Abstract
Conventional crop protection using insecticides relies on hitting the insect pest with a lethal dose of insecticide through contact, ingestion or systemic action, at its most vulnerable stage of development. For most insect pest groups, and especially lepidopteran pests such as bollworms, budworms, leafworms, shoot borers and stem borers, this means the first instar larva. Its low body mass, coupled usually with an exposed position on the foliage following eclosion (hatching) from the egg, makes the first instar larva especially vulnerable to a relatively low dose of insecticide and particularly so with biological pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Mabbett et al., 1980).
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Howse, P.E., Stevens, I.D.R., Jones, O.T. (1998). Mating disruption. In: Insect Pheromones and their Use in Pest Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5344-7_12
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