Abstract
The survival rate among patients with diabetes mellitus has increased substantially, largely in response to: the discovery of insulin, which reduced the mortality related to ketoacidosis; and the development of antibiotics for effective treatment of infections. These developments have resulted in a significant increase in macrovascular (cardiovascular) and microvascular (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) complications [1–3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kessler II, Mortality experience of diabetic patients: A twenty-six year follow up study. Am J Med 1971; 51:715–724.
Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kanneil WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population: Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes 1974; 23:105–111.
Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: The Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1974, 34:29–34.
Zinman B. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial: Implications for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. In the 1994 Syllabus, 46th Postgraduate Assembly, The Endocrine Society Publications 1994:1–4.
Laing WJ, Williams R (eds), Diabetes: A Model for Health Care Management. OHE report 1989 No. 92.
Palumbo PJ, Eleveback LR, Connolly DC. Coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure in the diabetic: Epidemiological aspects. The Rochester Diabetes Project. In: Scott RC, (ed.), Clinical cardiology and diabetes, Vol. 1. Part 1: Fundamental considerations in cardiology and diabetes. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing, 1981:13–28.
Barrett-Connor E, Orcchard T. Diabetes and heart disease. In: Diabetes in America, Diabetes Data compiled 1984. Bethesda, MD: NIH Publication No. 85-1468, August 1985.
Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT. Diabetes Mellitus: An independent risk factor for stroke? Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:116–123.
Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. J Am Med Assoc 1979; 241:2035–2038.
Abbot RD, Donahue RP, MacMahon SW, Reed DM, Yano K. Diabetes and the risk of stroke. The Honolulu Heart Program. J Am Med Assoc 1987; 257:949–952.
Dorazio RA, Ezzet F, Nesbitt NJ. Long-term follow up of asymptomatic carotid bruits. Am J Surg 1980; 140:212–213.
Colwell JA. Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. In: Davidson JK (ed.), Clinical diabetes mellitus, a problem-oriented approach. 2nd edition. Thieme Medical Publishers, 1991:486–495.
Beach KW, Brunzell JD, Conquest LL. The correlation of arteriosclerosis obliterans with lipoproteins in insulin dependent and noninsulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28:836–840.
Janka HU, Standi E, Mehnert H. Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: Screening with the Doppler ultasonic techique. Diabetes Care 1980; 3:207–213.
Keen H, Jarrett RH, Fuller JH, McCartney P. Hyperglycemia and arterial disease. Diabetes 1981; 30(Suppl.2):49–53.
Steiner G. Atherosclerosis: The major complication of diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1985; 189:277–289.
Robertson WB, Strong JP. Atherosclerosis in persons with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lab Invest 1968; 18:538–551.
Woolf N. Diabetes and atherosclerosis. Acta Diab Lat 1971;8:14–42.
Hamby RI, Sherman L. Duration and treatment of diabetes; relationship to severity of coronary artery disease. NY State J Med 1979; 79:1683–1688.
Dortimer A, Shenoy P, Shiroff R et al. Diffuse coronary artery disease in diabetic patients: Fact or fiction? Circulation 1978; 57:133–136.
Vigorita V, Moore G, Hutchins G. Absence of correlation between coronary arterial atherosclerosis and severity or duration of diabetes mellitus of adult onset. Am J Cardiol 1980; 46:535–541.
Salomon NW, Page US, Okies JE. Stephens J, Krause AH, Bigelow JC. Diabetes mellitus and coronary artery bypass; short term risk and long term prognosis. J Thorax Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85:264–271.
Waller B, Palumbo P, Lie J, Robert W. Status of the coronary arteries at necropsy in diabetes mellitus with onset after 30 years: Analysis of 229 diabetic patients with and without clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and comparison to 183 control subjects. Am J Med 1980; 69:498–506.
Crall F, Robert W. The extramural and intramural coronary arteries in juvenile diabetes mellitus — analysis of nine necropsy patients aged 19–38 years with onset of diabetes before age 15 years. Am J Med 1978; 64:222–230.
Factor S, Okun E, Minase T. Capillary microaneurysms in the human diabetic heart. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:384–388.
Blumenthal HT, Alex M, Goldenberg S. A study of lesions of the intramural coronary artery branches in diabetes mellitus. Arch Pathol 1960; 70:27–40.
Alex M, Baron EK, Goldenberg S, Blumenthal HT. An autopsy of cerebrovascular accident in diabetes mellitus. 1962; 25:663–673.
Aronson SM. Intracranial vascular lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1973; 23:183–196.
Mohr JP. Lacunes. In: Barnett HJM, Stein BM, Mohr JP, Yatsu FM (eds), Stroke pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, Vol. 1. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986:475–496.
Ganda P. Pathogenesis of macrovascular disease in human diabetic. Diabetes 1980; 29:931–942.
Allawi J, Jarrett RJ. Male-type fat distribution is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in non insulin treated diabetics. J Diabetic Complications 1990; 4:150–153.
Muhlhauser I. Smoking and diabetes. Diabetic Med 1990; 7:10–15.
Winocour PH, Laker MF. Drug therapy for diabetic dyslipidemia: A practical approach. Diabetic Med 1990; 7:292–298.
Ellison HW, Antonio MG. Clinical features of ischemic heart disease in diabetes mellitus. In: Alberti KGMM, DeFronzo RA, Keen H, Zimmet P (eds), International textbook of diabetes mellitus. Chichester: Wiley, 1992; 1487–1507.
Pirart J. Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: A prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes Care 1978; 1:252–261.
Pyorala K. Diabetes and coronary heart disease. Acta Endocrinol 1985; 110 (Suppl.272): 11–19.
Kannel W. Diabetic-atherogenic connection: A continuing puzzle. Cardiology 1987; 74:333–334.
Allawi J, Rao PV, Gilbert R et al. Microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetes: Its prevalence in Indian compared to Europid patients. Br Med J 1988; 296:462–464.
Allawi J, Jarrett RJ. Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1990; 7:115–118.
Jarrett RJ, Viberti GC, Argyropolous A. Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non insulin dependent diabetics. Diabetic Med 1984; 1:7–19.
Gilbert RE, Cooper ME, McNally PG, O’Brieen RC, Taft J, Jerums G. Mircoalbuminuria prognostic and therapeutic implication in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1994; 11:636–645.
Eschwege E, Richard JL, Thibult N et al. Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. The Paris Prospective Study, ten years later. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1985; 15:41–46.
Butler WJ, Ostrander LD Jr, Carman WJ, Lamphiear DE. Mortality from coronary heart disease in the Tecumseh study. Long-term effect of diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:541–547.
Pan WH, Cedres LB, Liu K et al. Relationship of clinical diabetes and asymptomatic hyperglycemia to risk of coronary heart disease mortality in men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123:504–516.
Wilson PWF, Cupples LA, Kannel WB. Is hyperglycemia associated with cardiovascular disease? The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1991; 121:586–590.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:977–986.
Kannel WB, Lipids, diabetes and coronary artery disease: Insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1985; 110:1100–1117.
Waller BF, Palumbo PJ, Lie JT, Roberts WC. Status of the coronary arteries at necropsy in diabetes mellitus with onset after 30 years: Analysis of 229 diabetic patients with and without clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and comparison to 183 control subjects. Am J Med 1980; 69:498–506.
Raven G. ‘The Banting Lecture’: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37:1595–1607.
Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S et al. Hyperinsulinemia: A link between hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 1985; 75:809–818.
Orchard TJ, Becker DJ, Bates M et al. Plasma insulin and lipoprotein concentration — an atherogenic association. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118:326–347.
Stout RW. Insulin and atheroma: An update. Lancet 1987; 1:1077–1079.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 1980; 49:95–108.
Clarke BF, Ewing DJ. Cardiovascular reflex test. NY State J Med 1982; 82:903–908.
Mackay JD, Page MMcB, Cambridge J. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1980; 18:471–478.
Dryberg T, Benn J, Christiansen JS. Prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy measured by simple bedside tests. Diabetologia 1981; 20:190–194.
Almog C, Pik A. Acute myocardial infarction as a complication of diabetic neuropathy. J Am Med Assoc 1978; 239:2782.
Page MMcB, Watkins PJ. Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neruopathy. Lancet 1978; i:14–16.
Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Assiddao C et al. Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 1989; 70:591–597.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. Mortality in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet 1976; 1:601–603.
Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic automatic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92:308–311.
Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JM et al. Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1991; 34:182–185.
Bellavere F, Fern M. Guarini L et al. Prolonged QT period in diabetic automatic neuropathy: A possible role in sudden cardiac death? Br Heart J 1988; 59:379–383.
Jermendy G, Toth L, Voros P et al. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy and QT interval length. A follow-up study in diabetic patients. Acta Cardiol 1991; 46:189–200.
Khan JH, Sisson JC, Vinik AL. QT interval prolongation and sudden cardiac death in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64:751–754.
Bernardi L, Ricordi L, Rossi M et al. Impairment of modulation of sympathovagal activity in diabetes: An explanation for sudden death? (Abstract) Circulation 1989; 80(Suppl. 2): 1564.
Watkins PJ, Mackay JD. Cardiac denervation in diabetic neuropathy. Ann Intern Med 1980; 2:304–307.
Kannel WB, Abott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognised myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1144–1147.
Niakan E, Harati Y, Rolak LA et al. Silent myocardial infarction and diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:2229–2230.
Margolis JR, Kannel WB, Feinleib M et al. Clinical features of unrecognised myocardial infarction — silent and symptomatic: Eighteen year follow-up: The Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 1973; 32:1–7.
Murray DP, O’Brien T, Mulrooney R, O’Sullivan DJ. Autonomic dysfunction and silent myocardial ischaemia, on exercise testing in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1990; 7:580–584.
Nesto RW, Phillips RT, Kett KG et al. Angina and exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: Assessment by exercise thallium scintigraphy. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:170–175.
Nesto RW, Phillips RT. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients. Am J Med 1986; 80(Suppl. 4C):40–47.
Pladziewicz DS, Nesto RW. Hypoglycemia-induced silent myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1989: 63;1531–1532.
Soler NG, Bennett M, Pentecost BL et al. Myocardial infarction in diabetics. QJ Med 1975; 173:125–132.
Uretsky BF, Farquhar DS, Berizin AF, Hood WB Jr. Symptomatic myocardial infarction without chest pains: Prevalence and clinical course. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40:498–503.
Sidawy AN, Menzoian JO, Cantelmo NL, LoGerfo FW. Effect of inflow and outflow sites on the results of tibioperoneal vein grafts. Am J Surg 1986; 152:211–214.
Allen JS, Terry HJK. The evaluation of ultrasonic flow detector for assessment of peripheral vascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 1969; 3:503.
Rains J. In: Rutherford RB (ed.), Vascular surgery. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1984:59–64.
Wyss CR, Matsen FA, Simmons CW, Burgess EM. Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements on limbs of diabetic and nondiabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease. Surgery 1984; 95:339–345.
Franzech UK, Talke P, Bernstein EF, Glbranson FL, Fronek A. Transcutaneous PO2 measurements in health and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Surgery 1982; 91:156–163.
Oppenheimer SM, Hoffbrand BI, Oswald GA, Yudkin JS. Diabetes mellitus and early mortality from stroke. Br Med J 1985; 291:1041–1015.
Berger I, Hakim AM. The association of hyperglycemia with cerebral edema in stroke. Stroke 1986; 17:865–871.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Allawi, J. (1996). Cardiovascular manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus. In: Salmasi, AM., Strano, A. (eds) Angiology in Practice. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 187. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5406-2_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5406-2_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6274-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5406-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive