Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Formulation of Mycoinsecticides

  • Chapter
Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

Abstract

The range of insects controllable by fungi is wide. Fungi kill insects primarily by infection through the external insect cuticle, arising from sporr Jung the insect surface by chance, infectic, rarely occurring through the gut. Since spores need not he eaten, they attack sucking as well as chewing insects. The host insects most commonly mentioned in this chapter are aphids, whitefles (scale insects), locusts and grasshoppers, lepidopterous larvae, ants, termites and ground beetles in foliar and soil habitats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abd-El-Moity, T. H. (1986) A new system for production and delivery of biological control agents to the soil, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Allium White Rot (ed. E. A. Enwistle), Institute of Horticultural Research, Welles-bourne, pp. 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersch, W. (1992) Production of fungi as crop protection agents. Pflanzensch. -Nachricht. Bayer 45, 129–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersch, W., Harwig, J., Homeyer, B. and Stenzel, K. (1990) Agents for combating pests and plant disease agents. European Patent 87 116–508. 0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T. E. and Roberts, D. W. (1983) Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana isolates with insecticide formulations used in Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control. J. Econ. Entomol. 76, 1437–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aregger, E. (1992) Conidia production of the fungus Beauveria brongniartii on barley and quality evaluation during storage at 2 ¡ãC. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 59, 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axtell, R. S. and Guzman, D. R. (1987) Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in calcium alginate. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3, 4509

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, L. A. and Rath, A. C. (1994) Production of Metarhizium anisopliae spores using nutrient-impregnated membranes and its economic analysis. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 4, 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, B. V., Pye, B. J., Carreck, N. L. et al. (1994) Laboratory testing of a mycopesticide on non-target organisms: the effects of an oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride applied to Apis mellifera. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 4, 289–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, S. E. and Moore, D. (1997) The effect of fatty acids on the germination of conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride. Mycol. Res. 101, 662–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, K. A. and Lefebvre, C. L. (1934) Field experiments with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., a fungus attacking the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 27, 1147–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. C. and Jaronski, S. T. (1988) Mass production of entomogenous fungi for biological control of insects, in Fungi in Biological Control Systems (ed. M. N. Burge), Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp. 61–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassi, A. (1836) Del Mal del Segno, Calcinaccio o Moscardino, Parte Seconda, Practica. Lodi, Orcesi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P. (1992) Controlled droplet application of myco-insecticdes: an environmentally friendly way to control locusts. Antenna 16, 6–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P. (1994a) Physical properties and atomisation of ULV formulations of myco-insecticides. IOBC WPRS Bull. 17, 189–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P. (1994b) An analysis of particle size spectra of myco-insecticide conidial products for ULV application, in Abstracts of the VI International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Montpellier, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. (1996) Formulation strategies appropriate in the ultra-low volume application of biological insecticides. IOBC WPRS Bull. 19, 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P. (1997) Methods of application of microbial pesticide formulations for the control of locusts and grasshoppers. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 171, 69–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P., Carey, M., Moore, D. and Prior, C. (1993) The enhanced infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations to desert locusts at low humidities. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122, 145–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P., Godonou, I., Kpindu, D. et al. (1992) Development of a novel technique for assessing mycoinsecticide ULV formulations, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 255–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. P., Price, R. E., Müller, E. J. and Brown, H. D. (1994) Controlling brown locust hopper bands in South Africa with a myco-insecticide spray, in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases, Vol 2, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 609–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. (1991) Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Environ. Ent. 20, 1207–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing, L. A. and Lewis, L. C. (1992) Temporal relationships between Zea mays, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep: Pyralidae) and endophytic Beauveria bassi-ana. Entomophaga 37, 525–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blachère, H., Calvez, J., Ferron, P. et al. (1973. Étude de la formulation et de la conservation d’une préparation entomopathogéne a base de blastospores de Beauveria tenella (Delacr. Siemaszko). Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim. 5, 69–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, S., Thomas, M. B. and Langewald, J. (1998) Behavioural fever in the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis, and its implications for biological control using pathogens. Ecol. Entomol. 23, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blowers, M., Jackson, C. W. and Knapp, J. J. (1992) Effect of composition of alginate granules on their potential as carriers of microbial control agents against the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens, in Biology and Evolution of Social Insects (ed. J. Billen), Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 145–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D. G. and Pendland, J. C. (1991) Attachment of mycopathogens to cuticle: the initial event of mycoses in arthropod hosts, in The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals (eds G. T. Cole and H. C. Hock), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 101–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D. G., Pendland, J. C. and Latgé, J. P. (1988) Non-specific factors involved in attachment of entomopathogenic deuteromycetes to host cuticle. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 54, 1795–805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, N. C. (1984) The Nature and Properties of Soils, Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, H. D. (1981) Progress in the microbial control of pests, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. H. D. Burges), Academic Press, London, pp. 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, H. D. and Hall, R. A. (1982) Bacteria and fungi as insecticides. Outlook Agric. 11, 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, H. D. and Thompsom, E. M. (1971) Standardization and assay of microbial insecticides, in Microbial Control of Insects and Mites (eds H. D. Burges and N. W. Hussey), Academic Press, London, pp. 591–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butt, T. M., Ibrahim, L., Clark, S. J. and Beckett, A. (1995) The germination behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae on the surface of aphid and flea beetle cuticles. Mycol. Res. 99, 945–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callot, G., Vercambre, B., Neuveglise, C. and Riba, G. (1996) Hyphasmata and conidial pellets; an original morphological aspect of soil colonization by Beauveria brongniartii. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 68, 173–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caudwell, R. W. and Gatehouse, A. G. (1996) Formulation of grasshopper and locust entomopathogens in baits using starch extrusion technology. Crop Protect. 15, 33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charnley, A. K. (1992) Mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects with particular reference to locusts, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 181–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T. B., Kellen, W. R., Fukuda, T. and Lindegren, J. E. (1968) Field and laboratory studies on the pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to three genera of mosquitoes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 11, 1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clerk, G. C. and Madelin, M. F. (1965) The longevity of conidia of three insect-parasitising hyphomycetes. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48, 193–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliquet, S. and Jackson, M. A. (1997) Comparison of air-drying methods for evaluating the desiccation tolerance of liquid culture-produced blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 13, 299–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couch, T. L. and Ignoffo, C. M. (1981) Formulation of insect pathogens, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. H. D. Burges), Academic Press, London, pp. 621–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuero, R. G., Smith, J. E. and Lacey, J. (1985) A novel containment system for laboratory scale solid particulate fermentations. Biotechnol. Lett. 7, 463–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daoust, R. A. and Pereira, R. M. (1986) Stability of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on beetle-attracting tubers and cowpea foliage in Brazil. Environ. Entomol. 15, 1237–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daoust, R. A. and Roberts, D. W. (1983) Studies on the prolonged storage of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia: effect of temperature and relative humidity on conidia viability and virulence against mosquitoes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 41, 143–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daoust, R. A., Ward, M. G. and Roberts, D. W. (1982) Effect of formulation on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia against mosquito larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 40, 228–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daoust, R. A., Ward, M. G. and Roberts, D. W. (1983) Effect of formulation on the viability of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 41, 151–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David-Henriet, A. I., Butt, T. M., Pye, B. J. and Ibrahim, L. (1996) Formulation and application of Metarhizium anisopliae Metch. for the control of insect pests of oilseed rape. IOBC/WRPS Bull. 19, 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, R. J. and Charnley, A. K. (1986) Germination physiology of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae, in Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology, Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Wageningen (eds R. A. Samson, J. M. Vlak and D. Peters), p. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1978) Effectiveness of the white halo fungus Cephalosporium lecanii against field populations of the coffee green bug, Coccus viridis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 32, 88–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Goettel, M. S., Smits, N. et al. (1996) Variablility in susceptibility to simulated sunlight of conidia among isolates of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Mycopathologia 135, 171–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Maniana, N. K. and Delmas, J. C. (1994) Infectivity of propagules of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus during in vitro development of Spodoptera frugiperda. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64, 173–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Reisinger, O., Robert, P. H. and Aubart, C. (1983) Biodegradation of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes: Beauveria bassiana blastospore survival in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 41, 131–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J.. and Robert, P. H. (1985) Persistence of conidia of 4 entomopathogenic hyphomycetes in soil, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor., Nomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson and Paecilomyces fumososo¡ªroseus Wize in controlled conditions. Agronomie 5, 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J. and Vey, A. (1974) Means of infection of the larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata by Beauveria bassiana during the moult. Entomophaga 19, 311–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, M. G., Poprawski, T. J. and Khachatourians, G. G. (1994) Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for insect control: current status. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 4, 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, P. M., Alves, S. B. and Pereira, R. M. (1991) Microbial control of Cornitermes cumulons with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, in Abstracts of the XXIV Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Flagstaff, pp. 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferron, P. (1977) Influence of relative humidity on the development of fungal infection caused by Beauveria bassiana (Fungi imperfecti, Moniliales) in imagines of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Col. Bruchidae). Entomophaga 22, 393–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferron, P. (1981) Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. H. D. Burges), Academic Press, London, pp. 465–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J. J. (1991) Survival of spores of Aschersonia aleyrodis exposed to high temperatures. IOBC WPRS Bull. 14,49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, A. T. (1984) The potential of entomogenous fungi to control glasshouse pests and brown plant hopper of rice, PhD thesis, University of Southampton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, A. T., Hall, R. A. and Burges, H. D. (1982) Control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci and the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae by Verticillium lecanii, in Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Proceedings of the III International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology University of Sussex, Brighton (eds C. C. Payne and H. D. Burges), Society for Invertebrate Pathology, p. 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitonga, W., Eilenberg, J., Maniania, N. K. and Ocheil, G. R. S. (1996) The potential of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok. and Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. as biological control agents of termites in Kenya,in Abstracts of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M. S. (1984) A simple method for mass culturing entomopathogenic hyphomycete fungi. J. Microbiol. Methods3, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M. S., Magalhaes, B. and Gama, G. (1995) Palatability and efficacy of a bait formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride against the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides,in Abstracts of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottwald, T. R. and Tedders, W. C. (1984) Colonization, transmission, and longevity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on pecan weevil larvae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the soil. Environ. Ent. 13, 557–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillon, M. (1997) Production of biopesticides: scale up and quality assurance, in Microbial Insectides: Novelty or Necessity? Symposium Proceedings No. 68 (ed. H. F. Evans), British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 151–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A. (1981) The fungus Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against aphids and scales, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980 (ed. H. D. Burges), Academic Press, London, pp. 483–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A. (1982a) Control of whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, in glasshouses by Verticillium lecanii. Ann. Appl. Biol.101, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A. (1982b) Deuteromycetes: virulence and bioassay design, in Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Proceedings of the III International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology University of Sussex, Brighton (eds C. C. Payne and H. D. Burges), Society for Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 191–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A. and Burges, H. D. (1979) Control of aphids in glasshouses by Verticillium lecanii. Ann. Appl. Biol. 93, 236–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A. and Papierok, B. (1982) Fungi as biological control agents of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance. Parasitology 84, 205–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. A., Peterkin, D. D., Ali, B. and Lopez, V. F. (1994) Influence of culture age on rate of conidiospore germination in four deuteromycetous entomogenous fungi. Mycol. Res. 98, 763–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallsworth, J. E. and Magan, N. (1994) Improved biological control by changing polyols/trehalose in conidia of entomopathogens, in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases Vol. 3, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 1091–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallsworth, J. E. and Magan, N. (1995) Manipulation of intracellular glycerol and erythritol enhances germination of conidia at low water availability. Microbiol. 141, 1109–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, A. E. M., Dillon, R. J. and Charnley, A. K. (1989) Influence of accelerated germination of conidia on the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for Manduca sexta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 54, 277–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth, D. L., Kirk, P. M., Sutton, B. C. and Pegler, D. N. (1996) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 8th edn, CAB International, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckley, R. J. (1978) Preservation of microorganisms, in Advances in Applied Microbiology (ed. D. Perlman), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgecock, S., Moore, D., Higgins, P. M. and Prior, C. (1995) Influence of moisture content on temperature tolerance and storage of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia in oil formulation. Biocontrol. Sci. Technol. 5, 371–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, N. L. (1993) Verticillium lecanii for control of aphids and thrips on cucumber. IOBC WPRS Bull. 16, 63–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, N. L., Gill, G., Bywater, A. and Chambers, R. (1992) Elevated humidities for control of chrysanthemum pests with Verticillium lecanii. Pestic. Sci. 36, 373–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, N. L. and Wardlow, L. R. (1987) Aphid control on chrysanthemum using frequent low dose application of Verticillium lecanii. IOBC WPRS Bull. 10 62–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, N. L. and Whipps, J. M. (1993) Control of Puccinia horiana Henn. (white rust) on Chrysanthemum with Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) ViégasFinal Report, Project No. PC57a, Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirte, W., Triltsch, H. and Sermann, H. (1994) Growth and survivability of the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii in soil. IOBC WPRS Bull. 17, 226–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, T. D., Ellis, R. H. and Moore, D. (1997) Development of a model to predict the effect of temperature and moisture on fungal spore longevity. Ann. Bot. 79 121–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, A. M., Matewale, P. and Trinci, A. P. J. (1989) Effects of water activity on morphology, growth and blastospore production of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces farinosus in batch and batch-fed culture. Mycol. Res. 92 257–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, T. R., Moore, D., Higgins, P. M. and Prior, C. (1994) Effect of sunscreens, irradiance and resting periods on the germination of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia. Entomophaga 39 313–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, Y. B., Lim, T. K., Tang, M. K. and Teng, H. M. (1993) Influence of temperature, pH and selected growth media on germination, growth and sporulation of Aschersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborspii. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 3, 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C. M., Garcia, C., Hostetter, D. L. and Pinnell, R. E. (1977) Vertical movement of conidia of Nomuraea rileyi through sand and loam soils. J. Econ. Entomol. 70 163–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inch, J. M. M. and Trinci, A. P. J. (1987) Effects of water activity on growth and sporulation of Paecilomyces farinosus in liquid and solid media. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133 247–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S. and Johnson, D. L. (1993) Persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana on phylloplanes of crested wheatgrass and alfalfa. Biol. Control. 3 258–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S. and Johnson, D. L. (1995) Influence of ultraviolet light protectants on persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Biol. Control. 5 581–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L., Cheng, K. -J. and Goettel, M. S. (1997a) Use of pathogen combinations to overcome the constraints of temperature on entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes against grasshoppers. Biol. Control 8 143–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. (1996a) Effect of bait substrate and formulation on infection of grasshopper nymphs by Beauveria bassiana. Bioeontr . Sci. Technol. 6 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. (1996b) Effects of temperature on mycosis by Beauveria bassiana and thermoregulation in grasshoppers. Biol. Control 7 131–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. (1997b) Effects of temperature and sunlight on mycosis (Beauveria bassiana) (Hyphomycetes: Sympodulosporae) of grasshoppers under field conditions. Environ. Entomol. 26 400–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. (1997e) Field and laboratory evaluation of two conidial batches of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against grasshoppers. Can. Entomol. 129 171–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson M. A., Cliquet, S. and Bothast, R. J. (1995) Effect of the relative humidity of drying air on survival of liquid culture produced blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conditions, in Abstracts of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology Cornell University, Ithaca, p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A., McGuire, M. R., Lacey, L. A. and Wright, S. P. (1997) Liquid culture production of desiccation tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Mycol. Res. 101 35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N. E. and Goettel, M. S. (1997) Methods for mass production of microbial control agents of grasshoppers and locusts, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N. E. and Lomer, C. J. (1994) Development of a new procedure for the mass production of conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride. IOBC WRPS Bull. 17 181–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N. E. and Prior, C. (1993) Growth and formation of true conidia by Metarhiziumflavoviride in a simple liquid medium. Mycol. Res. 97 1489–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, N. E. and Thomas, M. B. (1996) Effect of formulation and application method on the efficacy of aerial and submerged conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust and grasshopper control. Pestic. Sci. 46 299–306.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez, J. A. (1989) The potential of fungi to control green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens PhD thesis, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, X., Grigas, K. I., Johnson, C. A et al. (1993) Method for storing fungal cultures and conidia. International Patent W093 /24 013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johal, S. S. and Marold, L. M. (1996) Maintenance and long term stabilization of fungal conidia using surfactants. US Patent 5 512 280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S. (1993) Reduction of grasshopper populations following field application of the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 3 165–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L., Goettel, M. S., Bradley, C. et nl. (1992) Field trials with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against grasshoppers in Mali, West Africa, July 1990, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 296–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L., Huang, H. C. and Harper, A. M. (1988) Mortality of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) inoculated with a Canadian isolate of the fungus Verticillium lecanii. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 335–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, L. and Charnley, A. K. (1992) Synergism between entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium spp. and the benzoylphenyl urea insectide, teflubenzuron, against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference ¡ª Pests and Diseases Vol 4, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 369–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanagaratnam, P. (1980) Studies on Verticillium lecanii and Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of selected arthropod pests, PhD thesis, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanagaratnam, P., Hall, R. A. and Burges, H. D. (1982) Control of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum by an ‘aphid’ strain of the fungus Verticillium lecanii. Ann. Appl. Biol. 100, 213–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keil, C. B. O. (1994) Pandora gloeospora: a fungal pathogen of the mushroom pest, Lycoriella mali. in Abstracts of the VI International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control Montpellier, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, S. (1992) The Beauveria¡ªMelolontha project: experiences with regard to locust and grasshopper control, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 279–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleespies, R. G. and Zimmermann, G. (1992) Production of blastospores by three strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin in submerged culture. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 2, 127–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleespies, R. G. and Zimmermann, G. (1994) Viability and virulence of blastospores of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin after storage in various liquids at different temperatures. Biocontr. Sci. Techn. 4, 309–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen, G. R., Eschen, D. J., Dandurand, L. M. and Wang, Z. G. (1991) Method to enhance growth and sporulation of pelletized biocontrol fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 2864–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, S. R. and McCoy, C. W. (1997) Control of citrus root weevil larvae using soil applications of Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid, in Abstracts of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Banff, p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai, P. Y., Tamashiro, M. and Fugi, J. K. (1982) Pathogenicity of six strains of entomogenous fungi to Coptotermes formosanus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 39, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamina, (1998) Characterization of initial intracellar events that lead to germination and differentiation of conidia of Beauveria bassiana Ph D thesis, Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, 197pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, B. S., Trinci, A. P. J. and Gillespie, A. T. (1991) Endogenous reserves and survival of blastospores of Beauveria bassiana harvested from carbon-and nitrogen-limited cultures. Mycol. Res. 95, 821–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langewald, J., Thomas, M. B., Douro-Kpindou, O.-K. and Lomer, C. J. (1997) Use of Metarhizium flavoviride for control of Zonocerus variegatus: a model, linking dispersal and secondary infection from the spray residue with mortality in caged field samples. Entornol. Exp. Appl. 82, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C., Berry, E. C., Obrycki, J. J. and Bing, L. A. (1995) Aptness of insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and carbofuran) with endophytic Beauveria bassiana in suppressing larval populations of the European corn borer. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 57, 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. P. and Holdom, D. G. (1993) Effect of soil matric potential on sporulation and conidial survival of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62, 273–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, D. P. and Holdom, D. G. (1994) Effects of pesticides on growth and sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 63, 209–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingg, A. J. and Donaldson, M. D. (1981) Biotic and abiotic factors affecting stability of Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisansky, S. G., Quinlan, R. J. and Tassoni, G. (1993) The Bacillus thuringiensis Production Handbook CPL Scientific, Newbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobo Lima, M. L., Britto, J. M. and Henry, J. E. (1992) Biological control of grasshoppers in the Cape Verde Islands, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 287–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomer, C. J., Bateman, R. P., Godonou, I. et al. (1993) Field infection of Zonocerus variegatus following application of an oil-based formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia. Biocontr. Sci Tech. 3, 337–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomer, C. J., Thomas, M. B., Douro-Kpindou, O. -K. et al. (1997) Control of grasshoppers, particularly Hieroglyphus daganensis in northern Benin using Metarhizium flavoviride, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171,301–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magalhães, B. P. and da Silva Frazão, H. (1996) Effects of temperature, water content and substrate on conidial production of Metarhizium flavoviride. Revista Microbiol. 27, 242–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magan, N. and Lacey, J. (1984) Effect of temperature and pH on water relations of field and storage fungi. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 82, 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majchrowicz, I. and Poprawski, T. J. (1993) Effects in vitro of nine fungicides on growth of entomopathogenic fungi. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 3, 321–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcandier, S. and Khachatourians, G. G. (1987) Susceptibility of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Hyphomycete): influence of relative humidity. Can. Entomol. 119, 901–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matewele, P. O. B. (1986) The biology of the fungi Tolypocladium cylindrosporum and Culicinomyces clavisporus in mosquitoes, PhD thesis, University of Southampton.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, D. and Soper, R. S. (1985) Preparation of an entomopathogenic fungal insect control agent. US Patent 4 530 834.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClatchie, G. V., Moore, D., Bateman, R. P. and Prior, C. (1994) Effects of temperature on the viability of the conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations. Mycol. Res. 98, 749–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, C. W. and Couch, T. L. (1978) Hirsutella thompsonii: a potential mycoacaricide. Devel. Ind. Microbiol., NY 20, 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. E., Sweeney, A. W. and Dunn, N. W. (1989) Anhydrobiosis of the mosquito pathogen Culicinomyces clavisporus, in Proceedings of the 8th Australian Biotechnology Conference University of New South Wales, Kensington, pp. 226–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendonça, A. F. (1992) Mass production, application and formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae for control of sugarcane froghopper, Mahanarva posticata, in Brazil, in Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers (eds C. J. Lomer and C. Prior), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 239–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. and Lutton, G. G. (1976) Metarhizium anisopliae: survival of conidia in the soil, in Proceedings of the 1st International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology Queen’s University, Kings-ton, Canada, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 428–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. and Lutton, G. G. (1986) Dependence of Verticillium lecanii (fungi: Hyphomycetes) on high humidities for infection and sporulation using Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) as host. Environ. Entomol. 15, 380–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J., Rogers, D. J., McRae, C. M. et al. (1993) Preliminary evaluation of the use of Metarhizium anisopliae as a mycoinsecticide for control of peanut scarabs, in Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture (eds S. A. Corey, D. J. Dall and W. M. Milne), CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 253–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Bateman, R. P., Carey, M. and Prior, C. (1995) Long term storage of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia in oil formulations for the control of locusts and grasshoppers. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 5, 193–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Bridge, P. D., Higgins, P. M. et al. (1993) Ultra-violet radiation damage to Metarhizium flavoviride conidia and the protection given by vegetable and mineral oils and chemical sunscreens. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122, 605–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. and Caudwell, R. W. (1997) Formulation of entomopathogens for the control of locusts and grasshoppers. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171, 49–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Douro-Kpindou, O. K., Jenkins, N. E. and Lomer, C. J. (1996a) Effect of moisture content and temperature on storage of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6, 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Higgins, P. M. and Lomer, C. J. (1996b) The effects of simulated and natural sunlight on the viability of conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and interactions with temperature. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 6, 63–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Langewald, J. and Obognon, F. (1997) Effects of rehydration on the conidial viability of Metarhizium flavoviride mycopesticide formulations. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 7, 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. and Morley-Davies, J. (1994) The effects of temperature and ultra-violet irradiation on conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases Vol 3, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 1085–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorhouse, E. R. (1990) The potential of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a microbial control agent of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus PhD thesis, University of Bath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley-Davies, J., Moore, D. and Prior, C. (1995) Screening of Metarhizium and Beauveria spp. conidia with exposure to simulated sunlight and a range of temperatures. Mycol. Res. 100, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mycotech (1995) Mycotech gains first product approvals. Agrow No. 230, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oi, D. H., Pereira, R. M., Stimac, J. L. and Wood, L. A. (1994) Field applications of Beauveria bassiana for control of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 623–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L. S. and Landa, Z. (1994) Utilization of entomogenous fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. IOBC WPRS Bull. 17, 201–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman, M. and Valadon, L. R. G. (1981) Effect of light (especially near-UV) on spore germination and ultrastructure of Verticillium agaricinum. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 77, 187–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, R. M. and Roberts, D. W. (1990) Dry mycelium preparations of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, R. M. and Roberts, D. W. (1991) Alginate and cornstarch mycelial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 1657–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, R. M. and Stimac, J. L. (1992) Transmission of Beauveria bassiana within nests of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the laboratory. Environ. Entomol. 21, 1427–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, D. F. and Latgé, J-P. (1982) Dormancy and germination of Conidiobolus obscurus azygospores. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 78, 221–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prenerov¨¢, E. (1995) Accelerated germination by aeration: a novel method of preparation of germinated blastospores of Paecilomyces farinosus for practical application. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 65, 225–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prior, C., Jollands, P. and le Patourel, G. (1988) Infectivity of oil and water formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) to the cocoa weevil pest Pantorhytes plutus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C. Jr, Fulgham, F. E., Boyette, C. D. and Connick, W. J. Jr (1989) An invert emulsion replaces dew in biocontrol of sicklepod - a preliminary study, in Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems Vol. 8, ASTM 980 (eds D. A. Hovde and G. B. Beestman), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 264–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintela, E. D. and McCoy, C. W. (1997a) Conidial germination enhancement of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana with imidacloprid, in Abstracts of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology Banff, p. 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintela, E. D. and McCoy, C. W. (1997h) Pathogenicity enhancement of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to first instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with sublethal doses of imidacloprid. Environ. Entornol. 26, 1173–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramoska, W. A. (1984) The influence of relative humidity on Beauveria bassiana infectivity and replication on the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 43, 389–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath, A. C. (1992) Metarhizium anisopliae for control of the Tasmanian pasture scarab Adoryphorus couloni, in The Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management (eds T. A. Jackson and T. R. Glare), Intercept, Andover, pp. 217–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravensberg, W. J., Malais, M. and van der Schaaf, D. A. (1990) Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against glasshouse whitefly, in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases Vol 3, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 265–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravensberg, W. J., Van Buysen, A. C. and Berns, R. (1994) Side-effects of pesticides on Verticillium lecanii: in vivo tests on whitefly and aphids. IOBC WPRS Bull. 17, 234–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisinger, O., Fargues, J., Robert, P. and Arnould, M. -F. (1977) Effet de l’argile sur la conservation des microorganismes. 1. Etude ultrastructurale de la biodégradation dans le sol de l’Hyphomyc¨¨te entomopathog¨¨ne Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuille. Ann. Microbial. (Inst. Pasteur) 128B, 271–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rey, L. (1975) Introduction: some basic facts about freeze drying, in Freeze Drying and Advanced Food Technology (eds S. A. Goldblith, L. Rey and W. W. Rothmayr), Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. W. and Sweeney, A. W. (1982) Production of Fungi Imperfecti with vector control potential, in Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Proceedings of the III International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology University of Sussex, Brighton (eds C. C. Payne and H. D. Burges), Society for Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 409–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosin, F., Shapiro, D. I. and Lewis, L. C. (1996) Effects of fertilisers on the survival of Beauveria bassiana. J. Inverbebr. Pathol. 68, 194–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson, P. R., Milner, R. J. and McLennan, P. D. (1994) Field trials of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against Inopus rubriceps (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in sugarcane. Environ. Ent. 23, 749–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, K. D. Z. (1986) Genetical studies and strain selection in Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin for the control of Nilaparvata lugens (St¨¢l), the brown plant hopper of rice, PhD thesis, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, S. S., Rajak, R. C. and Argarwal, G. P. (1993) Studies on prolonged storage of Beauveria bassiana conidia: effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial viability and virulence against chickpea borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 3, 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanyang, A. and Emden, H. F. van. (1996) The combined effects of the fungus Metarhizium fia voviride Gams & Rozsypal and the insecticide cypermethrin on Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire) in the laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, A.J., Ramos, M.E., Poprawski, T.J. et al. (1997) Seasonal patterns of cadaver persistence and sporulation by the fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) infecting Camnula pellucida (Scudder) Orthoptera: Acrididae Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 171, 355–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiter, G., Butt, T. M., Beckett, A. and Moritz, G. (1995) Electron microscope studies of infection by Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viégas of Western flower thrips, in Thrips Biology and Management (eds B. L. Parker, M. Skinner and T. Lewis), Plenum, New York, pp. 297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaath, N. A. (1990) The chemistry of sunscreens, in Sunscreens Development, Evaluation and Regulatory Aspects (eds N. J. Lowe and N. A. Shaath), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 211–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P. A., Douro-Kpindou, O.-K., Sidibé, A., et al. (1998) Field testing of a chemical sunscreen with Metarhizium flavoviride conidia against Krausella amabile (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 8, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebeneicher, S. R., Vinson, S. B. and Kenerley, C. M. (1992) Infection of the red imported fire ant by Beauveria bassiana through various routes of exposure. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 59, 280–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. (1994) Increased infectivity of oil and emulsifiable oil formulations of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conidia to Bemisia tabaci, in Abstracts of the VI International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control Montpellier, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sopp, P. I., Gillespie, A. T. and Palmer, A. (1989) Application of Verticillium lecanii for the control of Aphis gossypii by a low-volume electrostatic rotary atomiser and a high-volume hydraulic sprayer. Entomophaga 34, 417–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, D. M. and Ebben, M. H. (1983) Biological control of cucumber powdery mildew, in Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, 1981 pp. 128–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starcov¨¢, H. and Weiser, J. (1992) Shelf life of Boverol, the formulated bioinsecticide with conidia of Beauveria bassiana in Abstracts of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology Heidelberg, p. 228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stathers, T. E., Moore, D. and Prior, C. (1993) The effect of different temperatures on the stability of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia stored in vegetable and mineral oils. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62, 111–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stimac, J. L., Pereira, R. M., Alves, S. B. and Wood, L. A. (1993a) Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromyces) applied to laboratory colonies of Solenopis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in soil. Environ. Entomol. 86, 348–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stimac, J. L., Pereira, R. M., Alves, S. B. and Wood, L. A. (1993b) Mortality in laboratory colonies of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) treated with Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycetes). J. Econ. Entomol. 86, 1083–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • St Leger, R. J., Butt, T. M., Staples, R. C. and Roberts, D. W. (1989) Synthesis of proteins including a cuticle-degrading protease during differentiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Exp. Mycol. 13, 253–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, G. K. and Gardner, W. A. (1987) Vertical movement of commercially formulated Beauveria bassiana conidia through four Georgia soil types. Environ. Entomol. 16, 178–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, G. K. and Gardner, W. A. (1988) Movement of an aqueous spray of Beauveria bassiana into the profile of four Georgia soils. Environ. Entomol. 17, 135–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, G. K. Gardner, W. A. and Tollner, E. W. (1989) Penetration and persistence of commercially formulated Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil of two tillage systems. Environ. Entomol. 18, 835–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Studdert, J. P., Kaya, H. K. and Duniway, J. M. (1990) Effect of water potential, temperature and clay-coating on survival of Beauveria bassiana conidia in a loam and peat soil. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 55, 417–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, A. W. (1981) The effects of low temperature storage on the infectivity of Culicinomyces conidia for mosquito larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 294–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, A. W. (1989) Formulation development of the fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus for mos-quito control, in Abstracts of the XXII Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology College Park, Maryland, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. B., Cbongboui, C. and Lomer, C. J. (1996) Between-season survival of the grasshopper pathogen Metarhizium flavoviride in the Sahel. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 6 569–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. B., Langewald, J. and Wood, S. N. (1996) Evaluating the effects of a biopesticide on populations of the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus. J. Appl. Ecol. 33 1509–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillemans, F., Lannoye, R. and CoremansPelseneer, J. (1993) Techniques for observation of fungi in soil and fungal effects on plants. Med. Fac. Landbouzvw. Univ. Gent. 58/3b 1229–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vimala Devi, P. S. and Prasad, Y. G. (1996) Compatibility of oils and antifeedants of plant origin with the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 68 91–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walstad, J. D., Anderson, R. F. and Stambaugh, W. J. (1970) Effects of environmental conditions on two species of muscardine fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 16 221–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, M. G. (1984) Formulation of biological insecticides, surfactant and diluent selection, in Advances in Pesticide Formulation Technology (ed. H. B. Scher), American Chemical Society, Washington, pp. 175–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. E. and Kennedy, F. G. (1996) A new biological product for control of major greenhouse pests, in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference ¡ª Pests and Diseases, Vol 3, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp. 885–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrigley, G. (1973) Mineral oils as carriers for ultra-low-volume (ULV) spraying. PANS 19 54–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, F. M. (1981) Screening and application of ultra low volume diluents of Beauveria bassiana preparation. Forest Sci. Tech. (Linye Keji Tongscun) No. 11, 25–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • York, G. T. (1958) Field tests with the fungus Beauveria sp. for control of the European corn borer. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 33 123–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, G. (1982) Effect of high temperatures and artificial sunlight on the viability of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 40, 36–40.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. H. Denis Burges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

H. D. Burges

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burges, H.D. (1998). Formulation of Mycoinsecticides. In: Burges, H.D. (eds) Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6066-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4926-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation