Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Continuous and discontinuous events in orogenic deformation

  • Chapter
Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales

Abstract

The principles and relative chronology of polyphase deformation and polyphase metamorphism first developed mainly in Scotland and North America and later spread to many parts of the world. By the mid-1960s a distinct sequential terminology was introduced for phases of deformation, foliation, lineation, and metamorphism. Yet even now, doubts and uncertainties exist and certain geometric mechanisms, such as rotation on vertical axes, are both asserted and denied. In the process of rapid development of ideas on polyphase deformation, disputes originated because of difficulties in defining and demonstrating various geometric and time relationships.

Investigations in various metamorphic belts have brought to light the possibilities of polyorogenic and mono-orogenic deformation. With regard to polyphase metamorphism, it was soon found that this type of metamorphism exists in many belts, but that the interpretation often depends on individual investigators.

Recently attempts have been made to date the duration of metamorphic episodes. One of the principal problems associated with the studies of polyphase orogenic structures has been the interpretation of the behaviour of polyphyroblasts during metamorphism. The dispute partly arises, as is suggested in the paper, because the deformation style of wide orogenic regions is confused with that associated with narrow zones of shear and mylonitization.

Since the events under consideration are evidently related to episodes of deformation, now related to plate tectonics, attention is drawn to the fact that regions where polyorogenic deformations have taken place are enigmatic since they appear to be in conflict with the idea of rapid continental movements. More information is essential.

Acknowledgements: I should like to acknowledge discussions with Professor J. W. Skehan of Boston College, who has made many valuable comments. Thanks are also due to Daniel Phelps, my friend and assistant, who has helped with the preparation of the manuscript, and to Dr S. Sengupta for editorial help.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aerden, D.G.A.M. (1994) Kinematics of orogenic collapse in the Variscan Pyrenees deduced from microstructures in porphyroblastic rocks from the Lys-Caillaouas Massif. Tectonophysics, 238, 139–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenas, R. (1991) Opposite P, T, t paths of Hercynian metamorphism between the upper units of the Cabo Ortegal Complex and their substratum (northwest of the Iberian Massif). Tectonophysics, 191, 347–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, E.B. and McCallien, W.J. (1937) Perthshire tectonics: Schiehallion to Glen Lyon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 59, 79–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T.H. (1981) Foliation development: the contribution, geometry and significance of progressive bulk in-homogeneous shortening. Tectonophysics, 75, 273–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T.H. (1985) Deformation partitioning and porphyroblast rotation in metamorphic rocks: a radical reinterpretation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 3, 109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T.H. and Cuff, C. (1989) Dissolution, solution transfer, diffusion versus fluid flow and volume loss during deformation/metamorphism. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7, 425–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T.H. and Johnson, S.E. (1992) Shear sense: a new approach that resolves conflicts between criteria in metamorphic rock. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10, 99–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T.H., Johnson, S.E., Davis, B. et al. (1992) Porphyroblast inclusion-trail orientation data: eppure non son girate! Journal of Metamorphic Geology 10, 295–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Avraham, Z., Lykhovsky, V. and Grasso, M. (1995) Simulation of collision zone segmentation in the central Mediterranean. Tectonophysics, 243, 57–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthe, D., Choukroune, P. and Jeqouzo, P. (1979) Orthogneiss, mylonite and non-coaxial deformation in granites: the example from South Armorican Shear Zone. Journal of Structural Geology, 1, 31–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluck, B.J., Dempster, T.J. and Rogers, G. versus Soper, N.J. (1995) Discussion on: was Scotland a Vendian RRR junction? Journal of the Geological Society of London, 152, 415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boillot, G. (1986) Comparison between the Galicia and Aquitaine margins. Tectonophysics, 129, 243–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, S.W. (1955) The orocline concept in geotectonics. Royal Society of Tasmania, 89, 255–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough, C.T. (1897) The Geology of Cowal, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobbold, P.R. and Quinquis, H. (1980) Development of sheath folds in shear regimes. Journal of Structural Geology, 2, 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conti, P., Gattiglio, M. and Meccheri, M. (1991) The overprint of the Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution on the Hercynian orogen: an example from the Apuane Alps (Northern Appenines, Italy). Tectonophysics, 191, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, J.K. (1979) Neogene tectonic evolution of the California continental borderland and western Transverse Ranges. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 1338–1345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, W.A. and Shackleton, R.M. (1954) The Ben Lui recumbent syncline (S.W. Highlands). Geological Magazine, 92, 353–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, T.N. (1896) Structural details in the Green Mountain region and in eastern New York. US Geological Survey Report, 16, 543–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J.F. (1988) Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonophysics, 7(6), 1123–1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doblas, M., Lopez-Ruis, J., Oyarzum, R. et al. (1994) Extensional tectonics in the central Iberian Peninsula during the Variscan to Alpine transition. Tectonophysics, 238, 95–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, A.A. Jr., Sinha, A.K., Laird, J. and Guy, R.E. (1989) The Taconic orogen, in The Appalachian-Ouchita Orogen in the United States, The Geology of North America, Vol. F2 (eds Hatcher, R.D. Jr., Thomas, A.W. and Viele, G.W.) Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 101–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, S.H. (1991) A critical review of tectonic processes at continental margin orogens. Tectonophysics, 191, 199–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • England, P.C. and Thompson, A. (1986) Some thermal and tectonic models for crustal melting in continental collision zones, in Collision Tectonics (eds Coward, M.P. and Ries, A.C.), Geological Society of London Special Publication 19, pp. 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M.E. (1994) Joints and decollement zones in Middle Devonian shales: evidence for multiple deformation events in the central Appalachian Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106 447–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleuty, M.J. (1961) The three fold-systems in the metamorphic rocks of Upper Glen Orrin, Ross-shire and Inverness-shire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 117, 447–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn, D. (1965) On the symmetry principle and the deformation ellipsoid. Geological Magazine, 102, 36–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe, W.S., Turner, F.J. and Verhoogen, J. (1958) Metamorphic Reactions and Metamorphic Facies. Geological Society of America Memoir 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiser, P.A. and Engelder, T. (1983) The distribution of layer-parallel shortening fabrics in the Appalachian foreland of New York and Pennsylvania: evidence for two non-coaxial phases of the Alleghanian orogeny, in Contributions to the Tectonics and Geophysics of Mountain Chains (eds Hatcher, R.D. Jr., Williams, H. and Lietz, I.), Geological Society of America Memoir, 158, 1–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getty, S.R. and Gromet, L.P. (1992) Geochronological constraints on ductile deformation, crustal extension and doming about a basement-cover contact, New England Appalachians. American Journal of Science, 292, 359–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, S.K. (1959) Migmatization in relation to regional deformation in the area around Kuilapal, eastern India. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 31, 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, S.K. (1993) Structural Geology: Fundamentals and Modern Developments, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, S.K. and Sengupta, S. (1987) Progressive evolution of structures in a ductile shear zone. Journal of Structural Geology, 9, 277–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R.G. and Stein, S. (1992) Global tectonics and space geodesy. Science, 256, 333–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, D.R. and Durney, D.W. (1979) Investigations on the mechanical significance of crenulation cleavage. Tectonophysics, 58, 35–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hand, M., Dirks, P.H.G.M., Powell, R. and Buick, I.S. (1992) How well established is isobaric cooling in Proterozoic orogenic belts? An example from Arunta inlier, central Australia. Geology, 20, 649–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, T.M., Spear, F.S. and Heizler, (1989a) Geochronologic studies in cental New England I: evidence for pre-Acadian metamorphism in eastern Vermont. Geology, 17, 181–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, T.M., Spear, F.D. and Heizler, M.T. (1989b) Geochronologic studies in central New England II: post Acadian hinged and differential uplift. Geology, 17, 185–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatcher, R.D. Jr., (1991) Interactive property of large thrust sheets with footwall rocks; the subthrust interactive duplex hypothesis; a mechanism of dome formation in thrust sheets. Tectonophysics, 191, 237–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatcher, R.D. Jr., Thomas, W.A. and Viele, G.W. (1989) The Appalachian-Quachita orogen in the United States, The Geology of North America, Vol. F2, Geological Society of America, Boulder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.R.W. (1958) The structural geology of the Moine Thrust Zone in the Coulin Forest, western Ross. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 113, 241–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S.E. (1992) Sequential porphyroblast growth during progressive deformation and low-P high-T (LPHT) metamorphism Cooma Complex, Australia: the use of microstructural analysis to better understand deformation and metamorphic histories Tectonophysics, 214, 311–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S.E. and Vernon, R.H. (1995) Stepping stones and pitfalls in the determination of an anticlockwise P-T-t deformation path: the low-P, high-T Cooma Complex, Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 13, 165–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabinos, P. (1984) Polymetamorphic garnet zoning from southeastern Vermont. American Journal of Science, 284, 1008–1025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, D.V. (1988) Further palaeomagnetic evidence for oroclinal rotation in the central folded Appalachian from the Bloomsberg and Mauch Chunk formations. Tectonics, 7, 749–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, B.C. and Rast, N. (1956) The small-scale structures of south-eastern Cowal, Australia. Geological Magazine, 93, 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, R.R. and Updyke, N.D. (1968) Palaeomagnetic results from the Mauch Chunk Formation: a test of the origin of curvature in the folded Appalachian of Pennsylvania. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 6515–6525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J., Lanphere, M.A and Albee, A.L. (1984) Distribution of Ordovician and Devonian metamorphism in mafic and pelitic schists from northern Vermont. American Journal of Science, 284, 376–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S.H. (1988) Tectonic rotations about vertical axes during the last 4 Ma in part of the New Zealand plate-boundary zone. Journal of Structural Geology, 10, 875–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth. C. (1885) The Highland controversy in British geology: its causes and consequences. Nature, 32, 558–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasaga, A.C. (1983) Geospeedometry: an extension of geothermometry. Kinetic and Equilibrium in Mineral Reactions: Advances in Physical Chemistry, 3, 81–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasaga, A.C. and Jianxin, J. (1995) Thermal history of rocks: P-T-t paths from geospeedometry, petrologic data, and inverse theory techniques. American Journal of Science, 295, 697–741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liewig, N., Caron, J.-M. and Clauer, N. (1981) Geochemical and K-Ar isotopic behavior of Alpine sheet silicates during polyphase deformation. Tectonophysics, 78, 273–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luyendyk, B.P., Kamerling, M.J. and Teires, R. (1980) Geometric model for Neogene crustal rotations in southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91, 211–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macaya, j., Gonzalez-Lodeiro, F., Martinez-Catalan, J.R. and Alvarez, F. (1991) Continuous deformation, ductile thrusting and backfolding of cover and basement in the Sierra de Guadarrain, Hercynian orogeny of central Spain. Tectonophysics, 191, 291–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshak, S. (1988) Kinematics of orocline and arc formation in thin-skinned orogens. Tectonics, 7, 73–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, G.W., Waldhör, M., Neugebauer, J. and Appel, E. (1995) Sequential rotation of stretching axes, and block rotations: and structural and palaeomagnetic study along the North Anatolian Fault. Tectonophysics, 243, 97–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naha, K. (1965) Metamorphism in relation to stratigraphy and movements in parts of east Singhbhum, eastern India. Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mineralogical and Metallurgical Society, India, 37, 41–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, J. (1995) Structure and kinematics of the North Anatolian fault zone, Adapazari-Bolu region, northwest Turkey.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B.H., O’Brien, S.J. and Dunning, G.R. (1991) Silurian cover, Late Precambrian-Early Ordovician basement, and the chronology of Silurian orogenesis in the Hermitage Flexure (Newfoundland Appalachians). American Journal of Science, 291, 760–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osberg, P.H., Tull, J.F., Robinson, P. et al. (1989) The Acadian orogeny, in The Appalachian-Quachita Orogen in the United States, The Geology of North America, Vol. F2, (eds Hatcher, R.D. Jr., Thomas, W.A. and Viele, G.W.), Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 179–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passchier, C.W. and Simpson, C. (1986) Porphyroblast systems as kinematic indicators. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passchier, C.W., Trouw, R.A.J., Zwart, H.J. and Vissers, R.L.M. (1992) Porphyroblast rotation: eppur si muove? Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10, 283–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Estaun, A., Martinez-Catalan, J.R. and Bastida, F. (1991) Crustal thickening and deformation sequence in the footwall to the structure of the Variscan belt of northwest Spain. Tectonophysics, 191, 243–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, C.McA. (1979) A morphological classification of rock cleavage. Tectonophysics, 58, 21–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, C.McA. and Ricard, M.J. (1985) Significance of the early foliation at Bermagui, N.S.W., Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 385–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. and Treagus, J.E. (1967) On the geometry of S-shaped inclusions trails in garnet porphyroblasts. Mineralogical Magazine, 36, 453–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinquis, H., Audren, C, Brun, J.P. and Cobbold, P.R. (1978) Intense progressive shear in the He de Groix blueschists and compatibility with subduction or obduction, Nature, 273, 43–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1958a) Moine-Lewisian relations at Glenelg, Invernesshire. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 113, 487–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1958b) Superimposed folding at Loch Monar, Inverness-shire and Ross-shire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 113, 271–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1962) The geometry and mechanics of formation of’ similar’ type folds. Journal of Geology, 70, 309–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1963a) Stratigraphy, structure and metamorphism in the western Alps. Geological Association of London Proceedings, 74, 357–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1963b) Structure and metamorphism of the Maine and Lewisian rocks of the north-west Caledonides, in The British Caledonides (eds Johnson, M.R.W. and Stewart, F.H.), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 143–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1967) Folding and Fracturing of Rocks, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. (1980) Shear zone geometry: a review. Journal of Structural Geology, 2, 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. (1987) The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Vol. 2, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. (1958) Metamorphic history of the Schichallion complex, Perthshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 63, 413–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. (1963) Structure and metamorphism of the Dalradian rocks of Scotland, in The British Caledonides (eds Johnson, M.R.W. and Stewart, F.H.), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 123–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. (1965) Nucleation and growth of metamorphic minerals, in Controls of Metamorphism (eds Pitcher, W.S. and Flinn, G.W.), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 73–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. (1988) The evolution of the Appalachian chain, in The Geology of North America — An Overview (eds Bally, A.W. and Palmer, A.R.), Geological Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. and Platt, J.I. (1957) Cross-folds. Geological Magazine, 94, 159–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rast, N. and Sturt, B.A. (1957) Crystallographic and geological factors in the growth of garnets from central Perthshire. Nature, 179, 215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, H.H. (1949) A contemplation of time in plutonism. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 105, 101–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, H.H. (1957) The Granite Controversy, Thomas Murby, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricard, M.J. (1961) A note on cleavage in crenulated rocks. Geological Magazine, 98, 324–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J.L. and Treagus, J.E. (1979) Stratigraphical and structural correlations between the Dalradian rocks of the SW and Central Highlands of Scotland, in The Caledonides of the British Isles — Reviewed (eds Harris, A.L., Holland, C.H. and Leake, B.E.), Scottish Academic Press, Edinburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, J.L. (1968) Garnet rotations due to the major Paleozoic deformations in southeast Vermont, in Studies of Appalachian Geology: Northern and Maritime (eds Zen, E-an, White, W.S., Hadley, J.B. and Thompson, J.B. Jr.), Interscience Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander, B. (1930) Gefügekunde der Gesteine, Springer, Vienna.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S. N. and Saha, A.K. (1963) On the occurrence of two intersecting Pre-Cambrian orogenic belts in Linghbhum and adjacent areas, India. Geological Magazine, 100, 69–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.Y. and Van der Voo, R. (1983) Paleomagnetic evaluation of the orocline hypothesis in the central and southern Appalachians. Geophysical Research Letters, 10, 505–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengor, A.M.C., Goriir, N. and Saroglu (1985) Strike slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, in Strike-slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation (eds Biddle, K.T. and Christie-Black, N.), Society of Economic and Paleontological Mineralogy Special Publication, 37, 227–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibson, R.H. (1977) Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 133, 192–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, C. and Schmid, S.M. (1983) An evaluation of criteria to deduce the sense of movement in sheared rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94, 1281–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soula, J.C., Debat, P., Deramond, J. and Pouget, P. (1986) A dynamic model of the structural evolution of the Hercynian Pyrenees. Tectonophysics, 129, 29–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spry, A. (1963) The origin and significance of snowball structure in garnet. Journal of Petrology, 4, 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spry, A. (1969) Metamorphic Textures, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, R.S. and Ratcliffe, N.M. (1985) Tectonic synthesis of the Taconian orogeny in western New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96, 1227–1250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturt, B.A. and Harris, A.L. (1961) The metamorphichistory of the Loch Tummel area, central Perthshire, Scotland. Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal, 2, 689–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P.R. (1980) The stratigraphy and structure of Moine rocks north of the Schiehallion Complex. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 126, 469–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J.B. Jr., Robinson, P., Clifford, T.N. and Trask, N.J. Jr. (1968) Nappes and gneiss-domes in west-central New England, in Studies of Appalachian Geology: Northern and Maritime (eds Zen, E-an, White, W.S., Hadley, J.B. and Thompson, J.B. Jr.), Interscience Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F.J. and Weiss, L.E. (1963) Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Pluijm, B.A. and Van Staal, C.R. (1988) Characteristics and evolution of the Central Mobile Belt, Canadian Appalachian. Journal of Geology, 96, 535–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wegmann, C.E. (1938) Geological investigations in southern Greenland. Meddr. Gr0nland, 113, 1–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, L.E. and Mclntyre, D.B. (1957) Structural geometry of Dalradian rocks at Loch Leven, Scottish Highlands. Journal of Geology, 65, 572–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, P.W., Jr., Guidotti, C.V. and Lux, D.R. (1995) Silurian orogenesis in the Western Penobscot Bay region, Maine. Canadian Journal of Science, 32, 1845–1858.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, W.S. and Jahns, R.H. (1950) Structure of central and east-central Vermont. Journal of Geology, 58, 179–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitten, E.H.T. (1966) Structural Geology of Folded Rocks, Rand McNally, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickham, S.M. and Oxburgh, E.R. (1986) A rifted tectonic setting for Hercynian high-thermal gradient metamorphism in the Pyrenees. Tectonophysics, 129, 53–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.F. (1976) Foliation: a review and discussion. Tectonophysics, 39, 305–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.F. (1985) Multiply deformed terrains — problems of correlation. Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 269–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.J.L. and Hedouville, P. (1985) Early cleavage development in the Late Ordovician of north-east Victoria, Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 401–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wintsch, R.P., Sutter, J.F., Kunk, MJ. et al. (1993) Alleghanian assembly of Proterozoic and Paleozoic lithotectonic terranes in south central New England: new constraints from geochronology and petrology, in Field Trip Guidebook for the Northeastern United States (eds Boston, G.S.A., Hepburn, J.C. and Cheney, J.T.), Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1, Hl–H30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D.S. (1974) Current views of the development of slaty cleavage. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zartman, R.E. (1988) Three decades of geochronologic studies in the New England Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 1168–1180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwart, H.J. (1960) The chronological succession of folding and metamorphism in the central Pyrenees. Geologische Rundschau, 50, 203–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwart, H.J. (1962) Relations between folding and metamorphism in the central Pyrenees, and their chronological succession. Geol. Mijnb., 39, 63–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwart, H.J. (1979) The geology of the Central Pyrenees. Geol. Meded., 50, 1–74.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA

    N. Rast

Authors
  1. N. Rast
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India

    S. Sengupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rast, N. (1997). Continuous and discontinuous events in orogenic deformation. In: Sengupta, S. (eds) Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5870-1_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5870-1_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6481-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5870-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation