Abstract
To provide safe drinking water at the tap of a consumer, a disinfectant residual must be maintained in the system. The recognition that the residual declines with distance and time has required a new look at the distribution system. No longer is it satisfactory to have safe water at the treatment plant reservoir, but it must also be guaranteed throughout the system. Thus, over the past few years attention has been focused on the processes which take place in the system. First, it is well known that when the disinfectant residual becomes low, a regrowth of bacteria in the system takes place. This decline in the residual occurs when the disinfectant reacts with organic material in the bulk of the water and in reactions with the biofilm on the surface of the pipes. Two parameters influence this: one, the type and level of disinfectant, and two, the age of the water. There are operational interventions, and there are possibly structural interventions. These will be discussed in the following sections. But what is also needed is a timely determination of the bacterial level in the system-an early recognition of elevated bacterial counts allows a timely response.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Deininger, R. A., et al (1993) Chloramine stability in the Ann Arbor water distribution system, proceedings, AWWA Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas.
Lee, B.H., and Rolf A. Deininger (1991) Locating monitoring stations in distribution systems, J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 38 (7), 60.
Clark, R. M. (1998) Chlorine demand and TTHM formation kinetics: a second-order model, J, Env.. Engin., ASCE 124 (1), 16.
Grayman, W.A., et al. (1998) Water quality modeling of distribution system storage facilities, AWWARF Project 260.
Deininger, R. A., Lee, J., and Klangsin, P. (1997) Rapid onsite determination of bacteria in a water distribution system, Symposium, Proceedings Amer. Water Works Assoc., Norfolk, Virginia.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 19-th edition, 1995, Method 9211.C1, 9–21.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Deininger, R.A. (2000). Maintaining a Disinfectant Residual in the Distribution System. In: Deininger, R.A., Literathy, P., Bartram, J. (eds) Security of Public Water Supplies. NATO Science Series, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4241-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4241-0_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6122-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4241-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive