Abstract
This century has given us two theories that have been most successful in calculating and predicting phenomena: relativity and quantum mechanics. The attempt to unify them is a characteristic of physics research today.
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A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen, “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?”, Physical Review 47, pp. 777–780, 1935.
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For the definition of horizontal/vertical polarization in relation with transmission/reflection from a polarizing beam-splitter see M. Fox, “Optical Tests of Bell’s Theorem”, this volume, pp. 121-141, Appendix.
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See the contributions in: A. van der Merwe, F. Seilen and G. Tarozzi (eds.), Microphysical Reality and Quantum Formalism, Vol. 2, Is a Causal Interpretation of Quantum Theory Possible?, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. Further: Seilen, F., Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality, pp. 123 and 240, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990. D. Bohm and B.J. Hilley, The Undivided Universe, Routledge, New York, 1993.
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A more detailed presentation is given in: A. Suarez, Non-Local Phenomena: A Superrelativistic Theory with Many Superposition Principles Theory, Center for Quantum Philosophy, Preprint CQP-960107, 1996.
See for instance the contributions of J. Wheeler and R. Peierls in: P.C.W. Davies and J.R. Brown, The Ghost in the Atom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
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D. Bohm and B.J. Hilley, The Undivided Universe, pp. 290–295, Routledge, New York, 1993.
The expression “a photon chooses” deserves some explanation. We assume the view that when a photon impacts at a beam-splitter, some free will (choice requires free will) makes a choice, for instance the choice to make a detector monitoring the transmitted path click, and to let undisturbed a detector monitoring the reflected path. This does not mean that we attribute free will to the “photon”, but rather that terms like “photon” or “particle” refer to contents or intentions of some mind (evidently not a human one). In a particular experiment, a detection reveals one intention this mind had, and destroys the possibility to know the other intentions of this mind regarding the alternative (undone) experiments. We use expressions like “the photon makes a choice” to avoid complicated formulations. Notice that this view can be considered realistic in the sense, “that the regularities in the observed phenomena, and the intersubjective agreement, require a general explanation not exclusively based on the structure of the human mind”. (B. d’Espagnat, “Nonseparability and the Tentative Descriptions of Reality”, in W. Schommers (ed.), Quantum Theory and Pictures of Reality, p. 159, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989.
The conditions for entangling photons from independent sources are discussed by M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, and H. Weinfurter, in D.M. Greenberger and A. Zeilinger (eds.), Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory, pp. 91–102, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1995.
P.R. Tapster, J.G. Rarity and P.C.M. Owens, “Violation of Bell’s Inequality over 4 km of Optical Fiber”, Physical Review Letters 73, pp. 1923–1926, 1994.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, p. 152 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987; see also J.S. Bell, “Indeterminism and Nonlocality”, this volume, pp. 83-99.
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N. Bohr, “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?”, Physical Review 48, pp. 696–702, 1935.
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Suarez, A. (1997). Nonlocal Phenomena: Physical Explanation and Philosophical Implications. In: Driessen, A., Suarez, A. (eds) Mathematical Undecidability, Quantum Nonlocality and the Question of the Existence of God. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5428-4_10
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