Abstract
Extensive fuel operational experience has been gained at 20 VVER-1000 reactors (cumulative loading of ∼7000 fuel assemblies) and 28 VVER-440 reactors (cumulative loading of ∼18000 fuel assemblies) with maximum burnups to 49-50 GWD/MTU. Further increases in burnup are anticipated with the implementation of four year fuel residence times at V VER-440 units and three year fuel residence times at VVER-1000 units using low leakage loading patterns. Higher burnups will also be achieved with the introduction of both zirconium spacer grids and zirconium control rod guide tubes in the fuel assemblies.
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Novikov, A.N., Pavlov, V.I., Pavlovichev, A.M., Proselkov, V.N., Saprykin, V.V., Shishkov, I.K. (1999). Prospects for Improvement of Vver Fuel Management and Mox Utilization. In: Parish, T.A., Khromov, V.V., Carron, I. (eds) Safety Issues Associated with Plutonium Involvement in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle. NATO Science Series, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4591-6_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4591-6_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
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