Skip to main content

Detectability of Intelligent Life in the Universe: A Search Based in our Knowledge of the Laws of Nature

  • Conference paper

Abstract

Almost forty years ago, the Space Science board of the US National Academy of Sciences considered it appropriate to sponsor a preliminary examination of the problem of extraterrestrial intelligent life in the universe. An informal conference was held in November 1961, at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, West Virginia. The purpose of the discussions was to examine the prospects for the existence of other societies in the galaxy with whom communications might be possible; to attempt an estimate of their number; to consider some of the technical problems involved in the establishment of communication; and to examine ways in which our understanding of the problem might be improved [70]. To facilitate orderly discussion, one of host organizers, Frank Drake1, sought to formulate the conference’s central problem as an equation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Anderson, D.P.; Werthimer, D.; Cobb, J.; Korpela, E.; Lebofsky, M.; Gedye, D. and Sullivan, W. (2000), SETI@Home: Internet Distributed Computing for SETI, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Beskin, G.M.; N. Borisov; V. Komarova; S. Mitronova, S. Neizvestny, V. Plokhotnichenko and Marina Popova (1997); Methods and Results of an Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations, Astrophysics and Space Science, 252, 51–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Betz, A. (1986), A Direct Search for Extraterrestrial Laser Signals, Acta Astronautica, 13, 623–629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Billingham, J. and Oliver, B. (eds.) (1973), Project Cyclops: A Design Study of a System for Detecting Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life, NASA CR 114445.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Billingham, J. and Tarter, J.C. (1992), Detection of the Earth with the SETI Microwave Observing System Assumed to be Operating out of the Galaxy, Acta Astronautica, 26, 185–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Boyd, R. (1983), On the Current Status of Scientific Realism, Erkenntnis, 19, 45–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Boyd, R.; Gasper, P. and Trout, J.D. (eds.) (1991), The Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bracewell, R.N. (1960), Communications from Superior Galactic Communities, Nature, 186, 670–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bracewell, R.N. (1975), The Galactic Club: Intelligent Life in Outer Space, H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cullers, K. (2000), Project Phoenix and Beyond, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cocconi, G. and Morrison, P. (1959), Searching for Interstellar Communications, Nature, 184, 844–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Corbet, R.H.D. (1997), SETI at X-Ray Energies: Parasitic Searches from Astrophysical Observations, J. of the British Interplanetary Soc., 50, 253–257.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cordes, J. M. and Lazio, T. J. (1991), Interstellar Scattering Effects on the Detection of Narrow-Band Signals, Astrophysical Journal, 376, 123–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cordes, J.M., Lazio, J.W. and Sagan C. (1997), Scintillation Induced Intermittency in SETI, Astrophysical Journal, 487, 782–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Crawford, I.A. (1990), Interstellar Travel, A Review for Astronomers, Q. Jl Royal astr. Soc., 31, 377–400.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Demming, D. and Mumma, M.J. (1983), Modeling of the 10-micrometer Natural Laser Emission from the Atmospheres of Venus and Mars, Icarus, 55, 356–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dixon, R.S. (1973), A Search Strategy for Finding Extraterrestrial radio Beacons, Icarus, 20, 187–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Drake, F.D. (1960), How Can we Detect Radio Transmissions from Distant Planetary Systems?, Sky and Telescope, 19, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Drake, F.D. (1965), The Radio Search for Intelligent Extraterrestrial Life, in G. Mamikunian and M.H. Briggs (eds.), Current Aspects of Exobiology, Pergamon Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Drake, F.D. (1999), Nuove Prospettive per la Galassia: II Progetto SETI in Colombo, R.; Giorello, G. and Sindoni, E. (eds.), L’Dell’Universo, Edizioni Piemme, Spa, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Drake, F., Wolfe, J.H. and Seeger, C.L. (1983), SETI Science Working Group Report, NASA Technical Paper, 2244.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dyson, F.J. (1959), Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, Science, 131, 1667–1668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dyson, F.J. (1966), The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology, in Perspectives in Modern Physics (Essays in Honor of Hans Bethe), R.E. Marshak (editor), John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Elliot, J.L. (1973), X-Ray Pulses for Interstellar Communication, in Communication with Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, C. Sagan (Ed.), 398-402, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Fabian, A.C. (1977), Signaling Over Stellar Distances with X-rays, J. of the British Interplanetary Soc., 30, 112–113.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Freitas, R.A. (1977), High Energy Particle Beams for CETI, Spaceflight, 19, 379.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Freitas, R.A. (1980); Interstellar Probes a New Approach for SETI, J. of the British Interplanetary Soc., 33, 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Freitas, R.A. and Valdes, F.(1980); A Search for Natural or Artificial Objects Located at the Earth-Moon Libration Points, Icarus, 42, 442–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Freitas, R.A. and Valdes, F. (1980), A Search for Objects Near the Earth-Moon Lagrangian Points, Icarus, 53, 453–457.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Freitas, R.A. and Valdes, F. (1985), The Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA), Acta Astronautica, 12, 1027–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gott, J.R. (1993), Implications of the Copernican Principle for our Future Prospects, Nature, 363, 315–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Harris, M.J. (1986), On the Detectability of Antimatter Propulsion Spacecraft, Astrophysics and Space Science, 123, 297–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Harris, M.J. (1991a), A Search for Linear Alignments of Gamma Ray Burst Sources, J. of the British Interplanetary Soc, 43, 551–555.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Harris, M.J. (1991b), SETI Through the Gamma Window: A Search for Interstellar Spacecraft, in Bioastronomy: the Search for Extraterrestrial Life, J. Heidemann and M.J. Klein (eds.), Lectures Notes in Physics 390, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Harwit, M. (1981), Cosmic Discovery: The Search, cope and Heritage of Astronomy, Basic Books Inc. Pub., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hoerner, von S. (1961); The search for Signal from Other Civilizations, Science, 134, 1839–1843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoerner, von S. (1962); The General Limits of Space Travel, Science, 137, 18–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Howard, A.; Horowitz, P.; Coldwell, C.; Klein, S.; Sung, A.; Wolff, J.; Caruso, J.; Latham, D.; Papalio-lios, C.; Stefanik, R. and Zajac, J. (2000), Optical SETI at Harvard-Smithsonian, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jugaku, J. and Nishimura, S. (2000), A Search for Dyson Spheres around Late-type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood III, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kardashev, N.S. (1964), Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations, Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217–220.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kingsley, S.A. (1993), “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) in the Optical Spectrum II”, SPIE Conference Proceedings, 1867, International Society for Optical Engineering, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kingsley, S.A. and Lemarchand, G.A. (1996), “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) in the Optical Spectrum II”, SPIE Conference Proceedings, 2704, International Society for Optical Engineering, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kraus, J.D. (1986), Radio Astronomy, Cygnus-Quasar Books, Powell, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Laudan, L. (1981), A Confutation of Convergent Realism, Philosophy of Science, 48, 19–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Learned, J.G., Pakvasa, S., Simmons, W.A., and Tata, X. (1994), Timing Data Communication with Neutrinos: A New Approach to SETI, Q.J.R.Astr. Soc., 35, 321–329.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Leigh, D. and Horowitz, P. (2000); Strategies; Implementation and Results of BETA, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lemarchand, G.A. (1992), El Llamado de las Estrellas, Lugar Científico, Buenos Aires.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lemarchand, G.A. (1994a), Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities, SETIQuest, 1, 3–13. Also available at http://www.coseti.org/lemarchl.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lemarchand, G.A. (1994b), Passive and Active SETI Strategies using the Synchronization of SN1987A, Astrophysics and Space Science, 214, 209–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Lemarchand, G.A. (1996), Interplanetary and Interstellar Optical Communication Between Intelligent Beings: A Historical Approach, in Kingsley, S.A. and Lemarchand, G.A. (eds.), “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) in the Optical Spectrum II”, SPIE Conference Proceedings, 2704, International Society for Optical Engineering, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lemarchand, G.A. (1997a), SETI Synchronization Passive and Active Strategies, SETIQuest, 3(3), 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lemarchand, G.A. (1997b), SETI Technology: Possible Scenarios for the Detectability of Extraterrestrial Intelligence Evidences, in ‘17th IAA/IISL Scientific-Legal Round Table on SETI and Society’ during the 48 th International Astronautical Congress, IAA-97-IAA.7.1.02, October 6-10, 1997, Turin, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lemarchand, G.A. (1998a), A Full Sky Survey for Ultra Narrowband Artificial Signals, in J. Chela Flores and F. Raulin (eds.) Exobiology: Matter, Energy, and Information in the Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe, 339–346, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Lemarchand, G.A. (1998b), Is There Intelligent Life Out There?, Scientific American Presents (Exploring Intelligence), 9(4), 96–104.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lemarchand, G.A. (1999), A Second Look at Optical SETI, Bioastronomy News, 11, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lemarchand, G. A. (2000), Progress in the Search for Ultra-Narrow-Band Extraterrestrial Artificial Signals from Argentina, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Livio, M., (1999), How rare are Extraterrestrial Civilizations and When Did They Emerge?, Astrophysi-cal Journal, 511, 429–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Mallove, E. and Matloff, G. (1989), The Starflight Book: A Pioneer’s Guide to Interstellar Travel, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mauldin, J.H. (1992), Prospects for Interstellar Travel, American Astronautical Society Publication, Univelt, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mayr, E. (1995), A Critique of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Bioastronomy News, 7, 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Minsky, M. (1985), Why Intelligent Aliens Will be Intelligible? in E. Regis (ed.), Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Montebugnoli, S.; Cattani, A.; Cecchi, M.; Maccaferri, A.; Monari, J.; Mariotti, S.; Cosmovici, C.B. and Maccone, C. (2000), SETItalia, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Morrison, P.; Billingham, J. and Wolfe, J. (eds.) (1977), The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, NASA SP-419, Scientific and Technical Information Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Nakamura, H. (1986), SV40 DNA: A Message from Epsilon Eridani?, Acta Astronautica, 13, 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Oliver, B.M. (1975), Proximity of Galactic Civilizations, Icarus, 25, 360–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Oliver, B.M. (1981), Search Strategies, in Life in the Universe, J. Billingham (Ed.), NASA Conference publication 2156.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Pasachoff, J.M., and Kutner, M.L. (1979), Neutrinos for Interstellar Communication, Cosmic Search, 1(3), 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Papagiannis, M.D. (1978), Are we Alone or Could They be in the Asteroid Belt?, Q.J.R.Astr. Soc., 19, 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Papagiannis, M.D. (1985), An Infrared Search in Our Solar System as Part of a More Flexible Search Strategy, in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, M.D. Papagiannis (ed.), Reidei Pub. Co., Boston.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  70. Pearman, J.P.T. (1963), Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life and Interstellar Communication: An Informal Discussion, in A.G.W. Cameron (ed.), Interstellar Communication: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Rees, M. (1999), Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Rescher, N. (1984), The Limits of Science, University of California Press, Ltd., Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sáenz, A.W., Überall, H., Kelly, F.J., Padgett, D.W. and Seeman, N. (1977), Telecommunications with Neutrino Beams, Science, 198, 295–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sagan, C. (1963), Direct Contact among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Flight, Planetary and Space Science, 11, 485–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Sagan, C. (ed.) (1973), Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI), MIT Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sagan, C. and Drake, F. (1975), The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Scientific American, 232, 80–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Scheffer, L.K. (1994), Machine Intelligence, the Cost of Interstellar Travel and Fermi’s Paradox, Q.J.R. Astr. Soc, 35, 157–175.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Schwartz, R.N. and Townes, C.H. (1961), Interstellar and Interplanetary Communication by Optical Masers, Nature, 190, 205–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Shklovskii, LS. and Sagan, C. (1966), Intelligent Life in the Universe, Holden-Day, Inc.; San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Slysh, V.I. (1985), Search in the Infrared to Microwave for Astroingeneering Activity, in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, M.D. Papagiannis (ed.), Reidei Pub.Co., Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Subotowicz, M. (1979), Interstellar Communication by Neutrino Beams, Acta Astronautica, 6, 213–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sullivan, W. (1964); We Are Not Alone, McGraw-Hill Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sullivan III, W.T. and Mighell, K.J. (1984), A Milky Way Search Strategy for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Icarus, 60, 675–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Sullivan III, W.T., Brown, S. and Wetherill, C. (1978), Eavesdropping: The Radio Signature of the Earth, Science, 199, 377–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Stootman, F.H.; De Horta, A.Y.; Wellington, K.J. and Oliver, C.A. (2000), The Southern SERENDIP Project, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99; A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Tarter, J.C. (1984), SETI and Serendipity, Acta Astronautica, 11, 387–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Tarter, J.C. and Chyba, C.F. (1999), Is There Life Elsewhere in the Universe?, Scientific American, 281, 80–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Tipler, F.J. (1980); Extraterrestrial Intelligent Beings do not Exist, Q.J.R. Astr. Soc, 21, 267.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Townes, CH. (1983); At What Wavelengths Should we Search for Signals from Extraterrestrial Intelligence?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 1147–1151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Überall, H., Kelly, F.J. and Sáenz, A.W. (1979), Neutrino Beams: a New Concept in Telecommunications, J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 69(2), 48–54.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vallée, J.P. and M. Simard-Normandin (1981), Observational Search for Polarized Emission from Space Vehicles/Communication Relays Near the Galactic Centre, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 243, 274–276.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Viewing, D.R., Horswell, C.J. and Palmer, E.W. (1977), Detection of Starships, J.of the British Interplanetary Soc, 30, 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Werthimer, D.; Bowyer, S.; Cobb, J.; Lebofsky, M. and Lampton, M. (2000), The Serendip IV Arecibo Sky Survey, in G.A. Lemarchand and K. Meech (eds.), Bioastronomy 99: A New Era in the Search for Life in the Universe, ASP Conference Series, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Whitmire, D.P and Wright, D.P. (1980), Nuclear Waste Spectrum as Evidence of Technological Extraterrestrial Civilizations, Icarus, 42, 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Yokoo, H. and Oshima, T. (1979), Is Bacteriophage ΦX 174 DNA a Message from an ETI?, Icarus, 38, 148–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Zubrin, R. (1996), Detection of Extraterrestrial Civilizations via the Spectral Signature of Advanced Interstellar Spacecraft, J. of the British Interplanetary Soc., 49, 297–302.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lemarchand, G.A. (2000). Detectability of Intelligent Life in the Universe: A Search Based in our Knowledge of the Laws of Nature. In: Chela-Flores, J., Lemarchand, G.A., Oró, J. (eds) Astrobiology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4313-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4313-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5865-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4313-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics