Abstract
I am glad to have the opportunity to comment on the review of Mednick’s studies published during the 1980s and 1990s (Mednick, in press). I find this task rather daunting as the papers have been published in the best psychiatric journals. The reported studies related only in part to violence committed by mentally ill persons, and especially those with schizophrenia. They were more broadly concerned with violence among persons with personality disorder. The papers are based on studies with more than 14,000 Danish adoptees.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th Ed. Washington: Author.
Bohman, M., Cloninger, C.R., Sigvardsson, S., & von Knorring, A.-L. (1982). Predisposition to petty criminality in Swedish adoptees. I: Genetic and environmental heterogeneity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1233–1241.
Brennan, P.A., Grekin, E.R., & Mednick, S.A. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult male criminal outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 215–219.
Cannon, M., Cotter, D., Coffey, V.P., Sham, P.C., Takei, N., Larkin, C., Murray, R.M., & O’Callaghan, E. (1996). Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: A follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 368–371.
Citrome, L., & Volavka, J. (1999). Schizophrenia: Violence and comorbidity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 12, 47–51.
Cloninger, C.R., Bohman, M., & Sigvardsson, S. (1981). Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 861–868.
Crabbe, J.C., Phillips, T.J., Feller, D.J., Hen, R., Wenger, C.D., Lessov, C.N., & Schafer, G.L. (1996). Elevated alcohol consumption in null mutant mice lacking 5-HTIB serotonin receptors. Nature Genetics, 14, 98–101.
Crow, T.J., & Done, D.J. (1992). Prenatal influenza does not cause schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 390–393.
Crowther, N.J., Cameron, N., Trusler, J., & Gray, J.P. (1998). Association between poor glucose tolerance and rapid post-natal weight gain in seven-year-old children. Diabetologia, 41, 1163–1167.
DeLisi, L.E. (1999). A critical overview of recent investigations into genetics of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 12, 29–39.
Ekselius, L., & von Knorring, L. (1999). Changes in personality traits during treatment with sertraline or citalopram. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 444–448.
Fergusson, D.M. (1999). Prenatal smoking and antisocial behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 223–224.
Fergusson, D.M., Woodward, L.J., & Horwood, L.J. (1998). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 721–727.
Fuster, J.M. (1999). Synopsis of function and dysfunction of the frontal lobe. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl 395), 51–57.
Gogos, J.A., Morgan, M., Luine, V., Santha, M., Ogawa, S., Pfaff, K., & Karayiorgou, M. (1998). Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 95, 9991–9996.
Golomb, B. (1998). Cholesterol and violence: Is there a connection? Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 478–487.
Gustaysson, J.P. (1997). Stability and validity of self-reported personality traits: Contributions to the evaluation of the Karolinska Scale of Personality. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Hibbeln, J.R., Umhau, J.C., Linnoila, M., George, D.T., Ragan, P.W., Shoaf, S.E., Vaughan, M.R., Rawlings, R., & Salem, N. Jr. (1998). A replication study of violent and nonviolent subjects: Cerebrospinal fluid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine as predicted by plasma essential fatty acids. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 243–249.
Higley, J.D., & Linnoila, M. (1997). A nonhuman primate model of excessive alcohol intake: Personality and neurobiological parallels of type I- and II-like alcoholism. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments of alcoholism. Vol. 13: Alcohol and violence (pp. 191–219). New York and London: Plenum.
Hodgins, S., Lapalme, M., & Toupin, J. (1999). Criminal activities and substance use of patients with major affective disorders and schizophrenia: A 2-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55, 187–202.
Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J.A., Galke, B.L., Wolyniec, P.S., Nestadt, G., & Antonarakis, S.E. (1998). Identification of sequence variants and analysis of the role of the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene in schizophrenia susceptibility. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 425–431.
Lachman, H.M., Nolan, K.A., Mohr, P., Saito, T., & Volavka, J. (1998). Association between catechol-o-methyltransferase genotype and violence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 835–837.
Lappalainen, J., Long, J.C., Eggert, M., Ozaki, N., Robin, R.W., Brown, G.L., Naukkarinen, H., Virkkunen, M., Linnoila, M., & Goldman, D. (1998). Linkage of antisocial alcoholism to the serotonin 5HTIB receptor gene in 2 populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 989–994.
Machon, R.A., Mednick, S.A., & Huttunen, M.O. (1997). Adult major affective disorder after prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 322–328.
Mantzoros, C.S., Varvarigou, A., Kaklamani, V.G., Beratis, N.G., & Flier, J.S. (1997). Effect of birth weight and maternal smoking on cord blood leptin concentrations of full-term and preterm newborns. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 2856–2861.
Manuck, S.B., Flory, J.D., Ferrell, R.E., Dent, K.M., Mann, J.J., & Muldoon, M.F. (1999). Aggression-and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 603–614.
Martin, R.L., Cloninger, R., Guze, S.B., & Clayton, P.J. (1985). Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. II: Cause-specific mortality. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 58–66.
McKeigue, P.M., Lithell, H.O., & Leon, D.A. (1998). Glucose tolerance and resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in men aged 70 years in relation to size at birth. Diabetologia, 41, 1133–1138.
Mednick, S.A. (in press). Early factors in violence. In S. Hodgins & R. Müller-Isberner (Eds.), Violence, crime, and mentally disordered offenders: Concepts and methods for effective treatment and prevention. London: Wiley.
Mednick, S.A., Gabrielli, W.F. Jr., & Hutchings, B. (1984). Genetic influences in criminal convictions: Evidence from an adoption cohort. Science, 222, 891–894.
Mednick, S.A., Huttunen, M.O., & Machon, R.A. (1994). Prenatal influenza infections and adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 263–267.
Mednick, S.A., Machon, R.A., Huttunen, M.O., & Bonett, D. (1988). Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 189–192.
Millberger, B., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Chen, L., & Joners, J. (1996). Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children? American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1138–1142.
Moeller, F.G., Dougherty, D.M., Lane, S.D., Steinberg, J.L., & Cherek, D.R. (1998). Antisocial personality and alcohol-induced aggression. Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1898–1902.
New, A.S., Gelernter, J., Mitropoulou, V., Koenigsberg, H.W., & Siever, L. (1999). Impulsive aggression associated with HTRI B genotype in personality disorders. Abstracts of the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, May 15–20, p. 172.
New, A.S., Gelernter, J., Yovell, Y., Trestman, R.L., Nielsen, D.A., Siverman, J., Mitropoulou, V., & Siever, L.J. (1998). Tryptophan hydroxylase genotype is associated with impulsive-aggression measures: A preliminary study. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 81, 13–17.
Nielsen, D.A., Virkkunen, M., Lappalainen, J., Eggert, M., Brown, G.L., Long, J.C., Goldman, D., & Linnoila, M. (1998). A tryptophan hydroxylase gene marker for suicidality and alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 593–602.
Orlebeke, J.F., Knol, D.L., & Verhulst, F.C. (1999). Child behavior problems increased by maternal smoking during pregnancy. Archives of Environmental Health, 1, 15–19.
Raine, A., Venables, P.H., & Mednick, S.A. (1997). Low resting heart rate at age 3 years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project. Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1457–1464.
Rantakallio, P., Laara, E., Isohanni, M., & Moilanen, I. (1992). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and delinquency of the offspring: An association without causation? International Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 1106–1113.
Rasanen, P., Hakko, H., Isohanni, M., Hodgins, S., Jarvelin, M.R., & Tiihonen, J. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of criminal behavior among adult male offspring in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 857–862.
Rasanen, P., Tiihonen, J., Isohanni, M., Rantakallio, P., Lehtonen, J., & Moring, J. (1998). Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent behavior: A 26-year followup study of unselected birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 437–441.
Rocha, B.A., Scearce-Levie, K., Lucas, J.J., Hiroi, N., Castanon, N., Crabbe, J.C., Nestler, E.J., & Hen, R. (1998). Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor. Nature, 14, 175–178.
Rydelius, P.A. (1988). The development of antisocial behaviour and sudden violent death. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 398–403.
Saito, T., Lachman, H., Mohr, P., Nolan, K., & Volavka, J. (1999). Lack of association between violence in schizophrenia and polymorphisms in genes that regulate serotonin transmission. Abstracts of the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, May 15–20, p. 92.
Saudou, F., Amara, D.A., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Ramboz, S., Segu, L., Buhot, M.C., & Hen, R. (1994). Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HTIB receptor. Science, 23, 1875–1878.
Schalling, D., Asberg, M., Edman, G., & Oreland, L. (1987). Markers for vulnerability to psychopathology: Temperament traits associated with platelet MAO activity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 172–182.
Sigvardsson, S., Bohman, M., & Cloninger, C.R. (1996). Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism: Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 681–687.
Steinert, T., Voellner, A., & Faust, V. (1998). Violence and schizophrenia: Two types of criminal offenders. European Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 153–165.
Strous, R.D., Bark, N., Parsia, S.S., Volavka, J., & Lachman, H.M. (1997). Analysis of a functional catechol 0-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: Evidence for association with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Psychiatry Research, 69, 71–77.
Swartz, M.S., Swanson, J.W., Hiday, V.A., Borum, R., Wagner, H.R., & Burns, R.J. (1998). Violence and severe mental illness: The effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 226–231.
Tehrani, J.A., Brennan, P.A., Hodgins, S., & Mednick, S.A. (1998). Mental illness and criminal violence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(Suppl 1), 81–88.
Thaper, A., Holmes, J., Poulton, K., & Harrington, R. (1999). Genetic basis of attention deficit and hyperactivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 105–111.
Van Baal, C.G., & Boomsma, D.I. (1998). Etiology of individual differences in birth weight of twins as a function of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Twin Research, 1, 123–130.
Virkkunen, M. (1979). Serum cholesterol in antisocial personality. Neuropsychobiology, 5, 27–30.
Virkkunen, M. (1983). Serum cholesterol levels in homicidal offenders: A low cholesterol level is connected with a habitually violent tendency under the influence of alcohol. Neuropsychobiology, 10, 65–69.
Virkkunen, M., De Jong, J., Bartko, J., Goodwin, F.K., & Linnoila, M. (1989). Relationship of psychobiological variables to recidivism in violent offenders and impulsive fire setters: A follow up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 600–603.
Virkkunen, M., Eggert, M., Rawlings, R., & Linnoila, M. (1996). A prospective follow-up study of alcoholic violent offenders and fire setters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 523–529.
Virkkunen, M., & Penttinen, H. (1984). Serum cholesterol in aggressive conduct disorder: A preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 435–439.
Wakslag, L.S., Lahey, B.B., Loeber, R., Green, S.M., Gordon, R.A., & Leventhal, B.L. (1997). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk for conduct disorder in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 670–676.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Virkkunen, M. (2000). Commentary. In: Hodgins, S. (eds) Violence among the Mentally III. NATO Science Series, vol 90. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4130-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4130-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6438-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4130-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive