Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Analysis of AK-Toxin Biosynthesis in the Japanese Pear Pathotype of Alternaria Alternata

  • Chapter
Molecular Genetics of Host-Specific Toxins in Plant Disease

Part of the book series: Developments in Plant Pathology ((DIPP,volume 13))

Abstract

To understand the molecular basis of pathogenic specialization in Alternaria alternata pathogens, our efforts have focused on cloning the genes required for biosynthesis of host-specific toxins. Among the seven pathotypes of A. alternata, we have studied mainly the Japanese pear pathotype, which causes black spot of Japanese pear by producing a host-specific toxin known as AK-toxin. We have pursued two independent approaches for cloning the genes. The first approach was an effort to clone the genes by complementation of the function of AK-toxin-deficient (Tox-) mutants with a cosmid genomic library from a wild-type strain. The second approach was to tag and clone the genes by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) of transforming DNA. We recently succeeded in isolating Tox mutants by REMI. The tagged genomic locus was recovered from a mutant and shown to contain the gene required for AK-toxin biosynthesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ahn, J.-H. and Walton, J.C. (1996) ‘Chromosomal organization of TOX2, the complex locus controlling host-selective toxin biosynthesis in Cochliobolus carbonum’, Plant Cell 8, 887–897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahn, J.-H. and Walton, J.C. (1997) ‘A fatty acid synthase gene in Cochliobolus carbonum required for production of HC-toxin, cyclo(D-prolyl-L-alanyl-D-alanyl-L-2-amino-9, 10-epoxy-8-oxodecanoyl)’, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10, 207–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Akamatsu, H., Itoh, Y., Kodama, M., Otani, H. and Kohmoto, K. (1997) ‘AAL-toxin deficient mutants of Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype by restriction enzyme-mediated integration’, Phytopathology 88, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bölker, M., Bönnet, H.U., Braun, K.H., Görl, J. and Kahmann, R. (1995) ‘Tagging pathogenicity genes in Ustilago maydis by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI)’, Mol. Gen. Genet. 248, 547–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Feng, B.-N., Nakatsuka, S., Goto, T., Tsuge, T. and Nishimura, S. (1990) ‘Biosynthesis of host-selective toxins produced by Alternaria alternata pathogens. I. (8R, 9S)-9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-deca-(2E, 4Z, 6E)-trienoic acid as a biological precursor of AK-toxins’, Agric. Biol. Chem. 54, 845–848.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hayashi, N., Tanabe, K., Tsuge, T., Nishimura, S., Kohmoto, K. and Otani, H. (1990) ‘Determination of host-selective toxin production during spore germination of Alternaria alternata by high-performance liquid chromatography’, Phytopathology 80, 1088–1091.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kimura, N. and Tsuge, T. (1993) ‘Gene cluster involved in melanin biosynthesis of the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata’, J. Bacteriol. 175, 4427–4435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kohmoto, K., Itoh, Y., Shimomura, N., Kondoh, Y., Otani, H., Kodama, M., Nishimura, S. and Nakatsuka, S. (1993) ‘Isolation and biological activities of two host-specific toxins from the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata’, Phytopathology 83, 495–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kohmoto, K., Otani, H. and Tsuge, T. (1995) ‘Alternaria alternata pathogens’, in K. Kohmoto, et al. (eds.), Pathogenesis and Host Specificity in Plant Diseases: Histopathological Biochemical, Genetic and Molecular Bases, Vol II: Eukaryotes, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, pp. 51–63.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kusaba, M. and Tsuge, T. (1994) ‘Nuclear ribosomal DNA variation and pathogenic specialization in Alternaria fungi known to produce host-specific toxins’, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3055–3062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kusaba, M. and Tsuge, T. (1995) ‘Phylogeny of Alternaria fungi known to produce host-specific toxins on the basis of variation in internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA’, Curr. Genet. 28, 491–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kuspa, A. and Loomis, W.F. (1992) ‘Tagging developmental genes in Dictyostelium by restriction enzyme-mediated integration of plasmid DNA’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8803–8807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lu, S., Lyngholm, L., Yang, G., Bronson, C., Yoder, O.C. and Turgeon, B.G. (1994) ‘Tagged mutations at the Tox1 locus of Cochliobolus heterostrophus by restriction enzyme-mediated integration’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 12649–12653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Maekawa, N., Yamamoto, M., Nishimura, S., Kohmoto, K., Kuwata, M. and Watanabe, Y. (1984) ‘Studies on host-specific AF-toxins produced by Alternaria alternata strawberry pathotype causing Alternaria black spot of strawberry. I. Production of host-specific toxins and their biological activity’, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 50, 600–609.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nakashima, T., Ueno, T., Fukami, H., Taga, T., Masuda, H., Osaki, K., Otani, H., Kohmoto, K. and Nishimura, S. (1985) ‘Isolation and structures of AK-toxin I and II, host-specific phytotoxic metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype’, Agric. Biol. Chem. 49, 807–815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakatsuka, S., Feng, B.-N., Goto, T., Tsuge, T. and Nishimura, S. (1990) ‘Biosynthetic origin of (8R, 9S)-9, 10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-deca-(2E, 4Z,6E)-trienoic acid, a precursor of AK-toxins produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype’, Phytochemistry 29, 1529–1531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nakatsuka, S., Ueda, K., Goto, T., Yamamoto, M., Nishimura, S. and Kohmoto, K. (1986) ‘Structure of AF-toxin II, one of the host-specific toxins produced by Alternaria alternata strawberry pathotype’, Tetrahedron Lett. 27, 2753–2756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nishimura, S. (1980) ‘Host-specific toxins from Alternaria alternata: problems and prospects’, Proc. Japan Acad. (Ser. B) 56, 362–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Nishimura, S. and Kohmoto, K. (1983) ‘Host-specific toxins and chemical structures from Alternaria species’, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 21, 87–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Nishimura, S., Sugihara, M., Kohmoto, K. and Otani, H. (1978) ‘Two different phases in pathogenicity of the Alternaria pathogen causing black spot disease of Japanese pear’, J. Fac. Agric. Tottori Univ. 13, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Otani, H., Kohmoto, K., Nishimura, S., Nakashima, T., Ueno, T. and Fukami, H. (1985) ‘Biological activities of AK-toxins I and II, host-specific toxins from Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype’, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 51, 285–293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Panaccione, D.G., Scott-Craig, J.S., Pacard, J.-A. and Walton J.D. (1992) “A cyclic peptide synthetase gene required for pathogenicity of the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum on maize’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 6590–6594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pegg, K.G. (1966) ‘Studies of a strain of Alternaria citri Pierce, the causal agent of brown spot of emperor mandarin (Citrus reticulata)’, Queensland J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 23, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Scheffer, R.P. and Livingston, R.S. (1984) ‘Host-selective toxins and their role in plant diseases’, Science 223, 17–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schiestl, R.H. and Petes, T.D. (1991) ‘Integration of DNA fragments by illegitimate recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7585–7589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Scott-Craig, J.S., Panaccione, D.G., Pacard, J.-A. and Walton, J.D. (1992) ‘The cyclic peptide synthetase catalyzing HC-toxin production in the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus carbonum is encoded by a 15.7-kilobase open reading frame’, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 26044–26049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shi, Z., Christian, D. and Leung, H. (1995) ‘Enhanced transformation in Magnaporthe grisea by restriction enzyme mediated integration of plasmid DNA’, Phytopathology 85, 329–333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Shiotani, H. and Tsuge, T. (1995) ‘Efficient gene targeting in the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata’, Mol. Gen. Genet. 248, 142–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tanaka, S. (1933) ‘Studies on black spot disease of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.)’, Mem. Coll. Agric. Kyoto Imp. Univ. 28, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tsuge, T., Kusaba, M., Shiotani, H., Tanaka, A., Katsuya, S., Owaki, M. and Kaneko, I. (1996) ‘Molecular aspects of pathogenic specialization in Alternaria alternata pathogens’, in D. Mills, et al. (eds.), Molecular Aspects of Pathogenicity and Resistance: Requirement for Signal Transduction, The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, pp. 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tsuge, T., Nishimura, S. and Kobayashi, H. (1990) ‘Efficient integrative transformation of the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata mediated by the repetitive rDNA sequences’, Gene 90, 207–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yang, G., Rose, M.S., Turgeon, B.G. and Yoder, O.C. (1996) ‘A polyketide synthase is required for fungal virulence and production of the polyketide T-toxin’, Plant Cell 8, 2139–2150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yoder, O.C. (1980) ‘Toxins in pathogenesis’, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 18, 103–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-01, Japan

    Takashi Tsuge, Aiko Tanaka, Rieko Hatta & Hiroshi Shiotani

Authors
  1. Takashi Tsuge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aiko Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rieko Hatta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hiroshi Shiotani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori, Japan

    Keisuke Kohmoto

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

    Olen C. Yoder

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tsuge, T., Tanaka, A., Hatta, R., Shiotani, H. (1998). Molecular Analysis of AK-Toxin Biosynthesis in the Japanese Pear Pathotype of Alternaria Alternata . In: Kohmoto, K., Yoder, O.C. (eds) Molecular Genetics of Host-Specific Toxins in Plant Disease. Developments in Plant Pathology, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5218-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5218-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6197-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5218-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation