Abstract
Whereas bladder stones are rare in today’s industrialized world, the incidence of upper urinary tract calculi has risen dramatically in the twentieth century, particularly in the temperate and economically developed countries such as the USA [1,2] and Sweden [3] in the West, and Japan [4]. Urinary stone disease affects approximately 12% of the population in the United States at some point in their lives [5]. Sixty per cent suffer a recurrent stone within five years of the initial episode [6]. In the USA, it is expected that 2 million new symptomatic stones will be seen each year. It is estimated that Americans loose 14.7 million working days annually through urolithiasis [7] leading to an estimated 2 billion dollar loss in 1986 which has continued to increase [8].
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Hamawy, K., Hussain, S., O’Meara, Y.M. (1997). Epidemiology of urolithiasis in the Western world. In: Talati, J., Sutton, R.A.L., Moazam, F., Ahmed, M. (eds) The Management of Lithiasis. Developments in Nephrology, vol 38. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5396-6_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5396-6_5
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