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Laser coagulation

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Book cover Procedures in Hepatogastroenterology

Part of the book series: Developments in Gastroenterology ((DIGA,volume 15))

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Abstract

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The two main parts of the laser light source are the active laser medium and the resonator. The laser medium contains molecules, ions or atoms which define the wavelength and type of the laser. Atoms consist of a positive nucleus surrounded by electrons. If energy from an external source (electrical energy, light energy or chemical energy) is applied, this will be absorbed by weakly bound electrons in the outer rings of the atom. In this way the atom changes from the basal state into a higher energy state,’ an excited state’. In this rather unstable situation the electron often spontaneously falls back to the previous basal state and the absorbed energy is released as a photon. An’ excited’ atom may also be forced to release the photon by a photon passing by with the same frequency, thereby returning to the basal state (stimulated emission). In contrast to spontaneous emission, in which photons are emitted in a random direction, both photons travel in the same direction and in phase with each other in stimulated emission. If these two protons meet two other excited atoms, the stimulated emission will be repeated, resulting in an avalanche of photons. If the two photons meet two basal state atoms, these will be excited. The resonator, which contains the laser medium, consists of a tube with two mirrors on each side, one of which is completely reflecting while the other is partly transparent. The tube itself absorbs the energy completely and is non-reflective. The laser principle is kept going by the to-and-fro reflection of both mirrors. Finally, a light bundle running parallel to the axis of the tube emerges through the central opening in the second mirror. This light is monochromatic (light of one wavelength), coherent (in phase) and parallel without divergence. The laser medium may consist of solids (crystals such as with the ruby or the neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser)), of gas (with neutral atoms such as with the helium-neon, the copper and the gold vapor laser; with ions (argon or krypton laser); with molecules (CO2 and the excimer laser), or of liquids (dye laser).

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Authors
  1. E. M. H. Mathus-Vliegen
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. GE, AMC, Netherlands

    Guido N. J. Tytgat

  2. GE, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands

    Chris J. J. Mulder

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© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Mathus-Vliegen, E.M.H. (1997). Laser coagulation. In: Tytgat, G.N.J., Mulder, C.J.J. (eds) Procedures in Hepatogastroenterology. Developments in Gastroenterology, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5702-5_35

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5702-5_35

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6488-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5702-5

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