Abstract
At lab-scale, issues such as inhomogeneity and polycrystallinity are especially important to the fracture of S1 freshwater ice. S1 freshwater ice is typically composed of large grains with predominantly vertical c-axes. Because of the very large grain sizes that one can encounter in S1 macrocrystalline ice sheets, it is essential that the effects of sample size on the fracture behavior be determined. In other words, are small scale (lab-scale) results applicable at larger scales (at the scale of ice-structure interactions, for instance)? To answer this question, a set of lab- to structural-scale (0.34 < L < 28.64 m) fracture tests were conducted on S1 freshwater lake ice at Spray Lakes, Alberta, using the base-edge-notched reverse-tapered plate geometry and covering a size range of 1:81. A Bažant-type size effect analysis of the measured fracture strengths (which do reveal a significant dependence on scale) is unexpectedly clouded by the fact that the data collected violates the associated scatter requirements, even though the size range tested is large. Moreover, via Hillerborg’s fictitious crack model, large fracture energies were back-calculated (of order 20 J/m2), but for miniscule process zone sizes; in addition, not all of the measured deformations for each test could be matched simultaneously. Apparently, these very warm S1 macrocrystalline lake ice experiments were dominated by nonlocal deformation and energy release rate mechanisms, in all likelihood brought about by grain boundary sliding. The reduced effectiveness of both the Bažant-type size effect analysis and Hillerborg’s fictitious crack model is due mainly to the lack of crack growth stability achieved in the experiments. These unstable fractures truncated the fracture process. Given the irregular and large grain structure, the very warm ice temperatures, and the diffuse grain boundary surface energy, there is a marked dependence on specimen size to grain size ratio and distinctly non-unique pre-failure process zones occurred. Micromechanical simulations are required to resolve these coupled issues.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdel-Tawab, K. and Rodin, G.J. (1993a). On the relevance of linear elastic fracture mechanics to ice. International Journal of Fracture 62, 171–181.
Abdel-Tawab, K. and Rodin, G.J. (1993b). Interpretation of results of the fracture toughness tests on ice. Ice Mechanics - 1993 (Edited by J.P. Dempsey, Z.P. Bažant, Y.D.S. Rajapakse and S.S. Sunder), ASME AMD - Vol. 163, New York, 49–5.
Abdel-Tawab, K. and Rodin, G.J. (1999). Fracture size effects and polycrystalline inhomogeneity. International Journal of Fracture Vol ??, pp. 000–000.
Ballarini, R., Mullen, R.L. and Heuer, A.H. (1999). The effects of heterogeneity and anisotropy on the size effect in cracked polycrystalline films. International Journal of Fracture 95, 19–39.
Bažant, Z. P. (1984). Size effect in blunt fracture: concrete, rock, metal. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 110,518–535.
Bažant, Z.P., Kim, J.K. and Pfeiffer, P.A. (1986). Nonlinear fracture properties from size effect tests. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering 112, 289–307.
Bažant, Z.P. (1996). Analysis of work-of-fracture method for measuring fracture energy of concrete. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 122, 138–144.
Bentley, D.L., Dempsey, J.P., Sodhi, D.S. and Wei, Y. (1989). Fracture toughness of S2 columnar freshwater ice: large scale DCB tests. Cold Regions Science and Technology 17, 7–20.
Butiagin, I.P. Strength of Ice and Ice Cover, Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk.
Carpinteri, A. (1982). Notch sensitivity in fracture testing of aggregative materials. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 16, 467–481.
Danilenko, V.I. (1985). Determination of crack resistance (K 1c ) of freshwater ice. Mechanics of Solids 20, 131–136.
DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1990). Crack growth stability in S2 ice. Proceedings of the 10th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Vol. 1, 168–181.
DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1992). Crack growth stability in saline ice. Mechanics of Creep Brittle Materials-2 (Edited by A.C.F. Cocks and A.R.S. Ponter), Elsevier Applied Science. London, 25–36.
DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1994). Crack propagation and fracture resistance in saline ice. Journal of Glaciology 40, 451–462.
DeFranco, S.J., Wei, Y. and Dempsey, J.P. (1991). Notch acuity effects on fracture toughness of saline ice. Annals of Glaciology 15, 230–235.
Dempsey, J.P. (1991). The fracture toughness of ice. Ice-Structure Interaction (Edited by S.J. Jones, R.F. McKenna, J. Tillotson and I.J. Jordaan), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 109–145.
Dempsey, J.P. and Wei, Y. (1989). Fracture toughness K Q and fractography of Si type freshwater ice. Advances in Fracture Research (Edited by K. Salama, K. Ravi-Chandar, D.M.R. Taplin and P. Rama Rao), Pergamon Press, Vol. V, 3421–3428.
Dempsey, J.P., Adamson, R.M. and DeFranco, S.J. (1995). Fracture analysis of base-edge-cracked reverse-tapered plates. International Journal of Fracture 69, 281–294.
Dempsey, J.P., Adamson, R.M. and Mulmule, S.V. (1999). Scale effects on the in-situ strength and fracture of ice. Part II: First-year sea ice at Resolute, N.W.T. International Journal of Fracture 95, 347–366.
Dempsey, J.P., Nigam, D. and Cole, D.M. (1988). The flexure and fracture of macrocrystalline S1 type freshwater ice. Proceedings of the 7th International OMAE Conference, Vol. IV, 39–46.
Dempsey, J.P., Wei, Y. and DeFranco, S.J. (1992). Notch sensitivity and brittleness in fracture testing of S2 columnar freshwater ice. International Journal of Fracture 53, 101–120.
Earle, E.N., Frederking, R.M.W., Gavilo, V.P., Goodman, D.J., Hausler, F.U., Mellor, M., Petrov, I.G. and Vaudrey, K. (1984). IAHR-recommendations on testing methods of ice. 4th Report of Working Group on Testing Methods in Ice. Proceedings of the 7th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Hamburg, Germany, Vol. IV, 1–41.
Elvin, A.A. (1996). Number of grains required to homogenize elastic properties of polycrystalline ice. Mechanics of Materials 22, 51–64.
Gandhi, C. and Ashby, M.F. (1979). Fracture-mechanism maps for materials which cleave: F.C.C., B.C.C. and H.C.P. metals and ceramics. Acta Metallurgica 27, 1565–1602.
Gow, A.J. (1986). Orientation textures in ice sheets of quietly frozen lakes. Journal of Crystal Growth 74, 247–258.
Gow, A.J. and Veda, H.T. (1989). Structure and temperature-dependence of the flexural properties of laboratory fresh-water ice sheets. Cold Regions Science and Technology 16, 249–269.
Hillerborg, A., Modeer, M. and Petersson, P.E. (1976). Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cement and Concrete Research 6, 773–782.
Hsia, K.J., Parks, D.M. and Argon, A.S. (1991). Effects of grain boundary sliding on creep-constrained boundary cavitation and creep deformation. Mechanics of Materials 11, 43–62.
Jones, S.J. and Chew, H.A.M. (1981). On the grain-size dependence of secondary creep. Journal of Glaciology 27, 517–518.
Kennedy, K., Blanchet, D., Prodanovic, A., Dempsey, J.P., DeFranco, S.J., Spencer, P.A. and Masterson, D. (1993). Large-scale ice fracture experiments. Proceedings of the 12th International POAC Conference, Hamburg, Germany, Vol. 2, 527–536.
Kollé, J.J. (1981). Fracture toughness of ice; crystallographic anisotropy. Proceedings of the 6th International POAC Conference, Quebec City, Vol. I, 366–374.
Laws, N. and Lee, J.C. (1989). Microcracking in polycrystalline ceramics: elastic isotropy and thermal anisotropy. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 37, 603–618.
Mai, Y-W., Atkins, A.G. and Caddell, R.M. (1975). On the stability cracking in wedge tapered DCB specimens. International Journal of Fracture 11, 939–953.
Michel, B. and Ramseier, R.O. (1971). Classification of river and lake ice. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 8, 35–45.
Mulmule, S.V. and Dempsey, J.P. (1997). Stress-separation curves for saline ice using the fictitious crack model. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 123, 870–877.
Mulmule, S.V. and Dempsey, J.P. (1998). A viscoelastic fictitious crack model for the fracture of sea ice. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 1, 331–356.
Nanthikesan, S. and Sunder, S.S. (1995). Tensile cracks in polycrystalline ice under transient creep. Part II - numerical simulations. Mechanics of Materials 21, 281–301.
Onck, P. and Van der Giessen, E. (1997). Influence of microstructural variations on steady state creep and facet stresses in 2-D freely sliding polycrystals. International Journal of Solids and Structures 34, 703–726.
Ortiz, M. and Suresh, S. (1993). Statistical properties of residual stresses and intergranular fracture in ceramic materials. Journal of Applied Mechanics 60, 77–84.
Parsons, B.L. and Snellen, J.B. (1985). Fracture toughness of fresh water prototype ice and carbamide model ice. Proceedings of the 8th International POAC Conference, Narssarssuaq, Greenland, Vol. I, 128–137.
Shapiro, L.H., Hoskins, E.R., Nelson, R.D. and Metzner, R.C. (1979). Flatjack methods of in-situ measurements of the mechanical properties of sea ice. ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology 101, 196–202.
Stehn, L.M., DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1994). Fracture resistance determination of freshwater ice using a chevron notched tension specimen. International Journal of Fracture 65, 313–328.
Stehn, L.M., DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1995a). Orientation effects on the fracture of pond (Si) ice. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 51, 431–445.
Stehn, L.M., DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1995b). Specimen geometry effects on fracture of warm pond (S1) ice. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 121, 16–25.
Van Mier, J.G.M. (1992). Scaling in tensile and compressive fracture of concrete. Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Reinforced Concrete (Edited by A. Carpinteri), Elsevier Applied Science, London, 95–135.
Van Vliet, M.R.A. and Van Mier, J.G.M. (1998). Experimental and numerical investigation of size/scale effects in concrete fracture. Material Instabilities in Solids. (Edited R. De Borst and E. Van der Giessen), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 185–206.
Weeks, W.F. and Assur, A. (1972). Fracture of lake and sea ice. Fracture (Edited by H. Liebowitz), Vol. VII, 879–978.
Wei, Y., DeFranco, S.J. and Dempsey, J.P. (1991). Crack fabrication techniques and their effects on the fracture toughness and CTOD for fresh-water columnar ice. Journal of Glaciology 37, 270–280.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dempsey, J.P., Defranco, S.J., Adamson, R.M., Mulmule, S.V. (1999). Scale effects on the in-situ tensile strength and fracture of ice. Part I: Large grained freshwater ice at Spray Lakes Reservoir, Alberta. In: Bažant, Z.P., Rajapakse, Y.D.S. (eds) Fracture Scaling. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4659-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4659-3_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5965-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4659-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive