Abstract
The outline of arthropod relationships was clearly and firmly established by Snodgrass (1938) (Figure 8.1). All work on these taxa since then concerns the support for, and discussion of the basic groups he delineated. Although the efforts of Tiegs, Manton, and Anderson (Tiegs and Manton, 1958; Manton, 1964, 1973, 1979; Anderson, 1979) to incorporate functional morphology and observational embryology diverted discussion from Snodgrass' basic principles, the field has returned to the apportionment of variation so productive in the past.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abele, L.G., Kim, W. and Felgenhauer, B.E. (1989) Molecular evidence for the inclusion of the phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 6, 685–91.
Anderson, D.T. (1979) Embryos, fate maps, and the phylogeny of arthropods, in Arthropod Phylogeny (ed. A.P. Gupta) Van Nostrand, New York, pp. 59–106.
Ballard, J.W.O., Olsen, G.J., Faith, D.P., Odgers, W.A, Rowell, D.M. and Atkinson, P.W. (1992) Evidence from 12S ribosomal RNA sequences that onychophorans are modified arthropods. Science, 258, 1345–8.
Boore, J.L., Collins, T.M., Stanton, D., Daehler, L.L. and Brown, W.M. (1995) Deducing the pattern of arthropod phylogeny from mitochondrial rearrangements. Nature, 376, 163–5.
Boudreaux, H.B. (1979) Arthropod Phylogeny with Special Reference to Insects, Wiley and Sons.
Briggs, D.E.G. and Fortey, R.A. (1989) The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups. Science, 246, 241–3.
Field, K.G., Olsen, G.J., Lane, D.J., Giovannoni, S.J., Ghiselen, M.T., Raff, E.C., Pace, N.R. and Raff, R.A. (1988) Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science, 239, 748–53.
Friedrich, M. and Tautz, D. (1995) Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of the myriapods. Nature, 376, 165–7.
Garey, J.R., Krotec, M., Nelson, D.R. and Brooks, J. (1996) Molecular analysis supports a tardigrade–arthropod association. Invertebrate Biology, 115, 79–88.
Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Baguñá, J., Riutort, M. and Ribera, C. (1996) First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 76–84.
Goloboff, P. (1995) NONA. Program and Documentation. Version 1.1
Hendriks, L., De Baere, R., Van Broeckhoven, C. and De Wachter, R. (1988) Primary and a secondary structure of the 18S ribosomal RNA of the insect species Tenebrio molitor. Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 232, 115–20.
Hennig, W. (1981) Insect Phylogeny, John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Translation of Hennig, 1969.)
Kim, W., Yoon, S.M. and Kim, J. (1993) The 18S ribosomal RNA gene of a crustacean branchiopod Bosmina longirostris: comparison with another branchiopod Artemia salina. Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 3583.
Kluge, A. (1989) A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology, 38, 1–25.
Kraus, O. and Kraus, M. (1994) Phylogentic system of Tracheata (Mandibulata): on ‘Myriapoda’—Insecta interrelationships, phylogenetic age and primary ecological niches. Verhandeln naturwissenschaft, 34, 5–31.
Kristensen, N.P. (1995) Forty years’ insect phylogenetic systematics. Zoologische Bieträge, Neue Folge, 36, 83–124.
Lake, J.A. (1990) Origin of the Metazoa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87, 763–6.
Manton, S.M. (1964) Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of arthropods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B, 247, 1–183.
Manton, S.M. (1973) Arthropod phylogeny — a modern synthesis. Journal of Zoology, 171, 111–30.
Manton, S.M. (1977) The Arthropoda. Habits, Functional Morphology and Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Manton, S.M. (1979) Functional morphology and the evolution of the hexapod classes, in Arthropod Phylogeny (ed. A.P. Gupta), Van Nostrand, New York, pp 387–466.
Mickevich, M.F. and Farris, S.J. (1981) The implications of congruence in Menidia. Systematic Zoology, 30, 351–70.
Nelles, L., Fang, B.-L., Volckaert, G., Vandenberghe, A. and De Wachter, R. (1984) Nucleotide sequence of a crustacean 18S ribosomal RNA gene and secondary structure of eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 14, 2345–64.
Nixon, K.N. and Davis, J.I. (1991) Polymorphic taxa, missing values, and cladistic analysis. Cladistics, 7, 233–41.
Platnick, N. (1991) On missing entries in cladistic analysis. Cladistics, 7, 337–43.
Pocock, R.J. (1893) On the classification of the tracheate Arthropoda. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 16, 271–5.
Sharp, P.M. and Li, W.-H. (1987) Molecular evolution of ubiquitin genes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2, 328–32.
Shultz, J.W. (1990) Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics, 6, 1–38.
Snodgrass, R.E. (1938) Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora and Arthropoda. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 97, 1–159.
Spears, T., Abele, L.G. and Applegate, M.A. (1994) Phylogenetic study of cirripedes and selected relatives (Thecostraca) based on 18S rDNA sequence analysis. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 14, 641–56.
Tautz D., Hancock, J.M., Webb, D.A., Tautz, C. and Dover, G.A. (1988) Complete sequence of the rRNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 366–76.
Tiegs, O.W. and Manton, S.M. (1958) The evolution of the Arthropoda. Biological Reviews, 33, 255–337.
Turbeville, J.M., Pfeifer, D.M., Field, K.G. and Raff, R.A. (1991) The phylogenetic status of the arthropods, as inferred from 18S rRNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 8, 669–702.
Weygoldt, P. and Paulus, H.F. (1979) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata. II. Ciadogramme und die Enfaltung der Chelicerata. Zietschrift für Zoolische Systematik und Evolution–Forschung, 17, 117–200.
Wheeler, W.C. (1993) The triangle inequality and character analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10, 707–12.
Wheeler, W.C. (1995) Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Systematic Biology, 44, 321–32.
Wheeler, W.C. (1996) Optimization Alignment: the end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics?, Cladistics (in press).
Wheeler, W.C. (1997) Molecular systematics and arthropods, in Arthropod Fossils and Phytogeny (ed. G.E. Edgecombe), Columbia University Press, New York (in press).
Wheeler, W.C. and Gladstein, D.L. (1992) MALIGN ver. 2.7. Program and Documentation. New York, New York.
Wheeler, W.C, Cartwright, P. and Hayashi, C. (1993) Arthropod phylogenetics: a total evidence approach. Cladistics, 9, 1–39.
Whiting, M.F., Carpenter, J.C., Wheeler, Q.D. and Wheeler, W.C. (1996) The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology (in press).
Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A. and Wilkinson, M. (1995) The significance of fossils in understanding arthropod evolution. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 88, 203–15.
Yoshikura, M. (1975) Comparative embryology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Kumamoto Journal of Sciences Biology, 12, 71–142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wheeler, W.C. (1998). Sampling, groundplans, total evidence and the systematics of arthropods. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (eds) Arthropod Relationships. The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, vol 55. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6057-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4904-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive