Abstract
Bryozoans are small, colonial animals found mainly in marine environments, although a few species are present in fresh water. They are almost all sessile and occur in a variety of shapes and sizes on substrata such as seaweeds, rocks, stones and shells, both intertidally and sublittorally, sometimes in high densities. Each individual in the colony is known as a zooid and is usually no more than a millimetre in length. The zooids are surrounded by a cuticle which is often strengthened by calcareous material. One of the most characteristic features of bryozoans is the lophophore, a group of ciliated tentacles which encircles the mouth and collects microorganisms such as bacteria and diatoms on which the animals feed. Ciliated tentacles distinguish bryozoans from hydroids, with which they may be confused. In hydroids the tentacles lack cilia. The lophophore projects through an aperture in the cuticle and in some species this is closed by an operculum, or by contraction of muscles. The alimentary canal is U-shaped with the anus outside the lophophore.
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Fish, J.D., Fish, S. (1989). Bryozoa. In: A Student’s Guide to the Seashore. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5888-6_18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5888-6_18
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