Abstract
One of the strongest factors predicting the occurrence of schizophrenia and its course is genetic inheritance. Yet, clinically, this factor accounts for only 14–16% (22, 53) of the schizophrenic cases. On the other hand, environmentalists, supported by family research, claim that deviant family interaction can explain and predict the gamut of schizophrenic reactions. This chapter reviews each hypothesis in terms of the merits it holds for prediction of schizophrenia.
The research results presented in this chapter have appeared in the Articles: G. Serban: Parental stress in the development of schizophrenic offspring, Comprehensive Psyehiat. 16: 23-36, 1975 and G. Serban, and G.W. Woloshin: Relationship between pre- and postmorbid psychological stress in schizophrenics. Psychol. Rep. 35: 507–517, 1974.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alanen, Y.: The family of schizophrenic patients. In “The Schizophrenic Syndrome” (J. R. Cancro, ed.) Vol. 1., Brunner-Mazel, New York, 1971.
Arieti, S.: An overview of schizophrenia from a predominantly psychological approach. Am. J. Psychiat. 131 (3), 241–249, 1974.
Bateson, G., Jackson, D., Haley, J., and Weakland, J.: Toward a theory of schizophrenia, Behav. Sci. 1, 251–264, 1956.
Beck, S.J.: “The Six Schizophrenias,” American Orthopsychiatric Assoc, New York, 1954.
Birren, J.E.: Psychological examination of children who later become psychotic, J. Clin. Psychol. 39, 84–96, 1944.
Bleuler, M.: Some results of research in schizophrenia. In “Annual Review of the Schizophrenic Syndrome” (R. Cancro, ed.), Brunner-Mazel, New York, pp. 3–16. 1971.
Bogoch, S.: Cerebrospinal fluid neuraminic acid deficiency in schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Am. J. Psychiat. 114, 172, 1957.
Book, J.A.: A genetic and neuropsychiatric investigation of a North-Swedish population with special regard to schizophrenia and mental deficiency. Acta Genet. 4, 1, 133–345, 1953.
Bowen, M.A.: Family Concept of schizophrenia. In “The Etiology of Schizophrenia” (John D. Jackson, ed.), pp. 346–372. Basic Books, New York.
Bower, E.M., Shellhammer, T.A., and Daily, J.M.: School Characteristics of male adolescents who later become schizophrenic. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 30, 712–729, 1960.
Cameron, N.: “Personality Development and Psychopathology,” Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1963.
Cheek, F.E.: The schizophrenic mother in word and deed, Family Process 3, 155–177, 1964.
Essen-Moller, E.: Calculation of morbid risk in parents of index cases or applied to a family of schizophrenics. Acta Genet. 5, 334–442, 1955. Basel
Fleming, P.: Emotional antecedents of schizophrenia. Paper read before the First Conf. on Life History Research in Psychopathology. New York, N. Y. May 2, 1967.
Fleming, P.: Prediction of adult psychopathology, their early emotional experiences. Paper read before 2nd conf. on Life History Research in Psychopathology, Univ. of Minn., April 19, 1968.
Fowler, R.C., Tsuang, M.I., Cadoret, R.J., and Monnelly, E.: Non psychotic disorders in the families of process schizophrenics. Acta Psych. Scandinavica 51, 153–160, 1975.
Frazee, H.E.: Children who later become schizophrenic. Smith Coll. Studies Soc. Work 23, 125–149, 1953.
Friedhoff, A.J., and Van Winkle, E.: A biochemical approach to the study of schizophrenia Am. J. Psychiat. 121, 1054–1055, 1965.
Friedlander, D.: Personality development of twenty-seven children who later became psychotic. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 40, 330–335, 1945.
Fromm-Reichman, F.: Notes on the Development of Treatment of Schizophrenics by Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Psychiatry 11, 263–273, 1948.
Frohman, E.G.: “Biochemical Mechanism”. in “Lafayette Clinic studies on schizophrenia” (G. Tourney and J. Gottlieb, eds.) Wayne State University Press, Detroit, pp. 125–157, 1971.
Gottesman, I.I., and Shields, J.: Schizophrenia in twins: 16 years consecutive admissions to a psychiatric clinic. Brit. J. Psychiat. 112, 809–818, 1966.
Gottsman, I.I. and Shields, J.: “Schizophrenics and Genetics,” Academic Press, New York, 1972.
Hallgren, B., and Sjogren, T.: A clinical and genetico-statistical study of schizophrenia and low grade mental deficiency in a large Swedish rural population. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1959. Acta Psychiatrica Suppl 140, 35, 1959.
Hambert, G.: Males with Positive Sex Chromatin. Göteborg: Scandinavian University Books, 1966.
Heath, R.G., Leach, B.E., and Byers, L.W.: “Taraxein: Mode of Action. Serological Factors in Schizophrenia?” PB Hochner, Inc., New York, 1963.
Heston, L.L.: Psychiatric disorders in foster home reared children of schizophrenic mothers. Brit. J. Psychiat. 112, 819–825, 1966.
Hoffer, A., Osmond, M., and Smythies, J.: Schizophrenia: A New Approach, II, Results of a year’s research. J. Mental Sci. 100, 29–34, 1954.
Hoskins, R.G., and Pincus, G.: Sex hormone relationships in schizophrenic men. Psychosomatic Med. 11, 102–109, 1949.
Kallman, F.J.: “The Genetics of Schizophrenia.” J.J. Augustin, New York, 1938.
Kallman, F.J., and Roth, B.: Genetic aspects of preadolescent schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 112, 599–606, 1956.
Kety, S.S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. and Schulsinger, F.: The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adoptive schizophrenics. In “The Transmission of Schizophrenia” (D. Rosenthal and S. Kety, eds.), pp. 345–362. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1968.
Kety, S.S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P.H., and Schulsinger, F.: Mental Illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. Am. J. Psychiat. 128, 302–306, 1971.
Kuehl, F.A., Osmond, R.E., and Vanderheuval, W.J.A.: Occurrence of 3.4 dimeth oxyphenylactic acid in urines of normal and schizophrenic individuals. Nature (London) 211, 606–608, 1966.
Lidz, T., Cornelison, A., Fleck, S. and Terry, D.: The intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient: II. Marital schism and marital skew. Am. J. Psychiat. 114, 241–248, 1958.
Lidz, T., Cornelison, A., Terry, D. and Fleck, S.: Intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient: VI. The transmission of irrationality. In “Schizophrenia and the Family. “Arch. Neurol & Psychiat., 79”, 305–316, New York, 1958.
Luxenberger, H.: Untersuchung an Schizophrenien Zweillingen und ihren Geschwistern zur Prufung der Realitat von Manifestationschwankungen. Zts. Neurol. Psychiat. 154, 351, 1936.
Mednick, S.A., and Schulsinger, F.: Factors related to breakdown in children at high risk for schizophrenia. In “Life History Research in Psychopathology” (M. Roff and D. F. Rich, eds), Vol. I. pp. 51–93. Univ. of Minn. Press, Minneapolis, 1970.
Mednick, S.A., and Schulsinger, F.: Studies of children at high risk for schizophrenia. In “Schizophrenias, the First Ten Dean Award Lectures.” (S. R. Dean, ed.), M.S.S. Information Corp., New York, pp. 247–293, 1973.
Michaels, C.M., Morris, D.P., and Soroker, E.: Follow-up studies of shy withdrawn children. II. Relative incidence of schizophrenia. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 27, 331–337, 1957.
Miller, J.G.: Information input overload and psychopathology, Am. J. Psychiat. 116, 695–704, 1960.
Morris, D.P., Soroker, E., and Burress, G.: Follow-up studies of shy withdrawn children. II. Evaluation of later adjustment. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 24, 743–754, 1954.
Morris, H.H., Escoll, P.H., and Wexler, R.: Aggressive behavior disorders of childhood, a follow-up study. Am. J. Psychiat. 112,991–997, 1956.
Nameche, G., Waring, M., and Ricks, D.: Early indicators of outcome in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 139, 232–240, 1964.
O’Neal, P., and Robins, L.: Childhood patterns predictors of adult schizophrenia. A 35 year follow up of 150 subjects. Am. J. Psychiat. 115, 385–391, 1958.
O’Neal, P., and Robins, L.: The relation of childhood behavior problems to adult psychiatric status: A 30 year follow-up study of 150 subjects. Am. J. Psychiat. 114, 961–969, 1958.
Offord, R., and Cross, L.A.: Behavioral antecedents of adult schizophrenia: A Review. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 21, 267–283, 1969.
Penrose, L.S.: Critical survey of schizophrenia genetics. In “Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry” (John G. Howell, ed.), pp. 3–19. Brunner-Mazel, New York, 1971.
Pollack, M.: Comparison of childhood, adolescent and adult schizophrenics, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 2, 652–660, 1960.
Robins, L.: “Deviant Children Grow Up.” Williams & Williams, Baltimore, 1966.
Roff, M.: Childhood Social interactions and young adult psychosis. J. Clin. Psychol. 19, 152–157, 1963.
Singer, M., and Wynne, L.: Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics III: Methodology using projective techniques Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 12, 187–200, 1965.
Singer, M., and Wynne, L.: Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: IV. Results and implications. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 12, 201–212, 1965.
Slater, E.: A review of Earlier Concordance on Genetic Factors in schizophrenia. Proceedings of The Third World Congress of Psychiatry, Vol. 1, p. 15. Toronto Press, Montreal, 1961.
Slater, E., and Shields, J.: Psychotic and neurotic illnesses in twins. Medical Research Council Special Report Series, No. 278, London: H.M.S.O. 1953.
Vaillant, G.E. Natural history of remitting schizophrenias. Am. J. Psychiat. 120: 366–375, 1963.
Waring, M., and Ricke, D.: Family patterns of children who became adult schizophrenics. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 140, 351–364, 1965.
Watt, N.F., Stolorow, R.D., Lubensky, A.W., and McClelland, D.C.: School adjustment and behavior of children hospitalized for schizophrenia as adults. In “Annual Review of the Schizophrenic Syndrome” (R. Cancro, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 359–383. Brunner-Mazel, New York, 1972.
Wittman, M.P., and Steinberg, D.L.: A study of prodromal factors in mental illness with special reference to schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiat. 100, 811–816, 1944.
Wynne, L.C., and Singer, M.T.: Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: I. Research strategy. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 9, 191–198, 1963.
Wynne, L.C., and Singer, M.T.: Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: II. Classification of forms of thinking, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 9, 199–206, 1963.
Zuckerman, M., Oltean, M. and Monashkin, I. The parental attitude of mothers of schizophrenics. J. Consult. Psychol. 22, 4–10, 1958.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Spectrum Publications, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Serban, G. (1980). Genetic and Developmental Factors as Related to Stress in Schizophrenia. In: Adjustment of Schizophrenics in the Community. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5921-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5921-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-5923-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5921-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive