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Physicochemical approaches to the measurement of molecular anisotropy

  • Chapter
Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers

Abstract

The measurement of molecular orientation and its specification in some quantitative form are essential to a full understanding of the relationships between a variety of properties (mechanical, dielectric, etc.) and the molecular orientation within a system. Many of the measurements of orientation utilize parameters arising from the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the molecular system. Common techniques are birefringence (double refraction) scattering of X-rays, scattering of light and selective absorption of polarized radiation (linear dichroism). There are other methods that do not utilize electromagnetics as a means of investigating the structural anisotropy, e.g. neutron scattering (nuclear scattering) or the sonic velocity method. This chapter does review the principles of the sonic velocity method, but it does not cover neutron scattering in any detail. However, many of the basic scattering equations that are discussed for X-ray and light scattering are very similar for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Hence, many of the general principles and ways of interpreting the analysis of SANS have a strong correlation with the detailed scattering relationship developed in this chapter. A crude index of molecular orientation can sometimes be obtained by observing the level of shrinkage of the oriented sample once it is raised above its glass transition temperature and/or melting point, depending on the phase behaviour of the material in question [1].

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Authors
  1. G. L. Wilkes
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  2. R. S. Stein
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Universities of Leeds, Bradford and Durham, UK

    I. M. Ward

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Wilkes, G.L., Stein, R.S. (1997). Physicochemical approaches to the measurement of molecular anisotropy. In: Ward, I.M. (eds) Structure and Properties of Oriented Polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5844-2_2

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