Abstract
I received two invitations to this meeting: in the first unofficial one I was asked to speak ”on the transport properties of dense gases”. This involves the generalization of the Boltzmann equation to higher densities, a topic on which I have worked for more than 35 years. Later, I also received an official invitation, in which I was asked to give a lecture of “a generalized character”. Although the first topic would be a natural and relatively easy one, since I have spoken on it often and thought about it a lot, the second one seemed much more difficult but irresistibly challenging, in allowing me to view Boltzmann’s work in the last century from the perspective of the end of this century. This seems at first sight to be a precarious undertaking for a research scientist, but, as I hope to make clear to you, there may be advantages to this. While the historian of science is able to place the work of a scientist of the past in the context of that of his contemporaries, the research scientist can place the work of that scientist in the context of present day research and, up to a point, identify with his difficulties and achievements in the past on the basis of his own experience in the present day. I embark then on my perilous self-imposed task in the hope of providing some new perspectives on Boltzmann and his work, which are, I hope, historically not too inaccurate as far as the past is concerned, and stimulating, if not provocative, as far as the future is concerned.
The author and editor are very grateful to the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome for giving their permission to republish this lecture, which was first published in issue 131 of the Atti Dei Convegni Lincei. That issue contains this and all other lectures presented at an International Conference “Boltzmann’s Legacy -150 Years After His Birth”, organized by the Accademia dei Lincei, 25-28 May, 1994, in Rome.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
L. Boltzmann, “Über die mechanische Bedentung des Zweiten Hauptsatzes der Wärmetheorie”, Wien. Ber. 53, 195–220 (1866); Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (W.A.), F. Hasenöhrl, ed., (Chelsea Publ. Co., New York, 1968) Band I, pp. 9-33.
L. Boltzmann, ”Studien über das Gleichgewicht der lebendigen Kraft zwischen bewegten Materiellen Punkten”, Wien. Ber. 58, 517–560 (1868); W.A. Band I, pp. 49-96; id., “Lösung eines mechanisches Problems”, Wien. Ber. 58, 1035-1044 (1868); W. A. Band I, p. 97.
See also, L. Boltzmann, Über das Wärmegleichgewicht van Gasen auf welche äuszere Kräfte wirken”, Wien. Ber. 72, 427–457 (1875); W.A. Band II, pp. 1-30.
L. Boltzmann, (a) “Über das Wärmegleichgewicht zwischen mehratomigen Gas-molekulen”, Wien. Ber. 63, 397–418 (1871); W.A. Band I, pp. 237-258; (b) id., “Einige allgemeine Sätze über Wärmegleichgewicht”, Wien. Ber. 63, 679-711 (1871); W.A. Band I, pp. 259-287; (c) id., “Analytischer Beweis des zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorie aus den Sätzen über das gleichgewicht der lebendigen Kraft”, Wien. Ber. 63, 712-732 (1871); W.A. Band I, pp. 288-308; (d) id., “Neuer Beweis zweier Sätze über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter mehratomigen Gasmolekülen”, Wien. Ber. 95, 153-164 (1887); W.A. Band III, pp. 272-282.
Of Boltzmann’s about 140 scientific papers around 18 deal with the Second Law and 16 deal with Maxwell’s equilibrium distribution function or both.
L. Boltzmann, “Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen”, Wien. Ber. 66, 275–370 (1872); W.A. Band I, pp. 316-402.
See ref. 6, W.A., Band I. p. 345.
L. Boltzmann, “Bemerkungen über einige Probleme der mechanischen Wärmetheorie”, Wien. Ber. 74, 62–100 (1877), section II; W.A. Band II, pp. 112-148, section II.
L. Boltzmann, “Entgegnung auf die Wärmetheoretischen Betrachtungen des Hrn. E. Zermelo”, Wied. Ann. 57, 778–784 (1896); W.A. Band III, pp. 567-578; (b) id. “Zu Hrn. Zermelos Abhandlung ‘Über die mechanische Erklärung irreversibler Vorgänge’”, Wied. Ann. 60, 392-398 (1897), W. A. Band III, pp. 579-586; (c) id. “Über einen mechanischen Satz Poincaré’s”, Wien. Ber. 106, 12-20 (1897); W. A. Band III, pp. 587-595.
(a) P. and T. Ehrenfest, “Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik”, Enzycl. d. Mathem. Wiss. IV, 2, II, Heft 6, 3-90 (1912), pp. 30–32 or in P. Ehrenfest, Collected Papers 213-309 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1959), pp. 240-242; (b) P. and T. Ehrenfest, The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, M.J. Moravcsik, tr., (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 1959), pp. 20-22.
The Energeticists wanted to explain all natural phenomena on the basis of energy alone, the most general “substance” present in the world. All phenomena were then continuous transformations of energy.
” note well”.
A. J. Kox, “H. A. Lorentz’s Contributions to Kinetic Gas Theory”, Ann. Sci. 47, 591–606 (1990), p. 602.
A. J. Kox, l.c. p. 598.
L. Boltzmann, “Über die Beziehung swischen dem zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wäxmetheorie und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung respektive den Sätzen über des Wärmegleichgewicht”, Wien. Ber. 76, 373–435 (1877); W. A. Band II, pp. 164-223.
Ref. 15, p. 164.
Cf. A. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes” in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, P. A. Schilp, ed., (The Library of Living Philosophers, Vol. VII, Evanston, IL, 1949), pp. 47-49. See also: B. Hoffman, Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel, (New Amer. Libr., New York 1972) pp. 58-59.
See, e.g., E. G. D. Cohen, “Fifty Years of Kinetic Theory”, Physica A 194, 229–257 (1993).
L. Boltzmann, Vorlesungen über Gastheorie, 2 vols (Barth, Leipzig, 1896, 1898); engl. transi, by S. G. Brush as Lectures on Gas Theory, (Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, 1964).
L. Boltzmann, “Vorlesunger über Maxwell’s Elektrizitätstheorie” (Aus den Mitteilungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Graz. August 1873.) in Populäre Schriften, 2nd ed., (Barth, Leipzig, 1919) pp. 11–24.
J. C. Maxwell, “On Faraday’s Lines of Force”, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 10, 27–83 (1856); Scientific Papers 1, (Cambridge, U. K., 1890), p. 155.
L. Boltzmann, “Über die Entwicklung der Methoden der theoretischen Physik in neuerer Zeit”, in Populäre Schriften, 2nd ed., (Barth, Leipzig, 1919) pp. 198–227.
Ref. 22, pp. 204-205.
Ref. 4b, pp. 259-260.
J. C. Maxwell, “On Boltzmann’s theorem on the average distribution of energy in a system of material points”, Cambr. Phil. Soc. Trans. 12, 547–575 (1879); Scientific Papers 2, (Cambridge, U. K., 1890), pp. 713-741. See also ref. 28, p. 123.
Ref. 25, p. 715.
See, e.g. M.J. Klein, “The Maxwell-Boltzmann Relationship”, in A.I.P. Conference Proceedings, Transport Phenomena, J. Kestin, ed., (Amer. Inst. Phys., New York, 1973) pp. 300–307.
L. Boltzmann, “Über die Eigenschaften monozyklischen und andere damit verwandter Systeme”, Zeitschr. f. R. u. Angew. Math (Crelles Journal) 98, 68–94 (1884); W. A. Band III, pp. 122-152. See also: G. Gallavotti, “Ergodicity, Ensembles and Irreversibilité’, J. Stat. Phys. 78, 1571-1589 (1995).
Ref. 28, p. 123, footnote 1.
Ref. 28, p. 122.
L. Boltzmann, “Über einige Fälle, wo die lebendige Kraft nicht integrierender Nenner des Differentials der zugeführten Energie ist”, Wien. Ber. 92, 853-875 (1885); W.A. Band III, pp. 153-175; (b) id., “Neuer Beweis eines von Helmholtz aufgestellten Theorems betreffende die Eigenschaften monozyclischen Systeme”, Gött. Nachr. 209-213 (1886); W.A. Band III, pp. 176-181.
See e.g.,L. Boltzmann, “Über die Unentbehrlichkeit der Atomistik in der Naturwissenschaften” in Populäre Schriften, 2nd ed., (Barth, Leipzig, 1919) pp. 141–157; (b) ref. 22, p. 216.
See ref. 28, p. 134.
See ref. 10a, p. 30, footnote 83; ref. 10b, p. 89, note 88.
G. D. Birkhoff, (a) “Proof of the Ergodic Theorem”, Proc. Nat. Acad. USA 17, 656–660 (1931); (b) id., “Probability and Physical Systems”, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc, 361-379 (1932); (c) G. D. Birkhoff and B. 0. Koopman, “Recent Contributions to the Ergodic Theory”, Proc. Nat. Acad. USA 18, 279-287 (1932) and (d) G. D. Birkhoff and P. A. Smith, “Structure Analysis of Surface Transformations”, J. Math. Pures Appl. 7, 345-379 (1928). See also: A. I. Khinchin, Mathematical Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, (Dover, New York, 1949) Ch. II, pp. 19-32; E. Hopf, Ergodentheoric, (Chelsea Publ. Co., New York, 1948).
J. W. Gibbs, Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1902; also Dover Publications, New York, 1960).
Ref 36, pp. 42-45.
Ref 10a, pp. 53-70; 10b, pp. 44-63.
L. S. Ornstein, “Toepassing der Statistische Mechanica van Gibbs op Molekulair-Theoretische Vraagstukken”, Leiden (1908).
See e.g. J. P. Eckmann and D. Ruelle, “Ergodic Theory of Chaos and Strange Attractors”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 617–656 (1985), p. 639.
J. C. Maxwell, “Tait’s Thermodynamics”, Nature 17, 257–259 (1878); The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell Vol. 2, (Dover Publ., New York, 1952), p. 669.
D. J. Evans and G. P. Morriss, Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids, (Academic Press, New York, 1990) p. 171.
D. J. Evans, E. G. D. Cohen, and G. P. Morriss, “Probability of Second Law Violations in Shearing Steady States”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2401–2404 (1993); id. 71, 3616 (1993).
G. Gallavotti and E. G. D. Cohen, “Dynamical Ensembles in Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2694–2697 (1995); ibid., “Dynamical Ensembles in Stationary States”, J. Stat. Phys. 80, 931-970 (1995).
D. J. Evans, E. G. D. Cohen, and G. P. Morriss, “Viscosity of a simple fluid from its maximal Lyapunov exponents”, Phys. Rev. A 42, 5990–5997 (1990); See also: H. A. Posch and W. G. Hoover, “Lyapunov Instability of Dense Lennard-Jones Fluids”, Phys. Rev. A 38, 473-482 (1988); id., “Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Lyapunov Spectra for Dense Fluids and Solids”, Phys. Rev. A 39, 2175-2188 (1989).
P. Gaspard and G. Nicolis, “Transport Properties, Lyapunov Exponents and Entropy Per Unit Time”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1693–1696 (1990).
P. Cvitanovič, P. Gaspard, and T. Schreiber, “Investigation of the Lorentz Gas in Terms of Periodic Orbits”, Chaos 2, 85–90 (1992); (b) W. W. Vance, “Unstable Periodic Orbits and Transport Properties of Nonequilibrium Steady States”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1356-1359 (1992).
G. Morriss and L. Rondoni, “Periodic Orbit Expansions for the Lorentz Gas”, J. Stat. Phys. 75, 553–584 (1994); (b) G. P. Morriss, L. Rondini, and E. G. D. Cohen, “A Dynamical Partition Function for the Lorentz Gas”, J. Stat. Phys. 80, 35-43 (1994).
N. J. Chernov, G. L. Eyink, J. L. Lebowitz, and Ya. G. Sinai, “Derivation of Ohm’s Law in a Deterministic Mechanical Model”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2209–2212 (1993); id. “Steady State Electrical Conduction in the Periodic Lorentz Gas”, Comm. Math. Phys. 154, 569-601 (1993).
Ref. 40, p. 636.
I am indebted for this suggestion to Prof. B. Knight of The Rockefeller University.
See, e.g., F. E. Manuel, A Portrait of Isaac Newton, (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA 1968).
Exceptions are, e.g., M. J. Klein, Paul Ehrenfest, Vol. I, (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970); C. W. F. Everitt, “Maxwell’s Scientific Creativity,” in Springs of Scientific Creativity, R. Aris, H. T. Davis, and R. H. Stuewer, eds., (Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN 1983) Ch. 4, p. 71-141; M. Dresden, H. A. Kramers: Between Tradition and Revolution, (Springer Verlag, New York, 1987) and W. Moore, Schrödinger, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989).
H. A. Lorentz, “Ludwig Boltzmann”, Commemoration oration at the meeting of the German Physical Society, 17 May 1907; Verhandl. Deutsch. Physik. Gesells. 12, 206–238 (1907); Collected Works, Vol. IX, p. 389.
Ref. 22, pp. 226, 227.
See e.g. L. Boltzmann, “Statistische Mechanik” in réf. 22, p. 358.
Ref. 22, p. 227: “O unbescheidener Sterbliche! Dein Los ist die Freude am Anblicke des wogenden Kampfes!”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cohen, E.G.D. (2000). Boltzmann and Statistical Mechanics. In: Karkheck, J. (eds) Dynamics: Models and Kinetic Methods for Non-equilibrium Many Body Systems. NATO Science Series, vol 371. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4365-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4365-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6554-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4365-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive