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SQUID Sensors: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications pp 117–178Cite as

Squid Gradiometers in Real Environments

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Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSE,volume 329))

Abstract

Use of SQUIDs for stationary magnetic field detection (e.g., in MagnetoEncephaloGraphy, MEG) is discussed. Such devices operate in the presence of environmental noise and must be provided with shielding and/or noise cancellation techniques. First, shielded and unshielded environments are characterised and some specific noise sources are examined in detail. Then, gradiometers of various orders and their construction by hardware and software methods are described, and the gradiometer errors (represented by common mode and eddy current vectors) are analysed. Noise cancellation by high-order spatial gradiometers is examined in detail, and the gradiometer performance in shielded and unshielded environments is evaluated experimentally using a whole cortex MEG system. Successful operation of high-order gradiometers in unshielded environments is demonstrated on examples of human MEG.experiments. Adaptive noise cancellation also is examined, and frequency independent and frequency dependent methods are described. The adaptive and gradiometer noise cancellation performances are compared, and it is shown that the adaptive methods are effective only under special circumstances when the noise character is time independent, while the gradiometers are quite universal and work well even when the noise character is changing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CTF Systems Inc., 15-1750 McLean Ave, Port Coquitlam, B.C., Canada

    Jiri Vrba

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  1. Jiri Vrba
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  1. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Washington, DC, USA

    Harold Weinstock

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© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Vrba, J. (1996). Squid Gradiometers in Real Environments. In: Weinstock, H. (eds) SQUID Sensors: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications. NATO ASI Series, vol 329. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5674-5_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5674-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6393-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5674-5

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