Abstract
When one considers the many different types of environmental sample submitted for analysis of trace-level organic pollutants, aqueous samples appear to be amongst the least complex. The same applies for the analysis of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. In spite of this view, and considering supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been available since about 1982, it is interesting to note that the vast majority of reported SFE methods involve the analysis of solid matrices. This is surprising considering that as early as 1983, Ehntholtet al[1] reported the potential of SFE for the isolation of organic compounds in water at parts-per-billion level using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ehntholt, D.J., Thrun, K. and Eppig, C. (1983) The concentration of model organic compounds present in water at parts-per-billion levels using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide.International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry13, 219–35.
Bartle, K.D., Clifford, A.A., Jafar, S.A. and Shilstone, G.F. (1991) Solubilities of solids and liquids of low volatility in supercritical carbon dioxide.Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data20, 728.
Francis, A.W. (1954) Ternary systems of liquid carbon dioxide.Journal of Physical Chemistry58, 1099.
Taylor, L.T. (1996)Supercritical Fluid ExtractionJohn Wiley, New York, pp. 28–41.
Luque de Castro, M.D., Valcarcel, M. and Tena, M.T. (1994)Analytical Supercritical Fluid ExtractionSpringer, Berlin, pp. 88–123.
Roop, R.K. and Akgerman, A. (1990) Distribution of a complex phenolic mixture between water and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide.Journal of Chemical Engineering Data35, 257–60.
Sengupta, S., Gupta, S., Dooley, K.M. and Knopf, F.C. (1994) Measuring and modeling of the extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water with supercritical carbon dioxide.Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7201–9.
Ahmad, M. (1993)Pesticide Residue Analysis Using Supercritical Fluid ExtractionPhD thesis, School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd.
Hedrick, J.L., Mulcahey, L.L. and Taylor, L.T. (1992) Supercritical fluid extraction of phenols from water, inSupercritical Fluid Technology: Theoretical and Applied Approaches to Analytical Chemistry(eds F.V. Bright and M.E.P. McNally), ACS Symposium Series 488, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 206–20.
Koester, C.J. and Clement, R.E. (1993) Analysis of drinking water for trace organics.Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 24(4)263–316.
Stahl, E., Quirin, K.-W. and Gerard, D. (1988)Dense Gases for Extraction and RefiningSpringer, Berlin, pp. 5–7.
Hedrick, J.L. and Taylor, L.T. (1989) Quantitative supercritical fluid extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography of a phosphonate from aqueous media.Analytical Chemistry 611986–8.
Hedrick, J.L. and Taylor, L.T. (1990) Supercritical fluid extraction strategies of aqueous based matrices.Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13312–16.
Hedrick, J.L. and Taylor, L.T. (1992) Direct supercritical fluid extraction of nitrogenous bases from aqueous solution.Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15151–4.
Combs, M.T., Khorassani, M.A. and Taylor, L.T. (1996) pH effects on the direct supercritical fluid extraction of phenols from aqueous matrices.The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 9122–7.
Mulcahey, L.J. and Taylor, L.Y. (1992) Supercritical fluid extraction of active components in a drug formulation.Analytical Chemistry 64981–4.
Lin, Y., Wai, C.M., Jean, F.M and Brauer, R.D. (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction of thorium and uranium ions from solid and liquid materials with fluorinated 3-diketones and tributyl phosphate.Environmental Science and Technology 281190–3.
Lin, Y., Smart, N.G. and Wai, C.M. (1995) Supercritical fluid extraction of uranium and thorium from nitric acid solutions with organophosphorous reagents.Environmental Science and Technology 292706–8.
Wang, J. and Marshall, W.D. (1994) Recovery of metals from aqueous media by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.Analytical Chemistry 661658–63.
Wang, J., Marshall, W.D. and Gamble, D.S. (1996) Influence of selected natural complexants on the mobilization and purging of copper from aqueous media into supercritical carbon dioxide.Analyst 121289–95.
Ong, C.P., Ong, H.M., Li, S.F.Y. and Lee, H.K. (1990) The extraction of cholesterol from solid and liquid matrices using supercritical CO2.Journal of Microcolumn Separations 269–73.
Ong, C.P., Li, S.F.Y. and Lee, H.K. (1989) A liquid sample extraction chamber for supercritical fluid extraction.Bulletin of Singapore National Institute of Chemistry 1751–3.
Liu, H. and Wehmeyer, K.R. (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction as a sample preparation technique for the direct isolation of drugs from plasma prior to analysis.Journal of Chromatography B 657206–13.
Brewer, S.E. and Kruus, P. (1993) Direct supercritical fluid extraction from water.Journal of Environmental Science and Health B28(6)671–85.
Barnabas, I.J., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M. and Owen, S.P. (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides from an aqueous matrix.Journal of Chromatography A 665307–15.
Kane, M., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M.et al(1995) Extraction of surfactants from aqueous media by supercritical fluid extraction.Analyst 120355–9.
Laintz, K.E., Wai, C.M., Yonker, C.R. and Smith, R.D. (1992) Extraction of metal ions from liquid and solid materials by supercritical carbon dioxide.Analytical Chemistry 642875–8.
Minty, B., Ramsey, E.D. and Lewis, R. (1996) Hydrocarbons in water: analysis using online aqueous supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Analytical Communications 33203–4.
Ehntholt, D.J., Eppig, C. and Thrun, K.E. (1987) Isolation of organic compounds in water at low concentrations using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide, inOrganic Pollutants in Water. Sampling Analysis and Toxicity Testing(ed. J.M. Comstock), ACS Symposium Series 214, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 483–501.
Shimoda, M., Ishikawa, H., Kawano, T. and Osajima, Y. (1994) Extraction of volatile compounds from aqueous solution using micro bubble, gaseous, supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide.Journal of Food Science59(1), 231–3.
Ramsey, E.D., Minty, B. and Rees, A.T. (1996) Dynamic aqueous supercritical fluid extraction of the enzymic hydrolysis of testosterone-ß-o-glucuronide. Analysis of liberated testosterone by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Analytical Communications34, 307–9.
Ramsey, E.D., Minty, B., McCullagh, M.A.et al(1997) Analysis of phenols in water at the ppb level using direct supercritical fluid extraction of aqueous samples combined on-line with supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Analytical Communications34, 3–6.
Ramsey, E.D., Minty, B. and Rees, A.T. (1997) Drugs in water: analysis at the part-perbillion level using direct supercritical fluid extraction of aqueous samples coupled on-line with ultraviolet-visible diode-array liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Analytical Communications34, 261–4.
Thiebaut, J.-P., Chervet, R.W., Vannoort, G.J.et al(1989) Supercritical fluid extraction of aqueous samples and on-line coupling to supercritical fluid chromatography.Journal of Chromatography477, 151–9.
Janda, V., Mikesova, M. and Vejrosta, J. (1996) Direct supercritical fluid extraction of water-based matrices.Journal of Chromatography A733, 35–40.
Tang, P.H., Ho, J.S. and Eichelberger, J.W. (1993) Determination of organic pollutants in reagent water by liquid-solid extraction followed by supercritical fluid elution.Journal of AOAC International76, 72–82.
Alzaga, R. and Bayona, J.M. (1993) Supercritical fluid extraction of tributyltin and its degradation products from seawater via liquid-solid phase extraction.Journal of Chromatography A655, 51–6.
Furton, K.G. and Rein, J. (1991) Effect of microextractor cell geometry on supercritical fluid extraction recoveries and correlations with supercritical fluid chromatographic data.Analytica Chimica Acta248, 263–70.
Furton, K.G. and Lin, Q. (1993) Variation in the supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls as a function of sorbent type, extraction cell dimensions, and fluid flow rate.Journal of Chromatographic Science31, 201–6.
Furton, K.G., Jolly, E. and Rein, J. (1993) Variables affecting the supercritical fluid extraction of analytes from octadecylsilane solid-phase sorbents.Journal of Chromatography629, 3–9.
Ahmad, M., Berry, A.J. and Ramsey, E.D. (1993) Analysis of pesticide residues in vegetable oils and seed crops using combined SFE/LC, inThe 2nd European Symposium on Analytical Supercritical Chromatography and Extraction(eds P. Sandra and K. Markides), Huethig, Heidelberg, pp. 282–3.
Ong, C.P., Lee, H.K. and Li, S.F.Y. (1991) Direct coupling of supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environmental samples.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment19, 63–71.
Saito, M. and Yamauchi, Y. (1994) Instrumentation, inFractionation by Packed-column SFC and SFE(eds M. Saito, Y. Yamauchi and T. Okuyama), VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 107–10.
International Sorbent Technology Ltd. (1997) Catalogue of solid phase extraction products and services, IST House, Duffryn Industrial Estate, Hengoed, Mid Glamorgan CF82 7RJ, UK.
Varian (1997) Sample preparation products, 24201 Frampton Avenue, Harbor City, CA 90710, USA.
Tang, P.T. and Ho, J.S. (1994) Liquid-solid extraction followed by supercritical fluid elution and gas chromatography of phenols from water.Journal of High Resolution Chromatography17, 509–17.
Ho, J.S. and Tang, P.H. (1992) Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of environmental pollutants from a liquid-solid extraction cartridge.Journal of Chromatographic Science30, 344–50.
Ezzell, J.L. and Richter, B.E. (1992) Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides and phthalate esters following solid phase extraction from water.Journal of Microcolumn Separations4, 319–23.
Davi, L.D., Baldi, M., Penazzi, L. and Liboni, M. (1992) Evaluation of the membrane approach to solid-phase extractions of pesticide residues in drinking water.Pesticide Science35, 63–7.
Sandra, P., Kot, A., Medvedovici, A. and David, F. (1995) Selected applications of the use of supercritical fluids in coupled systems.Journal of Chromatography A703, 467–78.
Sandra, P., Medvedovici, A., Kot, A.et al(1996) SPE-SFC-DAD: a new hyphenated system for monitoring organic micropollutants in aqueous samples.LC-GC International9(9), 540–54.
Pawliszyn, J.B. and Alexandrou, N. (1989) Indirect supercritical fluid extraction of organics from water matrix samples.Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada24, 207–14.
Zegers, B.N., de Geus, H.-J., Wildenburg, H.J.et al(1994) Large-volume injection in packed-capillary supercritical fluid chromatography.Journal of Chromatography A677, 141–50.
Bengtsson, S., Berglof, T., Granat, S. and Jonsall, G. (1994) Solid-phase extraction of pesticides from surface water using discs, bulk sorbents and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE).Pesticide Science41, 55–60.
Edder, P., Veuthey, J.L., Kohler, M.et al(1994) Sub-critical fluid extraction of morphine alkaloids in urine and other liquid matrices after adsorption on solid supports.Chromatographia38, 35–42.
Murugaverl, B. and Voorhees, K.J. (1991) On-line supercritical fluid extraction/chromatography system for trace analysis of pesticides in soybean oil and rendered fat.Journal of Microcolumn Separations3, 11–16.
Johansen, H.R., Becher, G. and Griebrokk, T. (1994) Determination of planar PCBs by combining on-line SFE-HPLC and GC-ECD or GC/MS.Analytical Chemistry66, 4068–73.
Slack, G.C., McNair, H.M., Hawthorne, S.B. and Miller, D.J. (1993) Coupled solid phase extraction-supercritical fluid extraction on-line gas chromatography of explosives from water.Journal of High Resolution Chromatography16, 473–8.
Johnson, W.E., Fendinger, N.J. and Plimmer, J.R. (1991) Solid-phase extraction of pesticides from water: possible interferences from dissolved organic material.Analytical Chemistry63, 1510–13.
Koski, I., Jansson, B.A., Markides, K.E. and Milton, L.L. (1991) Analysis of prostaglandins in aqueous solution by supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis9(4), 281–90.
Yunker, M.B., McLaughlin, F.A., Macdonald, R.W.et al(1989) Measurement of natural trace dissolved hydrocarbons by in situ column extraction: an intercomparison of two adsorption resins.Analytical Chemistry61, 1333–43.
Croft, M.Y., Murby, J.E. and Wells, R.J. (1994) Simultaneous extraction and methylation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids from aqueous solution using supercritical carbon dioxide as a phase transfer solvent.Analytical Chemistry66, 4459–65.
Scalia, S., Renda, A., Ruberto, G.et al(1995) Assay of vitamin A palmitate and vitamin E acetate in cosmetic creams and lotions by supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC.Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Analysis13(3), 273–7.
Paulitis, M.E., Penninger, R.D., Gray, R.D. and Davidson, K.P. (eds) (1983)Chemical Engineering at Supercritical Fluid ConditionsAnn Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Cai, Y. and Bayona, J.M. (1995) Simultaneous speciation of butyl-, phenyl-, and cyclohexyltin compounds in aqueous matrices using ethylation followed by solid-phase trace enrichment, SFE, and GC determination.Journal of Chromatographic Science33, 89–97.
Burford, M.D., Hawthorne, S.B. and Miller, D.J. (1993) Evaluation of drying agents for offline supercritical fluid extraction.Journal of Chromatography A657, 413–27.
Hartonen, K. and Riekkola, M.-J. (1996) Detection of (3-blockers in urine by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography B676, 45–52.
Edder, P., Haerdi, W., Veuthey, J.L. and Staub, C. (1992) Quantitative capillary supercritical chromatography and supercritical fluid extraction of basic drugs of abuse.Chimia 46141–8.
Barnabas, I.J., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M. and Owen, S.P. (1994) Selective extraction of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides using a combined solid phase extraction-supercritical fluid extraction approach.Analytica Chimica Acta 291261–7.
Barnabas, I.J., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M. and Owen, S.P. (1994) Selective supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides and herbicides from aqueous samples.Journal of Chromatographic Science 32547–51.
Howard, A.L. and Taylor, L.T. (1992) Quantitative supercritical fluid extraction of sulfonyl urea herbicides from aqueous matrices via solid phase extraction disks.Journal of Chromatographic Science 30374–82.
Tena, M.T., Luque de Castro, M.D. and Valcarcel, M. (1995) Improved supercritical fluid extraction of sulphonamides.Chromatographia 40197–203.
Liu, H., Cooper, L.M., Raynie, D.E.et al(1992) Combined supercritical fluid extraction/ solid-phase extraction with octadecylsilane cartridges as a sample preparation technique for the ultratrace analysis of a drug metabolite in plasma.Analytical Chemistry 64802–6.
Laintz, K.E., Yu, J.J. and Wai, C.M. (1992) Separation of metal ions with sodium bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate chelation and supercritical fluid chromatography.Analytical Chemistry 64311–15.
Laintz, K.E. and Tachikawa, E. (1994) Extraction of lanthides from acidic solution using tributyl phosphate modified supercritical carbon dioxide.Analytical Chemistry 662190–3.
Wang, J. and Marshall, W.D. (1994) Metal speciation by supercritical fluid extraction with on-line detection by atomic absorption spectometry.Analytical Chemistry 663900–7.
Wang, J. and Marshall, W.D. (1996) Anion mobilization from aqueous media by ion associate extraction into supercritical carbon dioxide with on-line detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Analyst 121817–23.
Nakamura, K., Chi, Y.M., Yamada, Y. and Yano, T. (1986) Lipase activity and stability in supercritical carbon dioxide.Chemical Engineering Communications 45207–10.
Nakamura, K. (1990) Biochemical reactions in supercritical fluids.TIBTECH 8288–92.
Zaks, A. and Klibanov, A.M. (1984) Enzymatic catalysis in organic media at 100°C.Science 2241249–51.
Taniguchi, M., Kamihara, M. and Kobayashi, T. (1987) Effect of treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide on enzymatic activity.Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 51593–4.
Marty, A., Chulalaksananukul, W., Willemot, R.M. and Condoret, J.S. (1992) Kinetics of lipase-catalyzed esterification in supercritical CO2.Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39273–80.
King, J.W., Eissler, R.L. and Friedrich, J.P. (1988) inSupercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography(eds B.A. Charpentier and M.R. Sevenants), ACS Symposium Series 366, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Berg, B.E., Hansen, E.M., Gjorven, S. and Greibrokk, T. (1993) On-line enzymatic reaction, extraction, and chromatography of fatty acids and triglycerides with supercritical carbon dioxide.Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 16358–63.
Berg, B.E., Lund, H.S. and Greibrokk, T. (1997) Separation and quantification of components of edible fat utilizing open tubular columns in SFC. Sample introduction by direct injection and SFE coupled on-line SFC.Chromatographia 44399–404.
Messer, D.C. and Taylor, L.T. (1994) Inverse analytical supercritical fluid extraction of Zovirax ointment 5%.Analytical Chemistry 661591–2.
Moore, W.N. and Taylor, L.T. (1994) Analytical inverse supercritical fluid extraction of polar pharmaceutical compounds from cream and ointment matrices.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 121227–32.
Saito, M., Hondo, T. and Yamauchi, Y. (1988) Fractionation by coupled micro-supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography, inSupercritical Fluid Chromatography(ed. R.M. Smith), Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p. 209.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramsey, E.D., Minty, B., Babecki, R. (1998). Supercritical fluid extraction strategies of liquid-based matrices. In: Ramsey, E.D. (eds) Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction Techniques. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4948-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4948-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6076-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4948-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive