Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made recently in modelling the morphology and kinematics of centers of galaxies. Increasingly realistic models are built for central bar, bulge, nucleus and black hole of galaxies, including our own. The newly revived Schwarzschild method has played a central role in these theoretical modellings. Here I will highlight some recent work at Leiden on extending the Schwarzschild method in a few directions. After a brief discussion of (i) an analytical approach to include stochastic orbits (Zhao 1996), and (ii) the “pendulum effect” of loop and boxlet orbits (Zhao, Carollo, de Zeeuw 1999), I will concentrate on the very promising (iii) spectral dynamics method, with which not only can one obtain semi-analytically the actions of individual orbits as previously known, but also many other physical quantities, such as the density in configuration space and the line-of-sight velocity distribution of a superposition of orbits (Copin, Zhao & de Zeeuw 1999). The latter method also represents a drastic reduction of storage space for the orbit library and an increase in accuracy over the grid-based Schwarzschild method.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarseth S. & Binney J. 1976: MNRAS, 185, 227
Arnold R., de Zeeuw P.T., Ĥunter C.: 1994, MNRAS, 271, 924
Barnes J.: 1996, in the formation of Galaxies, Proc. 5th Carnary Islands Winter School of Astrophys., Munoz-Tunon ed., (Cambridge U. Press), p 399
Binney J.: 1982, ARAA, 20, 399
Binney J., Spergel, D.: 1982, ApJ, 252, 308
Carpintero D.D., Aguilar L.A.: 1998, MNRAS, 298, 1
Copin Y., Zhao H. & de Zeeuw P.T.: 1998, in preparation
Dejonghe H. et al.: 1995, A&A, 306, 363
de Zeeuw P.T.: 1996, in Gravitational Dynamics, Proc. 36th Herstmonceux Conf., Lahav, Terlevich & Terlevich eds, Cambridge U. Press
Eddington A.S.: 1916, MNRAS, 76, 572
Freeman K.: 1966, MNRAS, 134, 15
Fux R.: 1997, ASA, 327, 983
Gerhard O.: 1994, in Galactic Dynamics & N-body Simulations, Proc. 6th European Summer School, Contopoulos & Spyrou ed., (Springer), p191
Gerhard O.E., Binney J.J.: 1985, MNRAS, 216, 467
Hunter C. & Qian E.: 1993, MNRAS, 262, 401
Kaasalainen M. & Binney J.: 1994, MNRAS, 268, 1033
Kormendy J. & Richstone D.: 1995, ARA&A, 33, 581
Merritt D.: 1996, in The Nature of Elliptical Galaxies, 2nd Stromlo Symposium, Arnaboldi, Da Costa and Saha eds
Merritt D.: 1999, PASP, 111, 129
Merritt D.R., Fridman T.: 1996, ApJ, 460, 136
Merritt D.R., Valluri M.: 1996, ApJ, 471, 82
Papaphilipou, Y, Laskar, J.: 1996, A&A, 307, 427
Pfenniger D.: 1984, A&A, 141, 171
Pfenniger D., de Zeeuw P.T.: 1989, in Dynamics of Dense Stellar Systems, D. Merritt ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, 81
Qian E.E. et al.: 1995, MNRAS, 274, 602
Qian E.E., de Zeeuw P.T., van der Marel R.P. and Hunter C: 1995, MNRAS, 274, 602
Ratcliff S.J., Chang K.M. & Schwarzschild M.: 1984, ApJ, 279, 610
Richstone, D. & Tremaine, S. 1988, ApJ, 327, 82
Rix H.-W. et al. 1997, ApJ, 488, 706
Schwarzschild M.: 1979, ApJ, 232, 236
Schwarzschild M.: 1982, ApJ, 263, 599
Sridhar S. and Tourna J.: 1997, MNRAS, 287, L1
Statler T. S.: 1987, ApJ, 321, 113
Statler T. S.: 1991, A.J., 102, 882
Syer D., Zhao H.S.: 1998, MNRAS, 296, 407
Teuben P.: 1987, MNRAS, 227, 815
van der Marel R.P. et al.: 1998, ApJ, 493, 613
Vandervoort P.O.: 1980, ApJ, 240, 478
Wilkinson A. & James R.A.: 1982, MNRAS, 199, 171
Wozniak H. & Pfenniger D.: 1997, A&A, 317, 14
Zhao H.S.: 1996, MNRAS, 283, 149
Zhao H.S., Carollo CM. & de Zeeuw P.T.: 1999, MNRAS, in press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhao, H. (1999). Building Galaxy Models with Schwarzschild Method and Spectral Dynamics. In: Henrard, J., Ferraz-Mello, S. (eds) Impact of Modern Dynamics in Astronomy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4527-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4527-5_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5930-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4527-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive