Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Critical Care Nephrology pp 527–550Cite as

Endothelial dysfunction in acute renal failure

  • Chapter

  • 38 Accesses

Abstract

The normal vascular endothelium provides an uninterrupted inner lining to the vessel walls, allowing blood to circulate to various parts of the body. Besides providing a conduit for the circulation of blood, the vascular endothelium has now been recognized as possessing several other functions, and is regarded as an active metabolic and endocrine organ [1, 2]. The endothelium selectively “filters” substances, controls hemostasis, interacts with cellular and noncellular components of circulating blood, plays a role in white cell trafficking, synthesizes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and modulates vasoactive agents such as catecholamines, bradykinin, and angiotensin II [3]. The endothelium also regulates vascular tone directly, through the production and release of both vasodilatory (eg. endothelium derived relaxing factor-nitric oxide, NO, prostacyclin, PGI2) and vasoconstrictive substances (eg. endothelin-1, ET-1) (Table 1). In the kidney, endothelial cells line the intricate intrarenal vasculature, and also contribute as a significant initial layer of the filtration barrier to the passage of blood constituents into the urinary space. With such major functions attributable to the endothelium, perturbations of normal endothelial function lead to a multitude of derangements, including significant hemodynamic alterations in different organ systems in general, and the kidney in particular.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Vane JR, Anggard EE, Botting RM. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 27–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shireman PK, Pearce WH. Endothelial cell function: biologic and physiologic functions in health and disease. AJR 1996; 166: 7–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Raij L. Mechanisms of vascular injury: the emerging role of the endothelium. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 2: S2–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gerritsen ME, Bloor CM. Endothelial cell gene expression in response to injury. FASEB J 1993; 7: 523–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lefer AM, Ma XL. Cytokines and growth factors in endothelial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 5914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM, McIntyre TM. Endothelial cell interactions with granulocytes: tethering and signaling molecules. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 93–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kohno M, Murakawaa KI, Yassunari K, et al. Prolonged blood pressure elevation after endothelin administration in bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Metabolism 1989; 38: 712–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Boulanger C, Luscher TF. Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 587–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. De Nucci G, Thomas R, D’Orleans-Juste P, et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 9797800.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ito S, Juncos LA, Nushiro N, Johnson CS, Carretero OA. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor modulates endothelin action in afferent arterioles. Hypertension 1991; 17: 1052–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Conger JD, Weil JV. Abnormal vascular function following ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Invest Med 1995; 43: 431–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bone RC. Sepsis syndrome: Part I: The diagnostic challenge. J Crit Illness 1991; 6: 525–39.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cerra FB, and Snyder LM. Shock. In: Greenfield LJ (ed). Surgery: scientific principles and practice. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1993: 170–95.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fry DE, Pearlstein L, Fulton RL, Polk HC. Multiple system organ failure: the role of uncontrolled infection. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 136–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pinsky MR, Matuschak GM. Multiple systems organ failure: malignant intravascular inflammation. Crit Care Clin 1989; 5: 199–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Carrico CJ, Meakins JL, Marshall JC, Fry D, Maier RV. Multiple-organ-failure syndrome. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 196–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Brezis M, Rosen S, Epstein FH. Acute renal failure due to ischemia (acute tubular necrosis). In: Lazarus JM and Brenner BM (eds). Acute renal failure. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1993: 207–29.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shusterman N, Strom BL, Murray TG, Morrison G, West SL, Maislin G. Risk factors and outcome of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Clinical epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1987; 83: 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wheeler DC, Feehally J, Walls J. High risk acute renal failure. Q J Med 1986; 61: 977–984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cameron JS. Acute renal failure thirty years on. Q J Med 1990; 74: 1–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Barton IK, Hilton PJ, Taub NA, et al. Acute renal failure treated by haemofiltration: factors affecting outcome. Q J Med 1993; 86: 81–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Abreo K, Moorthy V, Osborne M. Changing patterns and outcome of acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1338–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Spiegel DM, Ullian ME, Zerbe GO, Berl T. Determinants of survival and recovery in acute renal failure patients dialyzed in intensive-care units. Am J Nephrol 1991; 11: 44–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Turney JH, Marshall DH, Brownjohn AM, Ellis CM, Parsons FM. The evolution of acute renal failure, 1956–1988. Q J Med 1990; 74: 83–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Woodrow G, Turney JH. Cause of death in acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: 230–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, Chen JJ, Harrington JT. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med 1983; 74: 243–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jha V, Malhotra HS, Sakhuja V, Chugh KS. Spectrum of hospital-acquired acute renal failure in the developing countries–a Chandigarh study. Q J Med 1992; 84: 497–505.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Givens CD, Wenzel RP. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in surgical patients: a controlled study on the excess morbidity and costs. J Urol 1980; 124: 646–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Donowitz LG, Wenzel RP, Hoyt JW. High risk of hospital-acquired infection in the ICU patient. Crit Care Med 1982; 10: 355–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Breslow MJ, Miller CF, Parker SD, Walman AT, Traystman RI. Effect of vasopressors on organ blood flow during endotoxin shock in pigs. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: H291–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ballerman BJ. Regulation of bovine glomerular cell growth in vitro. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: C182–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kester M, Nowinski RJ, Holthöfer H, Marsden PA, Dunn MJ. Characterization of platelet activating factor synthesis in glomerular endothelial cell lines. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1404–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bonventre J. Mechanisms of ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1160–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hays SR. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: ischemic acute renal failure. Am J Med Sci 1992; 304: 93–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ganong, WF. Regulation of respiration. In: Ganong WF (ed). Review of medical physiology, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange. 1993: 614.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Thurau K. Renal hemodynamics. Am J Med 1964; 36: 698–719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Guyton AC. Formation of urine by the kidney: I. Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and their control. In: Guyton AC (ed). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991: 286–97.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Schnermann J, Briggs JR. The role of adenosine in cell-to-cell signalling in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Semin Nephrol 1993; 13: 236–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Stein JH. Regulation of renal circulation. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 571–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mason J. Tubulo-glomerular feedback in the early stages of experimental acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1976; 10 (Suppl 6): S106–14.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Adams PL, Adams FF, Navar LG. Impaired renal blood flow autoregulation in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1980; 18: 68–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams RH, Thomas CE, Navar LG, Evan AR. Hemodynamic and single nephron function during maintenance phase of ischemic acute renal failure in the dog. Kidney Int 1981; 19: 503–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Matthys E, Patton MK, Osgood RW, Venkatachalam MA, Stein JH. Alterations in vascular function and morphology in acute ischemic renal failure. Kidney Int 1983; 23: 717–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Conger JD, Robinette JB, Schrier RW. Smooth muscle calcium and endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the abnormal vascular responses of acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 532–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grandchamp A, Ayer G, Truniger B. Pathogenesis of redistribution of intrarenal blood flow in hemorrhagic hypotension. Eur J Clin Invest 1971; 1: 271–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Stein JH, Boonjarern S, Mauk RC, Ferris TF. Mechanism of the redistribution of renal cortical blood flow during hemorrhagic hypotension in the dog. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 39–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kashgarian M, Siegel NJ, Ries AJ, DiMeola HJ, Hayslett JP. Hemodynamic aspects in development and recovery phases of experimental postischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1976; 10 (Suppl 6): S160–8.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hellberg POA, Kallskog O, Wolgast M. Red cell trapping and postischemic renal blood flow. Differences between the cortex, outer and inner medulla. Kidney Int 1991; 40: 625–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Majid DSA, Navar LG. Medullary blood flow responses to changes in arterial pressure in canine kidneys. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: F833–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sjolin J. Manipulation of the immunoinflammatory reaction in clinical sepsis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37 (Suppl 98): 20–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bone RC. The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 457–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Michie HR, Manogue KR, Spriggs DR, et al. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 14816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Tolins JP, Vercelloti GM, Wilkowske M, Ha B, Jacob HS, Raij L. Role of platelet activating factor in endotoxemic acute renal failure in the male rat. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 1 13: 316–24.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Shultz PJ, Tolins JP, Raij L. Endothelial-derived vasoactive substances and the kidney. The Kidney 1990; 23: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Meyrick BO, Ryan US, Brigham KL. Direct effects of E. coliendotoxin on structure and permeability of pulmonary endothelial monolayers and the endothelial layer of intimal explants. Am J Pathol 1986; 122: 140–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Albelda SM, Smith CW, Ward PA. Adhesion molecules and inflammatory injury. FASEB J 1994; 8: 504–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kirkpatrick CJ, Klein CL, Bittinger F. Pathobiology of the endothelium in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Contrib Nephrol 1995; 116: 1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Beutler B, and Cerami A. Cachectin/Tumor necrosis factor: an endogenous mediator of shock and inflammation. Immunol Res 1986; 5: 281–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, et al. Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Science 1986; 234: 470–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Badr KF, Kelley VE, Rennke HG, Brenner BM. Roles for thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes in endotoxinmediated acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1986; 30: 474–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Suffredini AF, Fromm RE, Parker MM, et al. The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 280–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Churchill PC, Bidani AK, Schwartz MM. Renal effects of endotoxin in the male rat. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: F244–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Yokota M, Kambayashi J, Tahara H, et al. Renal insufficiency induced by locally administered endotoxin in rabbits. Meth Find Clin Pharmacol 1990; 12: 487–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Berens KL, Langston JD, Wasan KM, Luke DR. Influence of pentoxifyllinc and related analogues in endotoxemic renal failure. Circ Shock 1991; 34: 3448.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Raij L, Keane WF, Michael AF. Unilateral Shwartzman reaction: cortical necrosis in one kidney following in vivoperfusion with endotoxin. Kidney Int 1977; 12: 91–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Waage A, Brandzaeg P, Espevik R, Halstensen A. Current understanding of Gram-negative shock. Inf Dis Clin N Am 1991; 5: 781–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Badr KF. Novel mediators of sepsis-associated renal failure. Semin Nephrol 1994; 14: 3–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Nathan CF, Stuehr DJ. Does endothelium-derived nitric oxide have a role in cytokine-induced hypotension? J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 726–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Radomski MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of an inducible, but not the constitutive, nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 100–437.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rees DD. Cellek S, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of a nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone. An insight into endotoxin shock. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173: 541-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Shultz PJ, Raij L. Endogenously synthesized nitric oxide prevents endotoxin-induced glomerular thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1718–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Radomski MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide and prostacyclin in platelets. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 92: 181–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Radomski MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. The role of nitric oxide and cGMP in platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 148: 1482–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moncada S, Palmer, RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bengtsson A. Cascade system activation in shock. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1993; 37, (Suppl 98): 7–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Hangen DH, Bloom RJ, Stevens JH, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a live E. coliseptic primate model. Am J Pathol 1987; 126: 396–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Smedegard G, Cui L, Hugli TE. Endotoxin-induced shock in the rat. A role for C5a. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 489–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Craddock PR, Fehr J, Dalmasso AP, Brigham KL, Jacob HS. Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 879–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Thadani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1448–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Schulman G, Fogo A, Gung A, Badr K, Hakim R. Complement activation retards resolution of acute ischemic renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int 1991; 40: 1069–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. McManus LM, Woodard DS, Deavers SI, Pinckard RN. PAF molecular heterogeneity: Pathobiological implications. Lab Invest 1993; 69: 639–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Schlondorff D, Neuwirth R. Platelet activating factor and the kidney. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: F1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Camussi G. Potential role of platelet activating factor in renal pathophysiology. Kidney Int 1986; 29: 46977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Lopez-Farre A, Gomez-Garre D, Bernabeu F, et al. Renal effects and mesangial cell contraction induced by endothelin are mediated by PAF. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 624–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kohan DE. Endothelins in the kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 22: 493510.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Zhou W, McCollum MO, Levine BA, Olson MS. Inflammation and platelet-activating factor production during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1236–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Zimmerman GA, McIntyre TM, Mehra M, Prescott SM. Endothelial-cell associated platelet activating factor: a novel mechanism for signaling intercellular adhesion. J Cell Biol 1990; 110: 529–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zweier JL, Kuppuswamy P, Lutty GA. Measurement of endothelial cell free radical generation: evidence for a central mechanism of free radical injury in postischemic tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4046–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. McCoy DE, Bhattacharya S, Olson BA, Levier DG, Arend LJ, Spielman WS. The renal adenosine system: structure, function, and regulation. Semin Nephrol 1993; 13: 31–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Weihprecht H, Lorenz JN, Briggs JP, Schnermann J. Synergistic effects of angiotensin and adenosine in the renal microvasculature. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: F227–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pflueger AC, Schenk F, Osswald H. Increased sensitivity of the renal vasculature to adenosine in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: F529–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ishikawa I, Shikura N, Takada K. Amelioration of glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats by an adenosine A, receptor antagonist (FR-113453). Ren Fail 1993; 15: 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Zager RA. Myoglobin depletes renal adenine nucleotide pools in the presence and absence of shock. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 111–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fransen R, Koomans HA. Adenosine and renal sodium handling: direct natriuresis and renal nerve-mediated antinatriuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1491–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988; 332: 411–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kohan DE. Endothelins in the normal and diseased kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 2–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kon V, Hunley TE. The role of endothelin in acute renal failure. In: Goligorsky MS, Stein JH (eds). Acute renal failure. New concepts and therapeutic strategies. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995: 323–54.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Nord EP. Renal actions of endothelin. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 451–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Simonson MS, Dunn MJ. The molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular and renal regulation by endothelin peptides. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 622–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Masaki T, Kimura S, Yanagisawa M, Goto K. Molecular and cellular mechanism of endothelin regulation. Circulation 1991; 84: 1457–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Stingo AJ, Clavell AL, Aarhus LL, Burnett JC. Biological role for the Endothelin-A receptor in aortic cross clamping. Hypertension (Dallas) 1993; 22: 62–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Badr KF, Murray JJ, Breyer MD, Takahashi K, Inagami T, Harris RC. Mesangial cell, glomerular and renal vascular responses to endothelin in the rat kidney: elucidation of signal transduction pathways. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 336–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Pernow J, Boutier JF, France-Cereceda A, Lacroix JS, Matran R, Lundberg JM. Potent selective vasoconstrictor effects of endothelin in the pig kidney in vivo. Acta Physiol Scand 1988; 134: 573–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. McMillen MA, Sumpio BE. Endothelins: polyfunctional cytokines. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180: 621–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. King AJ, Brenner BM. Endothelial derived vasoactive factors and the renal vasculature. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: R653–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Firth JD, Ratcliffe PJ, Raine AEG, Ledingham JGG. Endothelin: an important factor in acute renal failure? Lancet 1988; 2: 1179–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Tomita K, Ujiie K, Nakanishi T, et al. Plasma endothelin levels in patients with acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Moore K, Wendon J, Frazer M, Karani J, Williams R, Badr K. Plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1774–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Voerman HJ, Stehouwer CA, Van Kamp GJ, Van Schijndel RJMS, Grooeneveld ABJ, Thijs LG. Plasma endothelin levels are increased during septic shock. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 1097–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Curzen NP, Griffiths MJ, Evans TW. Contraction to endothelin-1 in pulmonary arteries from endotoxintreated rats is modulated by endothelium. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H2260–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Mcmillen MA, Cunningham ME. Origin of endothelin in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 721–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Epstein M. The hepatorenal syndrome - new perspectives. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1810–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Shibouta Y, Suzuki N, Shino A, et al. Pathophysiological role of endothelin in acute renal failure. Life Sci 1990; 46: 1611–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kon V, Yoshioka T, Fogo A, Ichikawa I. Glomerular action of endothelin in vivo. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1762–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lopez-Farre A, Gomez-Garre D, Bernabeu F, Lopez-Novoa JM. A role for endothelin in the maintenance of postischaemic renal failure in the rat. J Physiol 1991; 444: 513–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Mino N, Kobayashi M, Nakajima A, et al. Protective effect of a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, BQ-123, in ischemic acute renal failure in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 221: 77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kon V, Badr KF. Biological actions and pathophysiologic significance of endothelin in the kidney. Kidney Int 1991; 40: 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sugiura M, Inagami T, Kon V. Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivoand in vitroas determined by radioimmunoassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 1220–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Pernow J, Hemsen A, Lundberg JM. Increased plasma levels of endothelin-like immunoreactivity during endotoxin administration in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand 1989; 137: 317–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Marsden PA, Brenner BM. Transcriptional regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by TNF-a. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: C854–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kohan DE. Production of endothelin-1 by rat mesangial cells: regulation by tumor necrosis factor. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 477–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wilkes BM, Pearl AR, Mento P F, Maita M E, Macica CM, Girardi EP. Glomerular endothelin receptors during initiation and maintenance of ischemic acute renal failure in rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: F110–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Nambi P, Pullen M, Jugus M, Gellai M. Rat kidney endothelin receptors in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1993; 264: 345–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980; 288: 373–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ignarro LT, Lippton H, Edwards IC, Baricos WH, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ, Gruetter CA. Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by organic nitrates, nitrites, nitroprusside and nitric oxide: evidence of the involvement of S-nitroso thiols as active intermediates. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1981; 218: 739–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Vanhoutte PM, Rubany GM, Miller VM, Houston AS. Modulation of smooth muscle contraction by endothelium. Ann Rev Physiol 1986; 48: 307–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Palmer RM, Ashton DS, Moncada S. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 1988; 333: 664–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Tolins JP, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S, Raij L. Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in regulation of renal hemodynamic responses. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H655–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Raij L, Shultz PJ. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide: effects on and production by mesangial cells and the glomerulus. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 3: 1435–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Raij L, Baylis C. Glomerular actions of nitric oxide. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 20–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Bachmann S, Mundel P. NO in the kidney: synthesis, localization and function. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 112–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ujiie K, Yuen J, Danzinger R, Star RA. Localization and regulation of endothelial NO synthase mRNA expression in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: F296–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Mohaupt MG, Elzie JL, Ahn KY, Clapp WL, Wilcox CL, Kone BC. Differential expression and induction of mRNAs encoding two inducible nitric oxide synthases in rat kidney. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 653–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kilbourn RG, Belloni P. Endothelial cell production of nitrogen oxide in response to interferon y in combination with tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 or endotoxin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 772–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Hibbs JB, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z, Rachlin EM. Nitric oxide: a cytokine activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157: 87–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Archer S. Measurement of nitric oxide in biological models. FASEB J 1993; 7: 349–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hill-Kapturczak N, Kapturczak MH, Malinski T, Gross P. Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in the kidney: potential roles in normal renal function and in renal dysfunction. Endothelium 1995; 3: 253–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Malinski T, Taha Z. Nitric oxide release from a single cell measured in situby a porphyrinic based microsensor. Nature 1992; 358: 676–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hill N, Pierchala B, Johns A, Kiechle F, Rubanyi GM, Malinski T. In situmeasurements of nitric oxide release from endothelial cells grown directly on a porphyrinic sensor. Endothelium 1996; 4: 63–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Vallance P, Patton S, Bhagat K, et al. Direct measurements of nitric oxide in human beings. Lancet 1995; 345: 153–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Amber IJ, Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z. Cytokines induce an L-arginine dependent effector system in nonmacrophage cells. J Leukocyte Biol 1988; 44: 58–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Luscher TF, Bock HA, Yang Z, Diederich D. Endothelium derived relaxing and contracting factors: Perspectives in nephrology. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 575–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Romero JC, Strick DM. Nitric oxide and renal function. Cun Opinion Nephrol Hyper 1993; 2: 114–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. King AJ, Troy JL, Anderson S, Neuringer JR, Gunning M, Brenner BM. Nitric oxide: a potential mediator of amino acid induced renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1: 1271–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Baylis C, Harton P, Engels K. Endothelial derived relaxing factor controls renal hemodynamics in the normal rat kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 1990; 1: 875–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Baylis C, Qiu C. Importance of nitric oxide in the control of renal hemodynamics. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1727–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Brezis M, Heyman SN, Dinour D, Epstein FH, Rosen S. Role of nitric oxide in renal medullary oxygenation. Studies in isolated and intact kidneys. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 390–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Deng A, Baylis C. Locally produced EDRF control preglomerular resistance and the ultrafiltration coefficient. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: F212–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ohishi K, Carmines PK, Inscho EW, Navar LG. EDRF-angiotensin II interactions in rat juxtamedullary afferent and efferent arterioles. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: F900–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ito S, Ren Y. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1093–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Baylis C, Harvey J, Engels K. Acute nitric oxide blockade amplifies the renal vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 5: 211–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kourembanas S, McQuillan LP, Leung GK, Faller DV. Nitric oxide regulates the expression of vasoconstrictors and growth factors by vascular endothelium under both normoxia and hypoxia. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 99–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Qiu C, Engels K, Baylis C. Endothelin modulates the pressor actions of acute systemic nitric oxide blockade. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1476–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Sweeney C, Shultz PJ, Raij L. Autocrine stimulation of endothelial cell (EC) cGMP by endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide (NO): differential effects of EC injury by two oxidants. (Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 2: 513.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 1620–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Gryglewski RJ, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. Nature 1986; 320: 454–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Editorial. Nitric oxide in the clinical arena. Lancet 1991; 338: 1560–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Lamas S, Michel T, Brenner BM, Marsden PA. Nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells: evidence for a pathway inducible by TNF-a. Am J Physiol 1991: 261: C634–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Palmer RMJ. The discovery of Nitric Oxide in the vessel wall. A unifying concept in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 396–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nava E, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in septic shock: How much is beneficial? Lancet 1991; 338: 1555–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ochoa JB, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, et al. Nitrogen oxide levels in patients after trauma and during sepsis. Ann Surg 1991; 214: 621–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Cobb JP, Natanson C, Hoffman WD, et al. N-AminoL-Arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, raises vascular resistance but increases mortality rates in awake canines challenged with endotoxin. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1175–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S. Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 1992; 26: 48–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Westberg G, Shultz PJ, Raij L. Exogenous nitric oxide prevents endotoxin-induced renal glomerular thrombosis. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 711–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lieberthal W, Wolf EF, Rennke HG, Valeri RC, Levinsky NG. Renal ischemia and reperfusion impair endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F894–900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Cristol JP, Thiemermann C, Mitchell JA, Walder C, Vane JR. Support of renal blood flow after ischemiareperfusion injury by endogenous formation of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase vasodilator metabolites. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 188–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Conger J, Robinette J, Villar A, Raij L, Shultz P. Increased nitric oxide synthase activity despite lack of response to endothelium dependent vasodilators in postischemic acute renal failure in rats. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 631–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Lieberthal W, McGarry AE, Sheils J, Valeri RC. Nitric oxide inhibition improves blood pressure and renal function during hypovolemic shock. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: F868–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Hogg N. Roll, roll, roll your leukocyte gently down the vein Immunol Today 1992; 13: 113–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Rabb HAA. Cell adhesion molecules and the kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 155–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Brady HR. Leukocyte adhesion molecules and kidney diseases. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 1285–1300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Bonventre JV, Kelly KJ. Adhesion molecules and acute renal failure. Adv Nephrol 1996; 25: 159–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Essani NA, McGuire GM, Manning AM, Jaeschke H. Differential induction of mRNA for ICAM-1 and selectins in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and endothelial cells during endotoxemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 211: 74–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Cowley HC, Heney D, Gearing AJH, Hemingway I, Webster NR. Increased circulating adhesion molecule concentrations in patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 651–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. McMillen MA, Huribal M, Sumpio B. Common pathway for endothelial-leukocyte interaction in shock, ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Surgery 1993; 166: 557–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Kelly KJ, Williams WW, Colvin RB, Bonventre JV. Antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protects the kidney against ischemic injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 812–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Rabb H, Mendiola CC, Saba SR, et al. Antibodies to ICAM-1 protect kidneys in severe ischemic reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 211: 67–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Kumasaka T, Quinlan WM, Doyle NA, et al. Role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in endotoxin-induced pneumonia evaluated using ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides, anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies, and ICAM-1 mutant mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2362–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Bennett CF, Crooke ST. Regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression with antisense oligonucleotides. Adv Pharmacol 1994; 28: 1–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Humes HD, Cieslinski DA, Coimbra TM, Messana JM, Galvao C. Epidermal growth factor enhances renal tubule cell regeneration and repair and accelerates the recovery of renal function in postischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1757–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Humes HD. Potential molecular therapy for acute renal failure. Cleveland Clinic J Med 1993; 60: 166–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Hammerman MR, Miller SB. Growth factors and regeneration of epithelial cells. Insulin like growth factor-1. In: Goligorsky MS, Stein JH (eds). Acute renal failure. New concepts and therapeutic strategies. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995: 425–38.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Igawa T, Matsumoto K, Shigeru K, Saito Y, Nakamura T. Hepatocyte growth factor may function as a renotropic factor for regeneration in rats with acute renal failure. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: F61–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Levinsky NG, Bernard DB. Mannitol and loop diuretics in Acute renal failure. In: Brenner BM and Lazarus JM (eds). Acute renal failure. New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 1988: 841–56.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Kramer HJ, Schuurmann J, Wassermann C, Dusing R. Prostaglandin-independent protection by furosemide from oliguric ischemic renal failure in conscious rats. Kidney Int 1980; 17: 455–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Mackay IG, Muir AL, Watson ML. Contribution of prostaglandins to the systemic and renal vascular response to frusemide in normal man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 17: 513–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Russo D, Testa A, Della Volpe L, Sansone G. Randomized prospective study on renal effects of two different contrast media in humans: protective role of calcium channel blocker. Nephron 1990; 55: 254–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Goldberg LI. Cardiovascular renal actions of dopamine: potential clinical implications. Pharmacol Rev 1972; 24: 1–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Szerlip HM. Renal-dose dopamine: fact or fiction. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 153–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Henderson IS, Beattie TJ, Kennedy AC. Dopamine hydrochloride in oliguric states. Lancet 1980; 2: 8279.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Luksza AR, Atherton ST. Low dose dopamine infusion in acute renal failure. Lancet 1980; 2: 10–36.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Parker S, Carlson GC, Isaacs M, Howland WS, Kahn RC. Dopamine administration in oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 630–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR. “Renal dose” dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Jose PA, Raymond JR, Bates MD, Aperia A, Felder RA, Carey RM. The renal dopamine receptors. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2: 1265–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Yamaguchi I, Jose PA, Mouradian MM, et al. Expression of dopamine DIA receptor gene in proximal tubule of rat kidneys. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: F2805.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Lokhandwala MF, Amenta F. Anatomical distribution and function of dopamine receptors in the kidney. FASEB J 1991; 5: 3023–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Conger JD, Falk SA, Hammond WS. Atrial natriuretic peptide and dopamine in established acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int 1991; 40: 21–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Finn WF, Hak LJ, Grossman SH. Protective effect of prostacyclin on postischemic acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int 1987; 32: 479–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lifschitz MD, Barnes JL. Prostaglandin I2 attenuates ischemic acute renal failure in the rat. Am J Physiol 1984; 247: F714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Kaufman RP, Anner H, Kobzik L, Valeri RC, Shepro D, Hechtman HB. Vasodilator prostaglandins (PG) prevent renal damage after ischemia. Ann Surg 1987; 205: 195–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Cumming AD, McDonald JW, Lindsay R M, Solez K, Linton AL. The protective effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on renal function in systemic sepsis. Am J Kidney Dis 1989; 13: 114–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Benabe JE, Klahr S, Hoffman MK, Morrison AR. Production of thromboxane A2 by the kidney in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rabbit. Prostaglandins 1980; 19: 333–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Watson AJ, Stout RL, Adkinson NF, Solez K, Whelton A. Selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis in glycerol induced acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 26–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Papanicolaou N, Hatziantoniou C, Dontas A, et al. Is thromboxane a potent antinatriuretic factor and is it involved in the development of acute renal failure? Nephron 1987; 45: 277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Badr KF, Brenner BM, Ichikawa I. Effects of leukotriene D, on glomerular hemodynamics in the rat. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: F239–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Badr KF. Sepsis-associated renal vasoconstriction: potential targets for future therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 207–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Etemadi AR, Tempel GE, Farah BA, Wise WC, Halushka PV, Cook JA. Beneficial effects of a leukotriene antagonist in endotoxin-induced acute hemodynamic alterations. Circ Shock 1987; 22: 55–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Harkema JM, Chaudry IH. Magnesium-adenosine triphosphate in the treatment of shock, ischemia and sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 263–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Chaudry IH. Cellular mechanisms in shock and ischemia and their correction. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: R117–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Siegel NJ, Glazier WB, Chaudry IH, et al. Enhanced recovery from acute renal failure by the postischemic infusion of adenine nucleotides and magnesium chloride in rats. Kidney Int 1980; 17: 338–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Siegel NJ, Gaudio KM, Kashgarian M. Adenine nucleotides and thyroxin in the treatment of acute renal failure. In: Solez K and Racusen LC (eds). Acute Renal Failure: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1991: 331–43.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Conger JD. Drug therapy in acute renal failure. In: Lazarus JM and Brenner BM (eds). Acute renal failure. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1993: 527–52.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Kellerman PS. Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) preserves proximal tubule microfilament structure and function in vivoin a maleic acid model of ATP depletion. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1940–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Wang P, Ba ZF, Morrison MH, Ayala A, Dean RE, Chaudry IH. Mechanism of the beneficial effects of ATP-MgC12 following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation: downregulation of inflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL-6) release. J Surg Res 1992; 52: 364–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Hirasawa H, Soeda K, Ohkawa M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of ATP-MgC1, for postischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Cire Shock 1984; 13: 66.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Hirasawa H, Sugai T, Ohtake Y, et al. Effect of impaired hepatic mitochondrial function (HMF) on systemic metabolism in multiple organ failure (MOF) patients and its treatment with ATP-MgC12. Circ Shock 1989; 27: 361.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Schafferhans K, Heidbreder E, Grimm E, Heidland A. Nor-epinephrine-induced acute renal failure: beneficial effects of atrial natriuretic factor. Nephron 1986; 44: 240–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Fried T. Use of atrial natriuretic peptide in the treatment of acute renal failure In: Solez K, Racusen LC (eds). Acute renal failure: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. New York: Marcell Dekker, 1991: 361–76.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Shaw S, Weidmann P, Zimmermann A. Urodilatin, not nitroprusside, combined with dopamine reverses ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1992; 42: 1 1539.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Epstein M. Calcium antagonists and the kidney: future therapeutic perspectives. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21: 16–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Takenaka T, Epstein M, Forster H, Landry DW, Iijima K, Goligorsky MS. Attenuation of endothelin effects by a chloride channel inhibitor indanylaoxyacetic acid. Am J Physiol 1992; 258: F61–8.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Epstein M, Loutzenhiser R. Effects of calcium antagonists on renal hemodynamics. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 16 (Suppl.l): 10–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Epstein M. Natriuretic affects of calcium antagonists. In: Epstein M (ed). Calcium antagonists in clinical medicine. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 1992: 34966.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Burke TJ, Arnold PE, Gordon JA, Bulger RE, Dobyan DC, Schrier RW. Protective effect of intrarenal calcium channel blockers before or after renal ischemia. Functional, morphological and mitochondrial studies. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1830–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Parrillo JE. Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1471–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Misko TP, Moore WM, Kaster TP, et al. Selective inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase by aminoguanidinc. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 233: 119–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Booke M, Hinder F, Traber LD, McGuire R, Traber DL. S-ethyliosthiourea, a nonamino acid inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, reverses septic vasodilation in sheep. Shock 1995; 4: 274–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Lingnau W, McGuire R, Traber L, Matsumoto N, Traber DL. Renal function after nitric oxide inhibition in ovine bacterial sepsis. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: Al22.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Hinder F, Booke M, Traber LD, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition during experimental sepsis improves renal excretory function in the presence of chronically elevated atrial natriuretic peptide. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 131–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Weigert AL, Higa EM, Niederberger M, McMurtry IF, Raynolds M, Schrier RW. Expression and preferential inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortas of endotoxemic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 2067–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Petros A, Lamb G, Leone A, Moncada S, Bennett D, Vallance P. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in humans with septic shock. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 34–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Petros A, Bennett D, Vallance R. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet 1991; 338: 1557–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Gerolanous S, Schilling J, Cakmakci J, Jung HH, Largiader F. Inhibition of NO synthesis in septic shock (Letter). Lancet 1992; 339: 435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Lorente JA, Landin L, Pablo RD, Renes E, Liste D. L-arginine pathway in the sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1287–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Noiri E, Peresleni T, Miller F, Goligorsky MS. In vivotargeting of inducible NO synthase with oligonucleotides protects rat kidney ischemia. JClin Invest 1996; 97: 2377–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Dinarello CA, Gelfand JA, Wolff SM. Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. JAMA 1993; 269: 1829–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Ziegler EJ, Fisher C J, Sprung CL, et al. Treatment of Gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HAlA human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin: a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 429–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Gorelick K, Scannon P J, Hannigan J, Wedel N, Ackerman SK. Randomized placebo-controlled study of E5 monoclonal antiendotoxin antibody. In: Borrebaeck CAK and Larrick JW (eds). Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. New York: Stockton Press. 1990: 253–61.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Tracey IU, Fong Y, Hesse DG, et al. Anti-cachectin/ TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia. Nature 1987; 330: 662–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Silva AT, Bayston KF, Cohen J. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-a in experimental Gram negative shock. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 421–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Exley AR, Buurman W, Owen R, et al. Monoclonal antibody to TNF in severe septic shock. Lancet 1990; 335: 1275–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Schade UF. Pentoxifylline increases survival in murine endotoxin shock and decreases formation of tumor necrosis factor. Circ Shock 1990; 31: 171–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Strieter RM, Remick DG, Ward PA, et al. Cellular and molecular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by pentoxifylline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155: 1230–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Edwards MJ, Heniford BT, Klar EA, Doak KW, Miller FN. Pentoxifylline inhibits interleukin-2-induced toxicity in C57BL/6 mice but preserves antitumor efficacy. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 637–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Berens KL, Langston JD, Wasan KM, Luke DR. Influence of pentoxifylline and related analogues in endotoxemic renal failure. Circ Shock 1991; 34: 3448.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Vaidei K, Brunner L J, Luke DR. Effects of pentoxifylline in experimental acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 466–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. Luke DR, Berens KL, Verani RR. Role of vascular decongestion in ischemic acute renal failure defined by postinsult administration of pentoxifylline. Ren Fail 1989; 11: 187–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Luke DR, Sarnoski TP, Bell N, Dennis S. Influence of pentoxifylline on renal function in HIV-seropositive patients. Ren Fail 1993; 15: 181–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Giroir BR. Mediators of septic shock: new approaches for interrupting the endogenous inflammatory cascade. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 780–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Anupam Agarwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leopoldo Raij
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Agarwal, A., Raij, L. (1998). Endothelial dysfunction in acute renal failure. In: Critical Care Nephrology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_43

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_43

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6306-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5482-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation