Abstract
The diffusion of wireless communication is a key target in the growth of economy, both for high technology societies and for developing countries. The population concern about health risks associated to the exposure to electromagnetic fields can influence the expansion of these new technologies. The answer to public concern must came from independent studies performed by the scientific community, and from the identification and application of safety standards for new equipment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dumey, C.H. (1985) “The Physical Interactions of Radiofrequency Radiation Fields and Biological Systems”, AGARD Lecture Series, no. 138, pp. 2.1–2.19.
Lin, J.C. Computer method for field intensity prediction (1986) in C. Polk and E. Postow (eds.) Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, CRC Press.
Toftgard, J., Hornsleth, S. N., and Andersen, J. B. (1993) Effects on portable antennas of the presence of a person, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat 41, 739.
Dimbylow, P. J. and Mann, S. M. (1994) SAR calculations in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz, Phys. Med Biol. 39, 1537.
Jensen, M. A. and Rahmat-Samii, Y. (1995) EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications, IEEE Proc. 83, 7.
Martens, L.., De Moerloose, J., De Zutter, D., De Poorter, J., and De Wagter, C. (1995) Calculation of the electromagnetic fields induced in the head of an operator of a cordless telephone, Radio Science 30, 283.
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., and Pisa, S. (1996) Evaluation of the SAR distribution in the human head for cellular phones used in a partially closed environment, IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat. 38, 357.
Gandhi, O. P., Lazzi, G., and Furse, C. M. (1996) Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 44, 1884.
Okoniewski, M. and Stuchly, M. A. (1996) A study of the handset antenna and human body interaction, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 44, 1855.
Hombach, V., Meier, K., Burkhardt, M., Kuhn, E., and Kuster, N. (1996) The dependence of EM energy absorption upon human head modeling at 900 MHz, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 44, 1865.
Watanabe, S., Taki, M., Nojima, T., and Fujiwara, O. (1996) Characteristics of the SAR distributions in a head exposed to electromagnetic fields radiated by a hand-held portable radio, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 44, 1874.
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S., and Piuzzi, E. (1997) Temperature elevation induced in the head of a cellular phone user, International Scientific Meeting on Electromagnetics in Medicine Abstracts, Chicago, pp. 76, 1997.
Hamada, T., Watanabe, S., and Taki, M. (1998) Effect of pinna on the local SARs in human head exposed to microwave by a cellular telephone, 20 th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society Abstracts, St. Petersburg, pp. 99–100.
Burkhardt, M., and Kuster, N. (1998) Appropriate modeling of the ear for compliance testing of hand held MTE with SAR safety limits, 20 th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society Abstracts, St. Petersburg, pp. 79–80, 1998.
Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W., and Gabriel, C. (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues, Physics in Medicine and Biology 41, 2271–2293.
Cavagnaro, M. and Pisa, S. (1996) Simulation of cellular phone antennas by using inductive lumped elements in the 3D-FDTD algorithm, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 13, 324–327.
Lazzi, G. and Gandhi, O. P. (1998) On modeling and personal dosimetry of cellular telephone helical antennas with the FDTD code, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation 46, 525–530.
Balzano, O., Garay, F., and Steel, R. (1978) Heating of biological tissue in the induction field of VHF portable radio transmitter, IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. 27, 51–56.
Chatterjee, I. and Gandhi, O. P. (1985) Quantification of electromagnetic absorption in humans from body-mounted communication transceivers, IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. 34, 55–62.
Stuchly, S. S., Kraszewski, A., Stuchly, M. A., Hartsgrove, G., Adamski, D. (1985) Energy deposition in a model of man in the near field, Bioelectromagnetics 6, 115–129.
Guy, A. and Chou, C. K. (1986) Specific absorption rates of energy in man models exposed to cellular UHF mobile-antenna fields, IEEE Trans Veh. Tech. 34, 671–680.
Cleveland R. F. Jr., and Athey, T. W. (1989) Specific absorption rate (SAR) in models of human head exposed to hand-held UHF portable radios, Bioelectromagnetics 10, 173–186.
Lovisolo, G. A., Raganella, L., Nocentini, S., Bardati, F. Gerardino, Tognolatti, P. (1993) Hand-held portable telephones: Electromagnetic radiation absorption studies“, Proc. COST 244 Meeting On Mobile Comm. and ELF Fields, Bled, pp. 47–52.
Handerson, V., and Joyner, K. H. (1995) Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radio frequency transmission from analog hand-held mobile phones, Bioelectromagnetics 16, 60–69.
Schmid, T., Egger, O., and Kuster, N. (1996) Automated E-field scanning system for dosimetric assessment, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Tech., 44, 1.
Chou, C. K., Bassen, H., Osepchuck, J., Balzano, Q., Petersen, R., Meltz, M., Cleveland, R., Lin, J. C., and Heynick, L. (1996) Radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure: Tutorial review on experimental dosimetry, Bioelectromagnetics 17, 195–208.
Bertotto, P., Schiavoni, A., Richiardi, G., Bielli, P., Gabriel, C. (1998) Comparison between measured SAR distributions into homogeneous and not homogeneous phantoms generated by cellular phones, 20 th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society Abstracts, St. Petersburg, pp. 255.
Pokovic, K., Schmid, T. and Kuster, N. (1998) New generation of miniature, isotropic and broadband near-field probes, 20 th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society Abstracts, St. Petersburg, pp. 59.
Simunic D. (ed.) (1994) Proc. of the COST244 Meeting. “Reference Models for Bioelectromagnetic Test of Mobile Communication Systems”, Roma, Italy.
Bach-Andersen J. et al, co-ordinated by G. d’Inzeo (1994) Proposal for numerical canonical models in mobile communication, COST244 WG3 Numerical Program,July 1994.
Hornsleth, S. et al, co-ordinated by G. d’Inzeo (1996) Proposal for hertzian dipole exercise, COST244 WG3 Numerical Program, Feb. 1996.
Wiart, J. (1998) Helix antenna close to tissues: Modelling, analysis, measurement and comparisons in near field at 900 MHz“, COST244 WG3 Numerical Program, April 1998.
Pahlavan, K. and Levesque, A. H. (1994) Wireless data communications, Proc. IEEE 82, 9.
Ali, F., and Horton, J. B. (1995) Introduction to special issue on emerging commercial and consumer circuits, systems, and their applications, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techn. 43, 1633–1637.
Umashankar, K., and Taflove, A. (1982) A novel method to analyze electromagnetic scattering of complex objects, IEEE Trans. on Electromag. Compat. 24, 397–405.
Gandhi O. P., and Riazi, A. (1986) Absorption of millimeter waves by human beings and its biological implications, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techn., 34, 228–235.
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., and Pisa, S. (1996) Evaluation of the power absorbed in human eyes exposed to millimeter waves, Proc. Int. Symp. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 194–199, Rome, Italy.
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., and Pisa, S. (1997) Assessment of the potential risk for humans exposed to millimeter-wave wireless LANs: The power absorbed in the eye, Wireless Journal, 3, 511–517.
Bahr, A., Gustrau, F., Pan, S. G., Kullnick, U., and Wolff, I. (1998) SAR analysis and heating patterns of cm/mm wave electromagnetic fields in the human skin and eye, 20 th Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society Abstracts, St. Petersburg, 158–159.
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S., and Piuzzi, E. (1999) SAR distribution and temperature increase in an anatomical model of the human eye exposed to the field radiated by the user antenna in a wireless LAN, Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techn,in press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., D’Inzeo, G., Pisa, S. (2000). Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies. In: Klauenberg, B.J., Miklavčič, D. (eds) Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. NATO Science Series, vol 82. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6405-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4191-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive