rigor temperature and tenderness. Meat Sci. 8, 283.
LUSBY, M.L., RIDPATH, J.F., PARRISH, F.C. and ROBSON, R.M. 1983. Effect of post mortem storage on degradation of the myofibrillar protein, titin, in bovine longissimus muscle. J. Food Sci. 48, 1787.
LUYET, B.J. 1966. Behaviour of muscle subjected to freezing and thawing. In Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food. p. 353. E.J. Briskey, R.G. Cassens and J.C. Trautman (Editors). Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
MACFARLANE, J.J., MCKENZIE, I.J. and TURNER, R.H. 1981. Pressure treatment of meat. Effects on thermal transitions and shear values. Meat Sci. 5, 307.
Macfarlane, P.G. and Marer, J.M. 1966. An apparatus for determining the tenderness of meat. Food Technol. 20, 838.
Marsh, B.B. 1952. Observations on rigor mortis in whale muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 9, 127.
MARSH, B.B. 1954. Rigor mortis in beef. J. Sci. Food Agric. 5, 70.
MARSH, B.B. 1972. Post mortem shortening and meat tenderness. Proc. Meat Ind. Res. Conf., Chicago, 109.
MARSH, B.B. and CARSE, W.A. 1974. Meat tenderness and the sliding filament hypothesis. J. Food Technol. 9, 129.
MARSH, B.B. and LEET, N.G. 1966A. Resistance to shearing of heat-denatured muscle in relation to shortening. Nature 211, 635.
MARSH, B.B. and LEET, N.G. 1966B. Studies in meat tenderness. III. The effects of cold shortening on tenderness. J. Food Sci. 31, 450.
MARSH, B.B. and THOMPSON, J.F. 1958. Rigor mortis and thaw rigor in lamb. J. Sci. Food Agric. 9, 417.
MARSH, B.B., WOODHAMS, P.R. and LEET, N.G. 1968. Studies in meat tenderness. 5. The effects on tenderness of carcass cooling and freezing before the completion of rigor mortis. J. Food Sci. 33, 12.
MARSH, B.B., LEET, N.G. and DICKSON, M.R. 1974. The ultrastructure and tenderness of highly cold shortened muscle. J. Food Technol. 9, 141.
MARSH, B.B., LOCHNER, J.V., TAKAHASHI, G. and Kragness, D.D. 1981. Effects of early post mortem pH and temperature on beef tenderness. Meat Sci. 5, 479.
MARTINOSI, A. and FERETOS, R. 1964. Sarcoplasmic reticulum. 1. The uptake of Ca+ + by sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments. J. Biol. Chem. 243, 61.
MARUYAMA, K. 1980. Elastic structure of connectin in muscle. In Regulatory Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction. S. Ebashi et al. (Editors). Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin.)
MCCRAE, S.E., SECCOMBE, C.G., MARSH, B.B. and CARSE, W.A. 1971. Studies in meat tenderness. 9. The tenderness of various lamb muscles in relation to their skeletal restraint and delay before freezing. J. Food Sci. 36, 566.
MCLEOD, K., GILBERT, K.V., WYBORN, R., WENHAM, L.M., DAVEY, C.L. and LOCKER, R.H. 1973. Hot cutting of lamb and mutton. J. Food Technol. 8, 71.
MCLEOD, K., GILBERT, K.V., FAIRBAIRN, S.J. and LOCKER, R.H. 1974. Further experiments on the hot cutting of lamb. J. Food Technol. 9, 179.
MERKEL, R.A. and PEARSON, A.M. 1975. Meat Ind. 27, 62.
MICKELSON, J.R. 1982. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
MICKELSON, J.R. and MARSH, B.B. 1980. Calcium uptake and release by skeletal muscle mitochondria. Cell Calcium 1, 119.
MURACHI, T. 1983. Calpain and calpastatin. Trends Biochem. Sci., May, 167.
MURAKAMI, U. and UCHIDA, K. 1980. Ultrastructural alteration of rat cardiac myofibrils caused by a myosin-cleaving protease. J. Biochem. 88, 877.
NEWBOLD, R.P. 1966. Changes associated with rigor mortis. In The Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food. p. 213. E.J. Briskey, R.G. Cassens and J.C. Trautman (Editors). Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
NEWBOLD, R.P. 1979. Calcium uptake and release by skeletal muscle mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Proc. Recipr. Meat Conf. 32, 70
NEWBOLD, R.P. and HARRIS, P.V. 1972. Effect of pre-rigor changes on meat tenderness. A review. J. Food Sci. 37, 337.
PARRISH, F.C., VandELL, C.J. and Culler, R.D. 1979. Effect of maturity and marbling on the myofibril fragmentation index of bovine longissimus muscle. J. Food Sci. 44, 1668.
PATRIARCA, P. and CARAFOLI, E. 1969. A comparative study of the intracellular Ca+ + movements in red and white muscle. Experientia 25, 598.
PERRY, S.V. 1950. Studies on the rigor resulting from the thawing of frozen frog sartorius muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 33, 563.
QUARRIER, E., CARPENTER, Z.L. and SMITH, G.C. 1972. A physical method to increase tenderness in lamb carcasses. J. Food Sci. 37, 130.
RAMSBOTTOM, J.M., STRandINE, E.J. and KOONZ, C.H. 1945. Comparative tenderness of representative beef muscles. Food Res. 10, 497.
RHODES, D.N. and DRANSFIELD, E. 1974. Mechanical strength of raw beef from cold shortened muscles. J. Sci. Food Agric. 25, 1163.
ROSCHEN, H.L., ORTSCHEID, B.J. and RAMSBOTTOM, J.M. 1950. Tenderizing meats. U.S. Pat. 2,519,931. Aug. 22.
SAMEJIMA, K., ISHIOROSHI, M. and YASUI, T. 1981. Relative roles of the head and tail portions of the molecule in the heat induced gelation of myosin. J. Food Sci. 46, 1412.
SANADA, Y., YASOGAWA, N. and KATUNUMA, N. 1979. Effect of a serine protease on isolated myofibrils. J. Biochem. 85, 481.
SCHMIDT, G.R. and GILBERT, K.V. 1970. The effect of muscle excision before the onset of rigor mortis on the palatability of beef. J. Food Technol. 5, 331.
SEIDEMANN, S.C., SMITH, G.C., DUTSON, T.R. and CARPENTER, Z.L. 1979. Physical, chemical and palatability traits of electrically stimulated, hot-boned, vacuum-packaged beef. J. Food Protect. 42, 651.
SHARP, J.G. and MARSH, B.B. 1953. Whalemeat; Production and preservation. Spec. Rep. Food Invest. Bd., London 58, 33.
SMITH, G.C., DUTSON, T.R., HOSTETLER, R.L. and CARPENTER, Z.L. 1976. Fatness, rate of chilling and tenderness of lamb. J. Food Sci. 41, 748.
STOUFFER, J.R., BUEGE, D.R. and GILLIS, W.A. 1971. Meat tenderising method. U.S. Pat. 3,579,716. May 25.
SZPACENKO, A., KAY, J., GOLL, D.E. and OTSUKA, Y. 1981. A different form of the Ca+ + dependent proteinase activated by micromolar levels of Ca+ +. In Proteinases and Their Inhibitors, p. 151. V. Turk and L. Vitale (Editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford.
VOYLE, C.A. 1969. Some observations on the histology of cold shortened muscle. J. Food Technol. 4, 275.
WANG, K., MCCLURE, J. and TU, A. 1979. Titin: Major myofibrillar components of striated muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3698.
WENHAM, L.M., FAIRBAIRN, S.J., MCLEOD, K., CARSE, W.A., PEARSON, A.M. and LOCKER, R.H. 1973. The eating quality of mutton compared with lamb and its relationship to freezing practice. J. Anim. Sci. 36, 1081.
WHITING, R.C. 1980. Calcium uptake by bovine mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. J. Food Sci. 45, 288.
WILSON, G.D., BROWN, P.D., CHESBRO, W.R., GINGER, B. and WEIR, C.E. 1960. The use of antibiotics and gamma irradiation in the ageing of steaks at high temperatures. Food Technol. 14, 143.
YASUI, T., ISHIOROSHI, M. and NAKANO, H. 1980. Heat induced gelation of myosin in the presence of actin. J. Food Biochem. 4, 61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 The AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Locker, R.H. (1985). Cold-induced Toughness of Meat. In: Advances in Meat Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5939-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5939-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-5941-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5939-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive