Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urinary tract infections

  • Chapter
Critical Care Nephrology

  • 40 Accesses

Abstract

Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by facultative anaerobes originating from the bowel reservoir. Escherichia coli is responsible for over 85% of community-acquired UTIs while other enteric gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus and Klebsiella species are far less common. Community-acquired enteric gram-negative bacilli have developed increasing resistance to ampicillin and even trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, but remain susceptible to most first-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and amino-glycosides. A different distribution of uropathogens is found in hospitalized patients; Escherichia coli accounts for only about 30 to 50% of infections while Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, enterococci and staphylococci are isolated more frequently. Corynebacterium group D2, recently recognized as a nosocomial uropathogen, is highly resistant to most antimicrobials with the exception of vancomycin [1]. Anaerobic organisms are rarely involved in UTIs and fungal infections generally occur in catheterized patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Soriano F, Aguado JM, Ponto C, Fernandez-Roblas R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Urinary tract infection caused by Corynebacterium group D2: Report of 82 cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1019–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991; 91 (Suppl 3B): 72S–5S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Banerjee SN, Emori TG, Culver DH, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980–1989. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91(Suppl 3B): 86S–9S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Linden PK, Pasculle AW, Manez R, et al.Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enteous faecium or vancomycinsusceptible E. faecium. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 66370.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Joshi N, Milfred D. The use and misuse of new antibiotics. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 569–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Garibaldi RA. Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. In: Wenzel RP (ed). Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1993: 600–13.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B. Mortality associated with nosocomial urinary tract infection. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 637–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sobel JD, Kaye D, Reinhart H. Host defense mechanisms in urinary tract infections. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds). Diseases of the Kidney. Boston/ Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 885–907.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Domingue GJ, Roberts JA, Lucirica R, et al.Pathogenic significance of P-fimbriated Escherichia coliin urinary tract infections. J Urol 1985; 133: 983–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Svanborg-Eden C, Gotschlich EC, Korhonen TK, Leffler H, Schoolnick G. Aspects of structure and function of pili on uropathogenic E. coli. Prog Allergy 1983; 33: 189–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mobley HL, Chippendale GR, Tenney JH, Mayrer AR, Crisp U, Penner JL, Warren JW. MR hemaglutination of Providencia stuartricorrelates with adherence to catheters and persistence in catheter associated bacteriuria. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 264–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Scheinfeld J, Schaeffer AJ, Cordon-Cardo C, Rogatko A, Fair WR. Association of the Lewis blood-group phenotype with recurrent urinary tract infections in women. N Eng J Med 1989; 320: 773–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15 (Suppl 1): 5216–27.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Stamm WE. Cystitis and urethritis. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds). Diseases of the Kidney. Boston/ Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 1007–27.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zhanel GG, Harding GKN, Guay DRP. Asymptomatic bacteriuria. Which patients should be treated? Arch Intern Med 1960; 150: 1389–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Pezzlo M. Detection of urinary tract infections by rapid methods. Clin Micrabiol Rev 1988; 1: 268–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pels RJ, Bor D, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, Lawrence RS. Dipstick urinalysis screening for asymptomatic adults for urinary tract disorders. JAMA 1989; 262: 1221–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pappas PG. Laboratory in the diagnosis and management of urinary tact infections. Med Clin North Am 1991; 75: 313–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sobel JD, Kaye D. Urinary tract infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dlin R (eds). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone 1995: 662–90.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nicolle LE, Bjornson J, Harding G1DII, Mac Donell JA. Bacteriuria in elderly institutionalized men. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 1 20–5.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nicolle LE, Mayhew WJ, Bryan L. Prospective randomized comparison of therapy and no therapy for asymptomatic bactriuria in institutionalized elderly women. Am J Med 1987; 83: 27–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dontas AS, Kasviki-Charvati P, Papanayiotau PC, Marketos SG. Bacteriuria and survival in old age. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 339–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Platt R. Adverse consequences of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in adults. Am J Med 1987; 82: 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith JW, Jones SR, Reed WP, Tice AD, Deupree RH, Kaijser B. Recurrent urinary tract infections in men: characteristics and response to therapy. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 544–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lipsky BA. Urinary tract infections in men: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 138–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Forland M, Thomas VL. The treatment of urinary tract infections in women with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 499–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rayfield EJ, Ault MJ, Keusch GT, Brothei’s MJ, Nechemias C, Smith H. Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control. Am J Med 1982; 72: 39–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Forland M, Thomas V, Shelekov A. Urinary, tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1977; 238: 1924–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dajani AS, Bisno AL, Chung KJ, et al.Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA 1990; 264: 2919–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rubin RH, Fang LST, Cosimi AB, et al.Usefulness of the antibody-coated bacteria assay in the management of urinary tract infection in the renal transplant patient. Transplantation 1979; 27: 18–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cuvelier R, Pirson Y, Alexandre GPJ, Van Yserpele-de Strihou C. Late urinary tract infection after transplantation: prevalence, predisposition and morbidity. Nephron 1985; 40: 76–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chaudhry A, Stone WJ, Breyer JA. Occurence of pyuria and bacteriuria in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21: 180–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kisielius PV, Schaeffer AJ. Genitourinary tract and male reproductive organs. In: Daugirdas JT, Ing TS (eds). Handbook of dialysis. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 635–48.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kunin CM. Management of urinary catheters. In: Wenzel RP (ed). Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993: 3903.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Stamm WE. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. Am J Med 1991; 91(Suppl 3B): 65S–71S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rubin RH, Cotran RS, Tolkoff-Rubin NE. Urinary tract Infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner BM (ed). The Kidney. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996: 1597–654.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jarvis WR, Edwards JR, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91(Suppl 3B): 1855–91S.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kreger BE, Craven DE, Carling PC, McCabe WR. Gram-negative bacteremia. III. Reassessment of etiology, epidemiology arid ecology in 612 patients. Am J Med 1980; 68: 332–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 13 2834.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jain P, Parada JG, David A, Smith LG. Overuse of the indwelling urinary tract catheter in hospitalized medical patients. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1425–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Garibaldi RA, Burke JP, Britt MR, Miller WI, Smith CB. Meatal colonization and catheter-associated bacteriuria. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 316–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Garibaldi RA, Burke JP, Dickman ML, Smith CB. Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 215–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Warren JW. Nosocomial urinary tract infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995: 2607–16.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Harding GKM. How long should catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in women be treated? A randomized controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 713–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schaeffer AJ, Stony KO, Johnson SM. Effect of silver oxideltrichloroisocyanuric acid antimicrobial urinary drainage system on catheter-associated bacteriuria. J Urol 1988; 139: 69–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. External catheter use and urinary tract infections among incontinent male nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 1063–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Warren JW. The catheter and urinary tract infection. Med Clin North Am 1991; 75: 481–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wong ES, Fennell CL, Stamm WE. Urinary tract infection among women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 18–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kunin CM, White LV, Hua TH. A reassessment of the importance of “low-count” bacteriuria in young women with acute urinary symptoms. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 454–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Johnson JR, Stamm WE. Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 906–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rubin RH, Fang LS, Jones SR, et al.Single-dose amoxicillin therapy for urinary tract infection: Multicenter trial using antibody-coated bacteria localization technique. JAMA 1980; 244: 561–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Wilson ME, Zuromskis F, Jacoby I, Martin AR, Rubin RH. Single-dose amoxicillin therapy of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 25: 6269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Fihn SD, Johnson C, Roberts PI, Running K, Stamm WE. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for acute dysuria in women: a double-blind, randomized trial of single-dose versus 10-day treatment. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 350–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fowler JE. Urinary tract infections in women. Urol Clin North Am 1986; 13: 673–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. The Inter-Nordic Urinary Tract Infection Study Group: Double-blind comparison of 3-day versus 7-day treatment with norfloxacin in symptomatic urinary tract infections. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 619–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hooton TM, Johnson C, Winter C, et al.Single-dose and three-day regimens of ofloxacin versus trimethoprim-suffamethoxazole for acute cystitis in women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1479–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Norrby SR. Short term treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in women. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 458–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Iravani A, Tice AD, McCarty J, et al., for the Urinary Tract Infection Study Group. Short-course Ciproflox treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 485–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hooton TM, Running K, Stamm WE. Single-dose therapy for cystitis in women: a comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and cyclacillin. JAMA 1985; 253: 387–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cardenas J, Quinn EL, Rooker G, Bavinger J, Pohlod D. Single-dose cephalexin therapy for acute bacterial urinary lract infections and acute urethral syndrome with bladder bacteriuria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 29: 383–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kunin CM. Chemoprophylaxis and suppressive therapy in the management of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33 (Suppl A): 51–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wong ES, McKevitt M, Running K, Conts GW, Turck M, Stamm WE. Management of recurrent urinary tract infection; with patient-administered single-dose therapy. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 302–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nicolle LE. Recurrent urinary tract infection in adult women: diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1: 793–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Raz R, Boger S. Long-term prophylaxis with norfloxacin versus nitrofurantoin in women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1241–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Schumann GB. Cytodiagnostic urinalysis for the nephrology practice. Semin Nephrol 1986; 6: 308–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr. Urinary tract infections in young infants. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 409–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gleckman RA, Bradley Pi, Roth RM, Hibrt DM. Bacteremic urosepsis: a phenomenon unique to elderly women. J Urol 1985; 133: 174–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gleckman R, Bradley P, Roth R, Hibert D, Pelletier C. Therapy of symptomatic pyelonephritis in women. J Urol 1985; 133: 176–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Roberts JA. Pyelonephritis, cortical abscess, and perinephric abscess. Urol Clin North Am 1986; 13: 637–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bailey RR. Vesico-ureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 1993; 44 (Suppl 42): 580–5.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Andriole VT. Renal and perirenal abscesses. In: Schrier FNI, Gottschalk CW (eds). Diseases of the Kidney. Boston/Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 959–71.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Arant BS. Vesicoureteric reflux and renal injury. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 491–511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Meyrier A. Long-term risks of acute pyelonephritis. Nephron 1990: 54: 197–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Meyrier A, Condamin M, Fernet M, et al.Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 696–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kanel KT, Kroboth FJ, Sehwentker FN, Lecky JW. The intravenous pyelogram in acute pyelonephritis. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 2144–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Spencer J, Lindsell D, Mastorakou I. Ultrasonography compared with intravenous urography in investigation of urinary tract infection in adults. Br Med J 1990; 301: 221–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hanno P. Therapeutic principles of antimicrobial therapy and new antimicrobial agents. Urol Clin North Am 1986; 13: 577–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bergeron MG. Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. Med Clin North Am 1995; 79: 619–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ward G, Jorden RC, Severance HW. Treatment of pyelonephritis in an observation unit. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 258–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Safrin S, Siegel D, Black D. Pyelonephritis in adult women: inpatient versus outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1988; 85: 793–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Soulen MC, Fishman EK, Goldman SM, Gatewood OM. Bacterial renal infection: role of CT. Radiology 1989; 171: 703–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Huang II, Sung JM, Chen KW, Ruaan MK, Shu GH, Chuang YC. Acute bacterial nephritis: A clinicoradiologic correlation based on computer tomography. Am J Med 1992; 93: 289–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Korvick JA, Bryan CS, Farber B, et al. Prospective observational study of Klebsiella bacteremia in 230 patients: outcome for antibiotic combinations versus monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 192; 36: 2639–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nosher JL, Tamminen JL, Amorosa JK, Kallich M. Acute focal bacterial nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 11: 36–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Saiki J, Vaziri ND, Barton C. Perinephritic and intranephritic abscesses: a review of the literature. West J Med 1982; 136: 95–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Corriere JN Jr, Sandler CM. The diagnosis and immediate therapy of acute renal and perirenal infections. Urol Clin North Am 1982; 9: 219–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infections. In: Gillenwater JY, Grayhack JT, Hornrards SS, Duckett JW (eds). Adult and pediatric urology. St-Louis: Mosby, 1996: 289–351.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sklar AH, Caruana RI, Lammers JE, Strauser GD. Renal infections in autosomal polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 10: 81–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ahlering TE, Boyd SD, Hamilton CL, et al.Emphysematous pyelonephritis: a 5-year experience with 13 patients. J Urol 1985; 134: 1086–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bates DW, Pruess KE, Lee TH. How bad are bacteriemia and sepsis? Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 593–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pittet D, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infetions. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1177–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bahnson RR. Urosepsis. Urol Clin North Am 1986; 13: 627–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kreger BE, Craven DE, Mc Cabe WR. Gram-negative bacteremia: IV. Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment of 612 patients. Am J Med 1980, 68: 34454.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Korvick JA, Yu VL. Antimicrobial agent therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2167–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rubin HR, Teplick RS. Antimicrobial therapy. In: Parillo JE, Bone RC (eds). Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management. St. Louis: Mosby–Year Book Inc., 1995; 955–67.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Scully BE, Henry SA. Clinical experience with aztreonam in the treatment of gram negative bacteremia. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: S789–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Drutz DJ. Fungal infections of the kidney and urinary tract. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds). Diseases of the Kidney. Boston /Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 929–57.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Beilke MA, Kirmani N. Candida pyelonephritis complicated by fungemia in obstructive uropathy. Br J Urol 1988; 62: 7–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Parkash C, Chugh TD, Gupta SP, Thanik KD Candidainfection of the urinary tract–An experimental study. J Assoc Physicians India 1970; 18: 497–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Mazer MJ, Bartone FF. Percutaneous antegrade diagnosis and management of candidiasis of the upper urinary tract. Urol Clin North Am 1982; 9: 157–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sonda LP, Amendola MA. Candida pyucalix: unusual complication of prolonged nephrostomy drainage. J Urol 1985; 134: 722–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Biggers R, Edwards J. Anuria secondary to bilateral ureteropelvic fungus balls. Urology 1980; 15: 161–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Vordermark JS, Modarelli RO, Buck AS. Torulopsis pyelonephritis associated with papillary necrosis: a case report. J Urol 1980; 123: 96–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Hamory BH, Wenzel RP. Hospital-associated candiduria: predisposing factors and review of the literature. J Urol 1978; 120: 444–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Gustafson KS, Vercellotti GM, Bendel CM, Hostetter MK. Molecular mimicry in Candida albicans: Role of integrin analogue in adhesion of the yeast to human endothelium. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1896–1902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidiasis–what we do and do not know. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 390–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gregory MC, Schumann GB, Schumann JL, Argyle JC. The clinical significance of candida1 casts. Am J Kidney Dis 1984; 4: 179–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Argyle C. The identification of fungal casts. A new method for diagnosing visceral candidiasis. Clin Lab Med 1985; 5: 331–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jones JM. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3: 32–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Grant SM, Clissold SR Fluconazole. A review of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1990; 39: 877–917.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Tanner DC, et al.Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2429–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ng TTC, Denning DW. Liposomal amphotericin B therapy in invasive fungal infections. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1093–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jacobs LG, Skidmore EA, Cardoso LA, Ziv F. Bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 313–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wise GJ. Amphotericin B in urology practice. J Urol 1990; 144: 215–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wise GJ, Goldman WM, Goldberg PE, Rothenberg RG. Miconazole: a cost-effective antifungal genitourinary irrigant. J Urol 1987; 138: 1413–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Wise GJ, Kozinn PG, Goldberg R. Flucytosine in the management of genitourinary candidiasis: 5 years of experience. J Urol 1980; 124: 70–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo 13J. Treatment of funguria. JAMA 1992; 267: 2780–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hibberd PL, Rubin RH. Clinical aspects of fungal infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19 (Suppl 1): S33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Corbella X, Carratala J, Castells M, Berlin AB. Fluconazole treatment in Torulopsis glabrataupper urinary tract infection causing ureteral obstruction. J Urol 1992; 147: 1116–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Narayana AS. Overview of renal tuberculosis. Urology 1982; 19: 231–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pasternack MS, Rubin RH. Urinary tract tuberculosis. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds). Diseases of the Kidney. Boston/Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996: 909–28.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Alvarez S, McCabe WR. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis revisited: a review of experience at Boston City Hospital and other hospitals. Medicine 1984; 63: 2555.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gachot B, Wolff M, Clair B, Regnier B. Severe tuberculosis in patients with immunodeficiency virus infection. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 491–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Theuer CP, Hopewell PC, Elias D, Schecter GF, Rutherford GW, Chaisson RE. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 8–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Daniel TM. The rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: a selective review. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116: 277–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Linden PK. Infections after solid organ transplantation. In: Shoemaker WC, Ayres SM, Grenvik A, Holbrook PR (eds). Textook of Critical Care. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 1995: 1249–62.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Kramer MR, Stoehr C, Lewiston NJ, Starnes VA, Theodore J. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis cariniiinfections in heart-lung and lung transplantation–how effective and for how long? Transplantation 1992; 53: 586–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Higgins RM, Bloom SL, Hopkin JM, Morris PJ. The risks and benefits of low-dose cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1989; 47: 558–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Mir M, Lloveras J, de las Cuevas X, et al.Urinary tract fungal infection following renal transplantation. Rev Clin Esp 1985; 176: 130–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Thomalla JV, Steidle CP, Leapman SB, Filo RS. Ureteral obstruction of a renal allograft secondary to Candida krusei. Transplant Proc 1988; 20: 551–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Walzer Y, Bear RA. Ureteral obstruction of renal transplant due to ureteral candidiasis. Urology 1983; 21: 295–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ireton RC, Krieger JN, Rudd TG, Marchioro TL. Percutaneous endoscopic treatment of fungus ball obstruction in a renal allograft. Transplantation 1985; 39: 453–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Rubin RH, Wolfson JS, Cosimi AB, Tolkoff-Rubin NE. Infection in the renal transplant recipient. Am J Med 1981; 70: 405–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Fox BC, Sollinger HW, Belzer FO, Maki DG. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation: clinical efficacy, absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, effects on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis. Am J Med 1990; 89: 255–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Martine Leblanc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leblanc, M. (1998). Urinary tract infections. In: Critical Care Nephrology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_35

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_35

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6306-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5482-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation