Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Free-Radical Polymerization Under High Pressure

  • Chapter
High Pressure Molecular Science

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NSSE,volume 358))

Abstract

Ethene homo- and copolymerizations are important technical processes. At pressures up to about 3000 bar and temperatures up to 300 °C, approximately 16 million tons LDPE (low density polyethylene) have been produced worldwide in 1997. The continued interest in the LDPE process is primarily due to the enormous flexibility of this reaction which is carried out under supercritical (sc) conditions. A particular advantage of free-radical polymerization in sc fluid phase relates to the potential of widely tuning polymer properties just by continuously varying polymerization conditions. Further advantages consist in the tunability of solvent properties (which allows for choosing p and T conditions such that either homogeneity, e.g., for reaction, or inhomogeneity, e.g., for the subsequent separation step, are achieved) and in heat and mass transfer processes being very efficient under sc conditions. It is occasionally overlooked that the high-pressure ethene polymerization is the archetype of an extremely useful and successful sc fluid phase process. The situation met with the high-pressure ethene polymerization is referred to as reactive sc fluid phase. Ethene acts as both reactant and tunable supercritical fluid medium.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. [1] DeSimone, J. M., Guan, Z., Elsbemd, C. S. (1992) Synthesis of Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Science 257, 945–947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. [2] Buback, M. (1994) Absorption Spectroscopy in Fluid Phases, in E. Kiran and J. Levelt-Sengers (eds.), Supercritical Fluids — Fundamentals for Application, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 499–5

    Google Scholar 

  3. Buback, M. and Hinton, C. (1997) Vibrational Spectroscopy in Dense Fluid Phases, in W. B. Holzapfel and N. S. Isaacs (eds.), High-pressure techniques in chemistry and physics: a practical approach, Oxford University Press, pp. 151–186

    Google Scholar 

  4. [4] Olaj, O. F., Bitai, I., Hinkelmann, F. (1987) The Laser-Flash-Initiated Polymerization as a Tool of Evaluating (Individual) Kinetic Constants of Free-Radical Polymerization: 2. The Direct Determination of the Rate Constant of Chain Propagation, Makromol. Chem. 188, 1689–1702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. [5] Olaj, O. F., and Schnöll-Bitai, I. (1989) Laser Flash-Initiated Polymerization as a Tool of Evaluating (Individual) Kinetic Constants of Free-Radical Polymerization: 5. Complete Analysis by Means of a Single Experiment, Eur. Polym. J. 25, 635–641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. [6] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Davis, T. P., Gilbert, R. G., Hutchinson, R. A., Olaj, O. F., Russell, G. T., Schweer, J., van Herk, A. M. (1997) Critically evaluated rate coefficients for free-radical polymerization, 2 Propagation rate coefficients for methyl methacrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 1545–1560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. [7] Buback, M., Gilbert, R. G., Hutchinson, R. A., Klumperman, B., Kuchta, F.-D., Manders, B. G., O’Driscoll, K. F., Russell, G. T., Schweer, J. (1995) Critically evaluated rate coefficients for free-radical polymerization, 1 Propagation rate coefficients for styrene, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 196, 3267–3280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. [8] Hutchinson, R. A., Aronson, M. T., Richards, J. R. (1993) Analysis of Pulsed-Laser-Generated Molecular Weight Distributions for the Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficients, Macromolecules 26, 6410–6415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. [9] Beuermann, S., Paquet, D. A., Jr., McMinn, J. H., Hutchinson, R. A. (1996) Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients of Butyl, 2-Ethylhexyl and Dodecyl Acrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules 29, 4206–4215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Busch, M. and Wahl, A. (1998) The significance of transfer reactions in pulsed laser polymerization experiments, Macromol. Theory Simul. 7, 217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. [11] Manders, L. G. (1997) Pulsed Initiation Polymerization, Universiteitsdrukkerij, Eindhoven

    Google Scholar 

  12. [12] Clay, P. A. and Gilbert, R. G. (1995) Molecular Weight Distribution in Free-Radical Polymerizations. 1. Model Development and Implications for Data Interpretation, Macromolecules 28, 552–569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. [13] Hutchinson, R. A., Paquet, Jr., D. A., McMinn, J. H. (1995) Determination of Free-Radical Chain-Transfer Rate Coefficients by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules 28, 5655–5663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. [14] Kukulj, D., Davis, T. P., Gilbert, R. G. (1998) Chain Transfer to Monomer in the Free-Radical Polymerizations of Methyl Methacrylate and α-Methylstyrene, Macromolecules 31, 994–999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. [15] Christie, D. I. and Gilbert, R. G. (1996) Transfer constants from complete molecular weight distributions, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197, 403–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. [16] Buback, M. and Laemmel, R. A. (1997) Simultaneous determination of free-radical propagation and transfer rates from a novel type of PLP-SEC experiment, Macromol. Theory Simul. 6, 145–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. [17] Lämmel R. A. (1996), Ph.D. Thesis, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  18. [18] Buback, M. and Lämmel, R. A. (1998) Termination rate coefficients derived from PLP-SEC data, Macromol. Theory Simul. 7, 197–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. [19] Wulkow, M. (1996) The simulation of molecular weight distributions in polyreaction kinetics by discrete Galerkin methods, Macromol. Theory Simul. 5, 393–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. [20] Buback, M., Hippler, H., Schweer, J., Vögele, H.-P. (1986) Time-resolved study of laser-induced high-pressure ethylene polymerization, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 7, 261–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. [21] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Russell, G. T. (1995) Kinetics of free-radical solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate over an extended conversion range, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 196, 2493–2516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. [22] Buback, M. and Kowollik, C. (1998) Termination Kinetics of Methyl Methacrylate Free-Radical Polymerization Studied by Time-Resolved Pulsed Laser Experiments, Macromolecules 31, 3211–3215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. [23] Buback, M. and Kuchta, F.-D. (1997) Termination kinetics of free-radical polymerization of styrene over an extended temperature and pressure range, Macromol Chem. Phys. 198, 1455–1480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. [24] Buback, M. and Klingbeil, S. (1995) Hochdruck-Strömungsrohrreaktor zur FT-IR-spektroskopischen Analyse von Initiatorzerfallsreaktionen, Chem. Ing. Tech. 67, 493–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. [25] Buback, M., Busch, M., Lovis, K., Mähling, F.-O. (1995) Mini-Technikumsanlage für Hochdruck-Polymerisationen bei kontinuierlicher Reaktionsführung, Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 67, 1652–1655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. [26] Buback, M., Busch, M., Lovis, K., Mähling, F.-O. (1996) High-pressure free-radical copolymerization of ethene and butyl acrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197, 303–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. [27] Buback, M., Dröge, T., von Herk, A., Mähling, F.-O. (1996) High-Pressure Free-Radical Copolymerization of Ethene and 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 197, 4119–4134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. [28] Buback, M., Busch, M., Lovis, K., Mähling, F.-O. (1994) Entwicklung eines kontinuierlich betriebenen Hochdruck-Hochtemperatur-Rührkessels mit Lichteinkopplung, Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 66, 510–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. [29] Buback, M., Busch, M., Panten, K., Vögele, H.-P. (1992) Direkte spektroskopische Bestimmung von Verweilzeitverteilungen bei Fluidphasenreaktionen bis zu hohem Druck, Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 64, 352–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. [30] Buback, M., Busch, M., Dietzsch, H., Dröge, T., Lovis, K. (1996) Cloud-Point Curves in Ethylene-Acrylate Poly(ethylene-co-acrylate) Systems, in R. von Rohr and Ch. Trepp (eds), Process Technology Proceedings 12, “High Pressure Chemical Engineering”, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 175–1

    Google Scholar 

  31. [31] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Russell, G. T. (1994) Variation with pressure of the propagation rate coefficient in free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 15, 351–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. [32] Buback, M., Geers, U., Kurz, C. H. (1997) Propagation rate coefficients in free-radical homopolymerizations of butyl methacrylate and dodecyl methacrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 3451–3464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. [33] Buback, M. and Kurz, C. H. (1998) Free-radical propagation rate coefficients for cyclohexyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate homopolymerization, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199, 2301–2310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. [34] Buback, M., Kurz, C. H., Schmaltz, C. (1998) Pressure dependence of propagation rate coefficients in free-radical homopolymerizations of methyl acrylate and dodecyl acrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199, 1721–1727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. [35] Buback, M. and Kuchta, F.-D. (1995) Variation with pressure and temperature of the propagation rate coefficient in free-radical bulk polymerization of styrene, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 196, 1887–1898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. [36] Hutchinson, R. A., Beuermann, S., Paquet, D. A., Jr., McMinn, J. H. (1997) The Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Alkyl Methacrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules 30, 3490–3493 Hutchinson, R. A., Beuermann, S., Paquet, D. A., Jr., McMinn, J. H., Jackson, C. (1998) The Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Cycloalkyl and Functional Methacrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules 31, 1542-1547 Zammit, M. D., Coote, M. L., Davis, T. P., Willett, G. D. (1998) Effect of the Ester Side-Chain on the Propagation Kinetics of Alkyl Methacrylates-An Entropic or Enthalpic Effect ?, Macromolecules 31, 955-963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. [37] Beuermann, S. and Buback, M. (1998) Critically-evaluated propagation rate coefficients in free radical polymerizations — II. Alkyl methacrylates, Pure & Appl. Chem. 70, 1415–1416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. [38] Hutchinson, R. A., Richards, J. R., Aronson, M. T. (1994) Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficients by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization for Systems with Rapid Chain Growth: Vinyl Acetate, Macromolecules 27, 4530–4537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. [39] Lyons, R. A., Hutovic, J., Piton, M. C., Christie, D. I., Clay, P. A., Manders, B. G., Kable, S. H., Gilbert, R. G. (1996) Pulsed-Laser Polymerization Measurements of the Propagation Rate Coefficient for Butyl Acrylate, Macromolecules 29, 1918–1927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. [40] Zammit, M. D., Davis, T. P., Willett, G. D., O’Driscoll, K. F. (1997) The Effect of Solvent on the Homo-Propagation Rate Coefficients of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 35, 2311–2321 O’Driscoll, K. F., Monteiro, M. J., Klumperman, B. (1997) The Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on Pulsed Laser Polymerization of Styrene and Methylmethacrylate, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 35, 515-520 Morrison, B. R., Piton, M. C., Winnik, M. A., Gilbert, R. G., Napper, D. H. (1993) Solvent Effects on the Propagation Rate Coefficient for Free Radical Polymerization, Macromolecules 26, 4368-4372 Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Russell, G. T. (1994) Rate of propagation in free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in solution, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 15, 647-65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. [41] Benson, S. W. and North, A. M. (1962) The Kinetics of Free Radical Polymerization under Conditions of Diffusion-controlled Termination, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 935–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. [42] Buback, M. (1990) Free-Radical polymerization to high conversion. A general kinetic treatment, Makromol. Chem. 191, 1575–1587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. [43] Nicholson, A. E. and Norrish, R. G. W. (1956) Polymerization of styrene at high pressures using the sector technique, Disc. Faraday Soc. 22, 104–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. [44] Ogo, Y. and Kyotani, T. (1978) Effect of Pressure on the Termination Rate Constant in Free-Radical Polymerization. Correlation between Rate Constant and Monomer Viscosity, Makromol. Chem. 179, 2407–2417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. [45] Hutchinson, R. A., McMinn, J. H., Paquet, D. A., Jr., Beuermann, S., Jackson, C. (1997) A Pulsed-Laser Study of Penultimate Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics for Methyl Methacrylate/n-Butyl Acrylate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 1103–1113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. [46] Fukuda, T., Ma, Y.-D., Kubo, K., Inagaki, H. (1991) Penultimate-Unit Effects in Free-Radical Copolymerization, Macromolecules 24, 370–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. [47] Buback, M., Isemer, C., Kowollik, C., Lacik, I. (1998), Macromol. Chem. Phys., in preparatio

    Google Scholar 

  48. [48] Russo, S. and Munari, S. (1968) A Model for the termination stage of some Radical Copolymerizations, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. 2, 1321–1332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. [49] Ito, K. and O’Driscoll, K. F. (1979) The termination reaction in Free-Radical Copolymerization. I. Methyl methacrylate and Butyl — or Dodecyl Methacrylate, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 17, 3913–3921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. [50] Fukuda, T., Ide, N., Ma, Y.-D. (1996) Propagation and termination processes in free radical copolymerization, Macromol. Symp. 111, 305–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. [51] Buback, M. and Kowollik, C. (1998) Termination Kinetics in Free-Radical Bulk Copolymerization — The Systems Dodecyl Acrylate — Dodecyl Methacrylate and Dodecyl Acrylate — Methyl Acrylate, Macromolecules, submitted

    Google Scholar 

  52. [52] Kurz, C. H. (1995) Laserinduzierte radikalische Polymerisation von Methylacrylat und Dodecylacrylat in einem weiten Zustandsbereich, Verlag Graphikum, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  53. [53] Bergert, U. (1994) Laserinduzierte radikalische Polymerisation von Butylmethacrylat und Dodecylmethacrylat in einem weiten Zustandsbereich, Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  54. [54] Fukuda, T., Kubo, K., Ma, Y.-D. (1992) Kinetics Of Free Radical Copolymerization, Prog. Polym. Sci. 17, 875–916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. [55] Matsumoto, A. and Otsu, T. (1995) Detailed mechanism of radical high polymerization of sterically hindered Dialkyl fumarates, Macromol. Symp. 98, 139–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. [56] Otsu, T., Yamagishi, K., Matsumoto, A., Yoshioka, M., Watanabe, H. (1993) Effect of α-and β-Ester Alkyl Groups on the Propagation and Termination Rate Constants for Radical Polymerization of Dialkyl Itaconates, Macromolecules 26, 3026–3029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. [57] Schweer, J. (1988), Ph.D. Thesis, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  58. [58] Buback, M. and Schweer, J. (1989) Conversion and Chain-Length Dependence of Rate Coefficients in Free-Radical Polymerization, Z. Phys. Chem. N.F. 161, 153–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. [59] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Busch, M. (1998) Free-Radical Polymerization in Reactive Supercritical Fluids, in W. Leitner (ed.), “Chemical Synthesis using Supercritical Fluids” VCH, Weinheim, in press

    Google Scholar 

  60. [60] Buback, M. Choe, C.-R., Franck, E. U. (1984) Thermisch und UV-photochemisch initiierte Hochdruckpolymerisation des Ethylens, 1, Molmassen-Mittelwerte, Makromol. Chem. 185, 1685–1697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. [61] Buback, M. Choe, C.-R., Franck, E. U. (1984) Thermisch und UV-photochemisch initiierte Hochdruckpolymerisation des Ethylens, 2, Molmassen-Verteilung, Makromol. Chem. 185, 1699–1717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. [62] McCord, E. F., Shaw, W. H., Jr., Hutchinson, R. A. (1997) Short-Chain Branching Structures in Ethylene Copolymers Prepared by High-Pressure Free-Radical Polymerization: An NMR Analysis, Macromolecules 30, 246–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. [63] von Boxtel, H. C. M., Buback, M., Busch, M., Lehmann, S. (1998) Long-and Short-Chain Branching in Ethene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers Studied by Quantitative 13C-NMR Spectroscopy, Macromol. Chem. Phys., in preparation

    Google Scholar 

  64. [64] von Herk, A. M. (1995) Least-Squares Fitting by Visualization of the Sum of Squares Space, J. Chem. Educ. 72, 138–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. [65] Buback, M. and Dröge, T. (1997) High-pressure free-radical copolymerization of ethene and methyl acrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 3627–3638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. [66] Buback, M. and Dröge, T. (1998) High-pressure free-radical copolymerization of ethene and butyl methacrylate, Macromol. Chem. Phys., in press

    Google Scholar 

  67. [67] McHugh, M. A., Rindfleisch, F., Kuntz, P. T., Schmaltz, C., Buback, M. (1998) Cosolvent effect of alkyl acrylates on the phase behavior of poly(alkyl acrylates)-supercritical CO2 mixtures, Polymer 39, 6049–6052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. [68] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Kuchta, F.-D., Schmaltz, C. (1998) Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Methyl Methacrylate and n-Butyl Acrylate Homopolymerization in CO 2, Macromol Chem. Phys. 199, 1209–1216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. [69] Dionisio, J., Mahabadi, H. K., O’Driscoll, FC. F., Abuin, E., Lissi, A. (1979) High-Conversion Polymerization. IV. A Definition of the Onset of the Gel Effect, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 17, 1891–1900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. [70] O’Driscoll, K. F. (1977) Pressure dependence of the Termination Rate Constant in Free Radical Polymerization Makromol. Chem. 178, 899–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. [71] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Schmaltz, C. (1998) Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Butyl Acrylate Propagation Rate Coefficients in Fluid CO2, Macromolecules 31, 8069–8074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. [72] von Herk, A. M., Manders, B. G., Canelas, D. A., Quadir, M. A., DeSimone, J. M. (1997) Propagation Rate Coefficients of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate in Supercritical CO2, Macromolecules 30, 4780–4782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. [73] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Schmaltz, C. (1998) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., in preparation

    Google Scholar 

  74. [74] Beuermann, S., Buback, M., Iserner, C., Wahl, A. (1998), Macromol. Chem. Phys., in preparation

    Google Scholar 

  75. [75] Buback, M., Klingbeil, S., Sandmann, J., Sderra, M.-B., Vögele, H.-P., Wackerbarth, H., Wittkowski, L. (1998) Pressure and temperature dependence of the decomposition rate of tert-butyl peroxypivalate, Z. Phys. Chem., in press

    Google Scholar 

  76. [76] Neuman, R. C. and Behar, J. V. (1969) Cage Effects and Activation Volumes for Homolytic Scission Reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 6024–6031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. [77] Buback, M. and Lendle, H. (1982) Die Kinetik des Zerfalls von tert-Butylperoxypivalat bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen, Z. Naturforsch. 36a, 1371–1377

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Sabine Beuermann & Michael Buback

Authors
  1. Sabine Beuermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Buback
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

    Roland Winter

  2. School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Jiri Jonas

Additional information

Dedicated to Professor Heinz Georg Wagner on the occasion of his 70th birthday

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beuermann, S., Buback, M. (1999). Free-Radical Polymerization Under High Pressure. In: Winter, R., Jonas, J. (eds) High Pressure Molecular Science. NATO Science Series, vol 358. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4669-2_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4669-2_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-5807-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4669-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation