Skip to main content
  • 108 Accesses

Abstract

The carcinoids are believed to arise from enterochro-maffin cells, scattered throughout the body. The submucosa of the intestine and the bronchi contains the largest part. These cells located at the base of the crypts in the intestine are called Kultschitzky-cells. In the broadest sense carcinoids are tumors derived from the diffuse endocrine system as outlined and described by Feyrter. The endocrine tumors of the pancreas are not a part of the diffuse endocrine system from an evolutionary aspect, although some authors include gastrinomas and somatostatinomas in the carcinoid group. As we have seen in chapter 4, they share histologic, ultrastructural and biochemical features with other APUDomas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe T., Matsumoto K., Iida M., Hayashi M., Sanno N., Osamura Y., Malignant carcinoid tumor of the anterior mediastinum metastatic to a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma: a case report., Surg.Neurol. 48: 389–394 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlman H., Kölby L., Lundell L., Olbe L., Wängberg B., Granerus G., Grimelius L., Nilsson O., Clinical management of gastric carcinoid tumors, Digestion 55 (suppl): 77–85 (1994).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen M.B., Shamash J., Kerr K.M., Leitch A.G., Hypercaleemia in atypical bronchial carcinoid tumor, Chest 96: 1206–1208 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alsina A.E., Bartus S., Hull D., Rosson R., Schweizer R.T., Liver transplant for metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, J.Clin.Gastroen-terol. 12: 533–537 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alujevic A., Juric G., Separovic R., Kruslin N., Unusual features of metastatic atypical carcinoid of the larynx, Eur.Arch.Otorhi-nolaryngol. 255: 318–321 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson A.S., Krauss D., Lang R., Cardiovascular complications of malignant carcinoid disease, Am.Heart J. 134: 693–702 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreola S., Lombardi L., Audisio R.A., Mazzaferro V., Koukouras D., Doci R., Gennari L., Makowka L., A clinicopathologic study of primary hepatic carcinoid tumors. Cancer 65: 1211–1218 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer C.B., Wells R.S., MacDonald D.M., Metastatic cutaneous carcinoid, J.Am.Acad.Dermatol 13: 363–366 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold R., Medical treatment of metastasizing carcinoid tumors, World J.Surg. 20: 203–207 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arrigoni M.G., Woolner LB., Bernatz P.E., Atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung, J.Thor.Cardiovasc.Surg. 64: 413–421 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne G.H., Savoca P.E., Flannery J.T., Ahlman M.A., Modlin I.M., Incidence and mortality of carcinoids of the colon., Cancer 69:2400–2405 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balthazar E.J., Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract 1. Radiographic diagnosis, Gastroint.Radiol. 3: 47–56 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bart R., Kamino H., Waisman J., Lindner A., Colen S., Carcinoid tumor of the skin: report of a possible primary case. J.Am.Acad. Dermatol. 22:366–370 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson M.D., Ahlman H., Wangberg B., Modlin I.M., Biology and management of the midgut carcinoid, Amer.J.Surg. 165: 288–297 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Basser R.L., Green M.D., Recent advances in carcinoids and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, Curr.Opin.Oncol. 3: 109–120 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates H.R., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Dis.Col.Rect. 18: 270–280 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bax N.D., Woods H.F., Batchelor A., Jennings M., Clinical manifestations of (intestinal) carcinoid disease, World J.Surg. 20: 142–146 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becache P., Levardon M., Groussard O., Adénocarcinome du corps utérin associé à une tumeur carcinoïde du diverticule de Meckel, Sem.Hôp.Paris 50: 367–372 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Begin L.R., Guy L., Jacobsen S.A., Aprikian A.G., Renai carcinoid and horseshoe kidney: a frequent association of two rare entities, J.Surg.Oncol. 68: 113–119 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergholt T., Bruun E., Franzmann M.B., Jacobsen K.H., Henriksen F.W., Carcinoid tumour of the breast, Eur.J.Surg.Oncol. 22: 199–200 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berner M., Carcinoïdes digestifs et tumeurs malignes synchrones, Schw.Med.Woch. 123:594–599 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrios J.R., Dunnihoo D.R., Gibbs C.E., Moore S.F., Appendiceal carcinoid tumors in pregnancy, Obst.Gynec. 26: 428–431 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besson A., Nguyen-Thé H., Saegesser F., Tumeurs carcinoïdes, syndrômes carcmoïdiens et tumeurs associées (104 observations), Helv.Chir.Acta 47: 601–605 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizouam P., Villalon L., Campion J.P., SaintMarc C., Launois B., Transplantation hépatique pour métastases d’une tumeur carcinoïde, Ann.Fr.Anesth.Réanim. 9: 180–182 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondal T., Grimelius L., Nou E., Wilander E., Aberg T., Argyro-phil carcinoid tumors of the lung, Chest 78: 840–844 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boriato M., Cerati M., Pagani A., Papotti M., Bosi F., Bussolati G., Capella C., Differential diagnostic patterns of lung neuroendocrine tumours, Virchows Arch.A Pathol.Anat. 420: 201–211 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordi C., D’Adda T., Azzoni C., Canavese G., Brandi M.L., Gastrointestinal endocrine tumors: recent developments, Endocr. Pathol. 9:99–115 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brisselli M., Mark G. J., Grillo H.C., Tracheal carcinoids, Cancer 42:2870–2879 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown B.L., Scharifer D.A., Gordon R., Deppe G.G., Cohen C.J., Bronchial carcinoid tumor with ovarian metastasis, Cancer 46: 543–546 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burk J.L., Sobin L.H., Carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, RadioGraphics 10: 1081–1095 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke A.P., Sobin L.H., Federspiel B.H., Shekitka K.M., Helwig E.B., Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix, Am.J.Clin.Pathol. 94: 27–35 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke M., Shepherd N., Mann C.V., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum and anus, Brit.J.Surg. 74: 358–361 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke A.P., Sobin L.H., Federspiel B.H., Shekitka K.M., Helwig E.B., Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum: a clinicopathologic study of 99 cases., Arch.Pathol.Lab.Med. 114: 700–704 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke A.P., Thomas R.M., Elsayed A.M., Sobin L.H., Carcinoids of the jejunum and ileum, Cancer 79: 1086–1093 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burl S., Rytkönen H., Farin P., Ala-Opas M., Soimakallio S., A primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature., Abdom.Imag. 21: 464–467 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldarola V.T., Jacklman R.J., Moertel C.G., Dockerty M.B., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Am.J.Surg. 107: 844–849 (1964).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldo G.R., Kunschner A.J., Amin R.M., Multiple primary neoplasms: ovarian carcinoid tumor, mucinous cystadenoma of low malignant potential tumor of the left ovary and adenocarcinoma of the colon, Arch.Path.Lab.Med. 120: 393–396 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty A., Abrams R.A., Radiation therapy in the management of patients with malignant carcinoid tumors, Cancer 75: 1386–1390 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapleau D., Page A., Verdant A., Beauchamp G., Nakhlé G. Bronchial carcinoids: long-term prognostic factors, Can.J.Surg. 34: 111–114 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chughtai T.S., Morin J.E., Sheiner N.M., Wilson J.A., Mulder D.S. Bronchial carcinoid-twenty years’ experience defines a selective surgical approach, Surgery 122: 801–808 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor S.J., Hanna G.B., Frizelle F.A., Appendiceal tumors:retro-spective clinicopathologic analysis of appendiceal tumors from 7970 appendectomies, Dis.Colon Rectum 41: 75–80 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corpron C.A., Black C.T., Herzog C.E., Sellin R.V., Lally K.P., Andrassy R.J., A half century of experience with (appendiceal) carcinoid tumors in children, Am.J.Surg. 170: 606–608 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrin B., Lung endocrine tumors, Invest.Cell Pathol. 3: 195–206 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig-Box J., Watne A.L., Lucas G.W., Small bowel carcinoid: review of a single institution experience and review of the literature, American Surgeon 62: 280–286 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt W., Carcinoid tumors: development of our knowledge, World J.Surg. 20: 126–131 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocetti E., Buiatti E., Amorosi A., Epidemiology of carcinoid tumours in central Italy, Eur.J.Epidemiol. 13: 357–359 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocetti E., Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors: a population-based study, Ital.J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 29: 135–137 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cubilla A.L., Woodruff J.M., Primary carcinoid tumor of the breast, Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 1: 283–292 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis J.M., Lacey D., Smyth R., Carty H., Endobronchial tumours in childhood, Eur.J.Radiol. 29: 11–20 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davila D.d., Dunn W.F., Tazelaar H.D., Pairolero P.C., Bronchial carcinoid tumors, Mayo Clin.Proc. 68: 795–803 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis G., Birbeck K., Roberts D., Naqvi N., Nonvalvular myocardial involvement in metastatic carcinoid disease, Postgrad. Med. J. 72:751–752 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis K.P., Hartmann L.K., Keeney G.L., Shapiro H., Primary ovarian carcinoid tumors, Gynecol.Oncol. 61: 259–265 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dayal Y., Endocrine cells of the gut and their neoplasms, Chapter 10 in ‘Pathology of colon, small intestine and anus’ Vol.2: 267–302 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Debas H.T., Mulvihill S.J., Neuroendocrine gut neoplasms: important lessons from uncommon tumors, Arch.Surg. 129: 965–972 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debelenko L. V., Emmert-Buck M.R., Zhuang Z., Epshtein E., Moskaluk C.A., Jensen R.T., Liotta L.A., Lubesnky I.A., The multiple endocrine neoplasia type I gene locus is involved in the pathogenesis of type II gastric carcinoids. Gastroenterol. 113: 773–781 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeChristenson M.L., Abbott G.F., Kirejczyk W.M., Galvin J.R., Travis W.D., Thoracic carcinoids: radiologic-pathologic correlation, RadioGraphics 19: 707–736 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Defraigne J.O., Jerusalem O., Soyeur D., Jacquet N., Limet R., Successful tricuspid valve replacement and pulmonary, valvulo-tomy for carcinoid heart disease, Acta Chir.Belg.. 96: 170–176 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delcore R., Friesen S.R., Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, J.Am. Coll.Surg. 178: 187–211 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries E.G., Kema I.P., Slooff J.H., Verschueren R.C., Kleinbeuker J.H., Mulder N.H., Sleijfer D.T., Recent developments in diagnosis and treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors, Scand.J. Gastroenterol. 28suppl.200: 87–93 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilawari R.A., Douglass H.O., Gastrointestinal carcinoids: extra-hepatic metastases and symptomatology following resection, J.Surg.Oncol. 11: 243–248 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilkes M.G., Birchall M.A., Bilateral parotid secondaries from primary bronchial carcinoid tumour, J.Laryngol. Otol. 105: 489–490 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingerkus H., Völler H., Schröder K., Dissman R., Hennig L., Agrawal R., Linderer T., Wiedenmann B., Endokardfibrose bei neuroendokrinen Tumoren des gastroentero-pankreatischen Systems, Deutsche Med.Wschr. 119: 647–652 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake W.M., Jenkins P.J., Lowe D.G., Grossman A.B., Besser G.M., Wass J.A., Intracardiac metastases from neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), Clin.Endocrinol. 46: 517–522 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresler C.M., Ritter J.H., Patterson G.A., Ross E., Bailey M.S., Wick M.R., Clinical-pathologic analysis of 40 patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung, Ann.Thorac. Surg 63: 180–185 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drougas J.G., Anthony L.B., Blair T.K., Lopez R.R., Wright J.K., Chapman W.C., Webb L., Mazer M., Meranze S., Pinson C.W. Hepatic artery chemoembolization for management of patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid tumors, Am.J.Surg. 175: 408–412 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducrocq X., Thomas P., Massard G., Barsotti P., Giudicelli R., Fuentes P., Wihlm J.M., Operative risk and prognostic factors of typical bronchial carcinoid tumors, Ann.Thor.Surg. 65: 1410–1414 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duh Q.Y., Hybarger C.P., Geist R., Gamsu G., Goodman P.C., Gooding G.A., Clark OH., Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, Am.J.Surg. 154: 143–148 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Economopulos G.C., Lewis J.W., Lee M.W., Silverman N.A., Carcinoid tumors of the thymus, Ann.Thorac.Surg. 50: 58–61 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Enblad P., Adami H.O., Glimelius B., Kruserno U., Pahlman L., The risk of subsequent primary malignant diseases after cancers of the colon and rectum, Cancer 65: 2091–2100 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ereno C., Lopez J.I., Sanchez J.M., Atypical carcinoid of larynx: presentation with scalp metastases, J.Laryngol.Otol. 111: 89–91 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson B., Öberg K., Peptide hormones as tumor markers in neuro-endocrine gastro-intestinal tumors, Acta Oncol. 30: 477–483 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faglia G., Acosio M., Barroni N., Ectopic acromegaly, Endocrin. Met.Clin.No.Am. 21: 575–595 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farid N.R., Buehler S., Russell N.A., Maroun F.B., Allerdice P., Prolactinomas in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia-1, Am.J. Med.69: 874–880 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan J.T., Buettner H., Bartley G.B., Boiling J.P., Clinical features and treatment of seven patients with carcinoid tumor metastatic to the eye and orbit, Am.J.Ophthalm. 119: 211–218 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federspiel B.H., Burke A.P., Sonin L.H., Shekita K.M., Rectal and colonic carcinoids: a clinicopathologic study of 84 cases. Cancer 65: 135–140 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francioni F., Rendina E.A., Venuta F., Pescarmona E., De Giacomo T., Ricci C., Low grade neuroendocrine tumours of the lung (bronchial carcinoids)-25 years experience, Eur.J.Cardio-thorac.Surg. 4: 472–476 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georg’ B.A., Casola G., Hesselink J.R., Thymic carcinoid tumors with bone metastases: a report of two cases, Clin.Imag. 19: 25–29 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerstle J.T., Kauffman G.L., Koltun W.A., The incidence, management and outcome of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoids and second primary malignancies, J.Am.Coll.Surg. 180: 427–432 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan C.J., Lawton G.P., Tang L.H., West A.B., Modlin I.M., Gastric carcinoid tumors: the biology and therapy of an enigmatic and controversial lesion, Am.J.Gastroenterol. 90:338–352 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard M.J., Lonsdale R.N., The histogenesis of appendiceal carcinoid tumours, Histopathology 20: 345–349 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godwin J.D., Carcinoid tumors: an analysis of 2837 cases. Cancer 36:560–569 (1975).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gough D.B., Thompson G.B., Crotty T.B., Donohue J.H., Kvols L.K., Carney J.A., Grant C.S., Nagorney D., Diverse clinical and pathological features of gastric carcinoid and the relevance of hypergastrinemia., World J.Surg. 18: 473–480 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould V.E., Linnoila I., Memoli V.A., Warren W.H., Neuroendocrine components of the bronchopulmonary tract: hyperplasias, dysplasias and neoplasms., Laborat.Invest. 49: 519–537 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granarne-Smith D.G., Natural history and diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome, Clinics in Gastroenter. 3: 575–594 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg R.S., Baumgarten D.A., Clark W.S., Isacoson P., MacKeen K., Prognostic factors fro gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors, Cancer 60: 2476–2483 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein A.J., Balasubramanian S., Harpaz N., Rizwan M., Sachar D.R., Carcinoid tumor and inflammatory bowel disease. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 92: 682–685 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves M.W., Burova E.P., Flushing: causes, investigation and clinical consequences, J.Eur.Acad.Derma.Venereol. 8: 91–100 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths D.F., Williams G.T., Wiliams E.D., Duodenal carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytoma and neurofibro-matosis, Islet cell tumor, pheochromocytoma and the Von-Hippel-Lindau complex: two distinctive neuroendocrine syndromes, Quart.J.Med. NS 64: 769–782 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grillo H.C., Mathisen D. J., Primary tracheal tumors: treatment and results, Ann.Thor.Surg. 49: 69–77 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grote T.H., Macon W.R., Davis B., Greco F.A., Johnson D.H., Atypical carcinoid of the lung: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Chest 93:370–375 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunewald B., Widespread intraabdominal carcinoid tumor presenting as an umbilical metastases, Diagn.Cytopath. 15: 457–458 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta N.M., Goenka M.K., Atri A., Vaiphei K., Carcinoid tumour of the esophagus: a rare oesophageal cancer, Eur.J.Surg. 162: 841–844 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harpole D.H., Feldman J.M., Buchanan S., Young W.G., Wolfe W.G., Bronchial carcinoid tumors: a retrospective analysis of 126 patients, Ann.Thor. Surg. 54: 50–55 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasleton P.S., Histopathology and prognostic factors in bronchial carcinoid tumours, Thorax 49 (Suppl): S56–S62 (1994).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzitheoklitos E., Büchler M.W., Friess H., Poch B., Ebert M., Mohr W., Imaizumi T., Beger H., Carcinoid of the ampulla of Vater: clinical characteristics and morphologic features, Cancer 73: 1580–1588 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser H., Wolf G., Uranus S., Klimpfinger M., Neuroendocrine tumours in various organ systems in a ten year period, Eur.J.Surg. Oncol. 21: 297–300 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennington M.H., Detterbeck F.C., Szwerc M.F., Fidler M.E., Invasive carcinoid tumor of the heart, J.Surg.Oncol. 66: 264–266 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman N.F., Fiche M., Dubois-Gordeef A., Chetritt J., Cloarec D., Guiberteau B., Le Boohe M.F., Endocrine cell carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) of the gallbladder producing pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatine, Histopathology 30: 606–607 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Higaki S., Nishiaki M., Mitani N., Yanai H., Tada M., Okita K., Effectiveness of local endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoid, Endoscopy 29: 171–175 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiller N., Berlowitz D., Fisher D., Blinder G., Hadas-Halpern I., Primary carcinoid tumor of the pancreas, Abdom.Imag. 23: 188–190 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoch Z., Lichtig C., Peretz A.B., Paldi E., Pascal B., Fuchs K., Brandes J.M., Ovarian carcinoid tumor and term pregnancy, Am.J. Obst.Gynec. 110: 1141–1142 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann J., Grimm W., Menz V., Wied M., Funck R., Arnold R., Moisch B., Heart rate variability in carcinoid heart disease. Am.J. Cardiol. 83: 128–130 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hood I.C., Jones B.A., Watts J.C., Mucinous carcinoid tumor of the appendix presenting as bilateral ovarian tumors, Arch.Pathol. Lab. Med. 110: 336–340 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horenstein M.G., Erlandson R.A., Gonzalez-Cueto D.M., Rosai J., Presacrai carcinoid tumors: report of three cases and review of the literature, Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 22: 251–255 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu E.Y., Feldman J.M., Lichtenstein G.R.., Heal carcinoid tumors simulating Crohn’s disease: incidence among 176 consecutive cases of ileal carcinoid, Am.J.Gastroent. 92: 2062–2065 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huttner W.B., Gerdes H.H., Rosa P., The granin (chromogranin-secretogranin) family, Trends Bioch.Sci. 16: 27–31 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imamura M., Yamauchi H., Namiki T., Resected case of carcinoid tumor of the liver metastatic from the breast, J.Gastroenterol. 30: 398–402 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jablon L.K., Somers R.G., Kim P. Y., Carcinoid tumor of the breast, treatment with breast conservation in three patients, Ann.Surg. Oncol. 5: 261–264 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobovitz O., Nass D., De Marco L., Barbosa A.J., Simoni F.B., Rechavi G., Friedman E., Carcinoid tumors frequently display genetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11, J.Clin.Endocr. Met. 81:3164–3167 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jammohamed S., Bloom S.R., Carcinoid tumours, Postgrad.Med.J. 73:207–214 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Janson E.T., Holmberg L., Stridsberg M., Eriksson B., Theodorsson E., Wiulander E., Öberg K., Carcinoid tumors: Analysis of prognostic factors and survival in 301 patients from a referral center, Ann.Oncol. 8: 685–690 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen K., Metastasizing carcinoid and 5-hydroxytryptamine, Dan. Med.Bull. 4: 96–101 (1957).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jetmore A.B., Ray J.E., Gathwright J.B., MacMullen K.M., Hicks T.C., Timmcke A.E., Rectal carcinoids: the most frequent carcinoid tumor, Dis.Col.Rect. 35: 717–725 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John H., Gürke L., Pedrims E., Solari G.M., Matrtinelli G., Thum P., Kuhrmeier A., Marx A., Martinoli S., Das Bronchial karzinoid im Kanton Tessin, Schw.Med.Wochenschr. 126: 1339–1346 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L.A., Lavin P., Moertel C.G., Weiland L., Dayal Y., Doos W.G., Geller S.A., Cooper H.S., Nime F., Carcinoids: the association of histologic growth pattern and survival, Cancer 51: 882–889 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kälkner K.M., Janson E.T., Nilsson S., Carlsson S., öberg K., Westlin J.E., Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumors, Cancer Res. (suppl) 55: 5801s–5804s (1995).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, L.M.; Bennett, G.L.; Scully, R.E.; Brugge, W.R.; GraemeCook, F.M.; Castillo, C.F.D., A 39-year-old woman with pernicious anemia and a gastric mass-Carcinoid tumor. Pernicious anemia. Chronic atrophic gastritis. Neuroendocrine hyperpla-sia and dysplasia, gastric fundus. G-cell hyperplasia, gastric an-trum., New Engl. J.Med. 336: 861–867 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardar A.H., Tulbah A., Peracha A., Merdad T., Al-Mathami A., Primary carcinoid tumor of the testis, Ann.Saudi Med. 17: 223–225 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayser K., Kayser C., Rahn W., Bovin N.V., Gabius H.J., Carcinoid tumors of the lung: Immuno-and ligando-histochemis-try, analysis of integrated optical density, syntactic structure analysis, clinical data and prognosis of patients treated surgically, J. Surg.Oncol. 63: 99–106 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkabwala M., Balthazar E. J., Carcinoid tumors of the alimentary tract. 2. Angiographic diagnosis of small intestinal and colonic lesions, Gastroint.Radiol. 3: 57–61 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirshbom P.M., Kherani A.R., Onaitis M.W., Feldman J.M., Tyler D.S., Carcinoids of unknown origin: comparative analysis with foregut, midgut and hindgut carcinoids, Surgery 124: 1063–1070 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klöppel G., Clemens A., The biological relevance of gastric neuroendocrine tumors, Yale J.Biol.Med. 69: 69–74 (1996).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KnottCraig C.J., Schaff H.V., Mullany C.J., Kvols L.K., Moertel C.G., Edwards W.D., Danielson G.K., Carcinoid disease of the heart, J.Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 104: 475–481 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kothari T., Mangia J.C., Malignant tumors associated with carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, J.Clin.Gastroent. 3(suppl.1): 43–46 (1981).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koura A.N., Giacco G.G., Curley S.A., Skibber J.M., Feig B.W., Ellis L.M., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Cancer 79: 1294–1298 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krausz Y., Pfeffer M.R., Glaser B., Lafair J., Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy of subcutaneous and thyroid metastases from bronchial carcinoidn J.Nucl.Med. 37: 1537–1539 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy S.C., Dutta V., Pai S.A., Kane S.V., Jagannath P., Desouza L.L., Deshpande R., Desai P.B., Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver: report on four resected cases including one with gastrin production, J.Surg.Oncol. 62: 218–221 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krouse J.H., Nadol J.B., Goodman M.L., Carcinoid tumors of the middle ear, Ann.Otol.Rhin.Laryng. 99: 547–552 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupski W.C., Selzman C.H., Whitehill T.A., Unusual causes of mesenterio ischemia, Surg.Clin.No Am. 77: 471–502 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper D.H., Gracie W.A., Pollard H.M., Twenty years of gastrointestinal carcinoids, Cancer 25: 1424–1430 (1970).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kultschitzky N., Zur Frage über den Bau des Darmkanals, Arch. Mikrosk.Anat. 49: 7–35 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvols L.K., Reubi J.C., Metastatic carcinoid tumors and the malignant carcinoid syndrome, Acta Oncol. 32: 197–201 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwekkeboom DJ., Krenning E.P., Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumors, World J.Surg. 20: 157–161 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labhart A., Tissue hormones, Chapter 15 in Clinical Endocrinology, theory and pratice, A. Labhart editor, Springer Verlag 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachter J.H., Lavy A., Eidelman S., Right heart failure as the sole presentation of carcinoid syndrome, Int.J.Cardiol. 25: 129–130 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang H., Oldhafer K.J., Weimann A., Schlitt H.J., Scheumann G.F., Flemming P., Ringe B., Pichlmayr R., Liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, Ann.Surg. 225: 347–354 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lertprasertsuke N., Kakudo K., Satoh S., Tada N., Osamura Y., Rectal carcinoid tumor metastasizing to the thyroid and pancreas, Acta Pathol.Jap. 40: 352–360 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Treut Y.P., Delpero J.R., Dousset B, Cherqui D., Segol P., Mantion G., Hannoun L., Benhamoiu G., Launois B, Boillot O., Results of liver transplantation in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, Ann.Surg. 225: 355–364 (1997).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leveston S.A., MacKeel D.W., Buckley P.J., De Schryver K, Greider M.H., Jaffe B.M., Daughaday W., Acromegaly and Gushing’s syndrome associated with a foregut carcinoid tumor, J.Clin.End.Met. 53: 682–689 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levi F., Randimbison L., Franceschi S., La Vecchia C., Descriptive epidemiology of malignant carcinoids in the Swiss canton of Vaud, Int.J.Cancer 53: 1036–1037 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg G.M., Molberg K.H., Vuitch M.F., Albores-Saavedra J., Atypical carcinoid of the esophagus, Cancer 79: 1476–1481 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linton K., Bath A.P., Lee J.A., Tonsillar metastasis from malignant pulmonary carcinoid tumour, J.Laryngol.Otol. 112: 581–583 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lokich J.J., Li F., Carcinoid of the thymus with hereditary hyper-parathyroidism, Ann.Int.Med. 89: 364–365 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundin L., Norheim I., Landfelius J., Öberg K., Theodorsson-Norheim E., Carcinoid heart disease: relationship of circulating vasoactive substances to ultrasound-detectable cardiac abnormalities, Circulation 77: 264–269 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundqvist M., Wilander E., A study of the histopathogenesis of carcinoid tumors of the small intestine and appendix, Cancer 60: 201–206 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch H.T., Smyrk T., Lynch J., Genetics and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Chapter 5 in ‘Surgery for Gastrointestinal cancer: a multidisciplinary approach’, ed. Wanebo H.J., Lippincott-Raven Publ., Philadelphia, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makowka L., Tzakis A.G., Mazzaferro V., Teperman L., Demetris J., Iwatsuki S., Starzl T.E., Transplantation of the liver for metastatic endocrine tumors of the intestine and pancreas, Surg.Gyn.Obst. 168: 107–111 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makridis C., Rastad J., Öberg K, Äkerström G., Progression of metastases and symptom improvement from lapa-rotomy in midgut carcinoid tumors, World J.Surg. 20: 900–907 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makridis C., Ekbom A., Bring J., Rastad J., Juhlin C., Öberg K., Äkerstrom G., Survival and daily physical activity in patients treated for advanced midgut carcinoid tumors, Surgery 122: 1075–1082 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mani S., Modlin I.M., Ballantyne G., Ahlman H., West B. Carcinoids of the rectum: a collective review, J.Am.Coll. Surg. 179:231–248 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manoli R.S., Barthelemy C.R., Osteolytic and osteoblastic metastases due to carcinoid tumors, Clin.Nucl.Med. 5: 102–105 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantzoros C.S., Suva L.J., Moses A.C., Spark R., Intractable hypercalcemia due to parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion by a (hepatic) carcinoid tumour, Clin.Endcorinol. 46: 373–375 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao C., ElAttar A., Domenico D.R., kirn K., Howard J.M., Carcinoid tumors of the pancreas, Int.J.Pancreatol. 23: 153–164 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark E.J., Pathology of tracheal neoplasms, Thoracic Oncology (Choi N.C. & Grillo H.C., ed.): 257–269 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall J.B., Bodnarchuk G., Carcinoid tumors of the gut: our experience over three decades and review of the literature, J.Clin. Gastroenterol. 16: 123–129 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martini N., Zaman M., Bains M.S., Burt M.E., MacCormack P.M., Rusch V.W., Ginsberg R.J., Treatment and prognosis in bronchial carcinoids involving regional lymph nodes. J.Thor.Cardiovasc. Surg. 107: 1–7 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matias-Guiu X., La Guette J., Puras-Gil A.M., Rosai J., Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors to the thyroid gland mimicking medullary carcinoma, Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 21: 754–762 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto T., Iida M., Suekane H., Tominaga M., Yao T., Fujishima M., Endoscopic ultrasonography in rectal carcinoid tumors: contribution to selection of therapy, Gastrointest. Endosc. 37:539–542 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer C.A., Glaser C., Reubi J.C., Büchler M/W., Carcinoid of the pancreas, Digestion 58: 410–414 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Memon M.A., Nelson H., Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors: current management strategies, Dis.Col.Rect. 40: 1101–1108 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metz D.C., Jensen R.T., Bale A.E., Skarulis M.C., Eastman R., Nieman L., Norton J.A., Friedman E., Larsson C., Amorosi A., Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I, The Parathyroids, chapter 37, ed. J.P. Bilezikian et al., Raven Press New York 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintz S.M., Radecki C., Metastatic bronchial carcinoid tumor of the soft palate, J.Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 46: 516–518 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuma K, Shibuya H., Totsuka M., Hayasaka H., Carcinoid of the stomach: a case report and review of 100 cases reported in Japan, Ann.Chirurg.Gynaecol. 72: 23–27 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modlin I.M., Sandor A., Tang L.H., Kidd M., Zelterman D., A 40-year analysis of 265 gastric carcinoids, Am.J.Gastroenterol. 92: 633–638 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modlin I.M., Sandor A., An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors, Cancer 79: 813–829 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moertel C.G., Dockerty MB., Judd E.S., Carcinoid tumors of the vermiform appendix, Cancer 21: 270–278 (1968).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moertel C.G., Johnson C.M., MacKusick M.A., Martin J.K., Nagorney D.M., Kvols L.K, Rubin J., Kunselman S., The management of patients with advanced carcinoid tumors and islet cell carcinomas, Ann.Int.Med. 120: 302–309 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan J.G., Marks C., Hearn D., Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, Ann.Surg. 180: 720–727 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgello S., Schwartz E., Horwith M., King M.E., Gorden P., Alonso D.R., Ectopic insulin production by a primary ovarian carcinoid, Cancer 61: 800–805 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyana T.N., Carcinoid tumors of Meckels’ diverticle, Am.J.Clin.Pathol. 91: 52–56 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyana T.N., Gastro-intestinal endocrine cells and carcinoids: histogenetic and pathogenetic considerations, Pathol.Annual 30: 227–246 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyssakis I.E., Rallidis L.S., Guida G.F., Nihoyannopoulos P.I., Incidence and evolution of carcinoid syndrome in the heart, J.Heart Valve Dis. 6: 625–630 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naunheim K.S., Zeitels J., Kaplan E.L., Sugimoto J., Shen K.L., Lee C.H., Straus F.H., Rectal carcinoid tumors: treatment and prognosis, Surgery 94:670–676 (1983).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nessi R., Ricci P.B., Ricci S.B., Bosco M., Blanc M., Uslenghi C., Bronchial carcinoid tumors: radiologic observations in 49 cases, J.Thorac.Imag. 6: 47–53 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton J.N., Swerdlow A.J., dosSantos Silva I.M., Vessey P.P., Grahame-Smith D.G., Primatesta P., Reynolds D.J., The epidemiology of carcinoid tumours in England and Scotland., Brit.J. Cancer 70: 939–942 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichois G.L., Hopkins M.B., Geisinger K.R., Thymic carcinoid: report of a case, Acta Cytolog. 41: 1839–1844 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nies C., Zielke A., Hasse C., Aschoff J., Rothmund M., Carcinoid tumors of Meckel’s diverticula, Dis.Col.Rect. 35: 589–596 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson O., Gastrointestinal carcinoids: aspects of diagnosis and classification., APMIS 104: 481–492 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson O., Kölby L., Wängberg B., Wignader A., Billig H., William-Ilsson L., Fjälling M., Forssell-Aronson E., Ahlman H., Comparative studies on the expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes, outcome of octreotide scintigraphy and response to octreotide treatment in patients with carcinoid tumors, Brit. J.Cancer 77: 632–637 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norheim I., Öberg K., Norheim E.T., Lindgren P.G., Lundqvist G., Magnusson A., Wide L., Wilander E., Malignant carcinoid tumors: an analysis of 103 patients with regard to tumor localization, hormone production and survival, Ann.Surgery 206: 115–125 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton J.A., Levin B., Jensen R.T., Cancer of the endocrine system, Chapter 41 in ‘Cancer, principles and practice of Oncology’, 4th Edition, De Vita V.T. et al. editors 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noyer C.M., Schwartz B.M., Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, unmasking carcinoid syndrome, Am.J.Gastroent. 92:1387–1388 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Öberg K., Neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors, Ann.Oncol. 7: 456–463 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada S., Ohshima K., Mori M., The Cushing syndrome induced by atrial natriuretic peptide-producing thymic carcinoid (letter to the editor), Ann.Intern.Med. 121: 75 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okike N., Bernatz P.E., Woolner LB., Carcinoid tumors of the lung, Ann.Thor.Surg. 22: 270–277 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliaro A., Filosso P.L., Bello M., Casadio C., Muni A., Greco B., Bertuccio G., Bisi G., Maggi G., Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung and role of 111In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy, J.Cardiovasc.Surg. 37: 653–656 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen J.O., Pozderac R.V., Hinkle G., Hili T., O’Dorisio T.M., Schirmer W.J., Ellison E.G., O’Dorisio M.S., Somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with Indium-111 penteotreotide (Octreoscan), Sem.Nucl.Medic. 25: 251–261 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Örelefors H., Sundin A., Ahlström H., Bjurling P., Bergström M., Lilja A., Längström B., Öberg K., Eriksson B., Positron emission tomography with 5-hydroxytryptophan in neuroendocrine tumors, J.Clin.Oncol. 16: 2534–2541 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orloff M.J., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Cancer 28: 175–180 (1971).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paladagu R.R., Benfield J.R., Park H.Y., Ross R.K., Teplitz R.L., Bronchopulmonary Kultchitzky cell carcinomas, Cancer 55: 1303–1311 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellikka P.A., Tajik A.J., Khandheria B.K., Seward J.B., Callahan J.A., Pitot H.C., Kvols L.K., Carcinoid heart disease: clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients, Circulation 87: 1188–1196 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peplinski G.R., Norton J.A., Gastrointestinal endocrine cancers and nodal metastasis, Surg.Oncol.Clin.N.A. 5:159–171 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peskin G.W., Orloff M.J., A clinical study of 25 patients with carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Surg.Gyn.Obst. 109: 673–682 (1959).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platts J.K., Child D.F., Meadows P., Harvey J.H., Ectopie acromegaly, Postgrad.Med.J. 73: 349–351 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pleet A.B., Funny spells in neuroendocrine disorders, Semin.in Neurol. 15: 133–150 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell J.M., Metastatic carcinoid of bone: report of two cases and review of the literature, Clin. Orthop.Rel.Res. 230: 266–272 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prvulovich E.M., Stein R.C., Bomanji J.B., Lederman J.A., Taylor I., Ell P.J., Iodine-131-MIBG therapy of a patient with carcinoid liver metastases, J.Nucl.Med. 39: 1743–1745 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pyke C.M., Lancaster B.A., Van Heerden J.A., Kvols L.K., Carcinoid syndrome secondary to a primary tumour in a Meckel’s diverticulum, Aust.N.Z.J.Surg. 63: 732–734 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quan S.H., Bader G., Berg J.W., Carcinoid tumors of the rectum, Dis.Col.Rect. 7: 197–206 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rämö O.J., Ristkari S.K., Miettinen M., Järvi K/, Mokka R.E., Duodenal carcinoid tumor with psammoma.bodies: a rare cause of haematemesis, Eur.J.Surg. 163: 227–230 (1997).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rappel S., Altendorf-Hofman A., Stolte M., Prognosis of gastric carcinoid tumours, Digestion 56: 455–462 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rayson D., Pitot H.C., Kvols L.K., Regression of metastatic carcinoid tumor after valvular surgery for carcinoid heart disease, Cancer 79: 605–611 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribet M., Gosselin B., Gambiez L., Frere L.E., Bronchial carcinoids, Eur.J.Cardiothor.Surg. 7: 347–350 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell D.A., Le Boldus G.M., Joseph M.G., Hearn S.A., Carcinoid tumour of the middle ear: case report and review of the literature, J.Otolaryngol. 23: 276–280 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rioux M., Langis P., Naud F., Sonographic appearance of primary small bowel carcinoid tumor, Abdom.Imag. 20: 37–43 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rindi G., Bordi C., Rappel S., La Rosa S., Stolte M., Solcia E., Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology and behavior, World J.Surg S. 20: 168–172 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringertz N., The gastrointestinal carcinoid and the carcinoid syndrome, J.Nat.Canc.Inst. Monogr.25: 299–313 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robboy S.J., Scully R.E., Norris H.J., Carcinoid metastatic to the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 35 cases, Cancer 33: 798–811 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robboy S.J., Scully R.E., Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: an analysis of 65 cases of a distinctive tumor composed of thyroid tissue and carcinoid, Cancer 46: 2019–2034 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts W.C., A unique heart disease associated with a unique cancer: carcinoid heart disease, Am.J.Cardiol. 80: 251–256 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robiolio P.A., Rigolin V.H., Wilson J.S., Harrison J.K., Sanders L.L., Bashore T.M., Feldman J.M., Carcinoid heart disease: correlation of high serotonin levels with valvular abnormalities detected by cardiac catheterization, Circulation 92: 790–795 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross E.M., Roberts W.C., The carcinoid syndrome: comparison of 21 necropsy subjects with carcinoid heart disease to 15 necropsy subjects without carcinoid heart disease, Am.J.Medic. 79: 339–354 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi M.L., Bevan J.S., Fleming K.A., Cruz-Sanchhez F., Pituitary metastasis from malignant bronchial carcinoid, Tumori 74: 101–105 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio I.T., Korourian S., Brown H., Cowan C., Klimberg V.S., Carcinoid tumor metastatic to the breast. Arch.Surg. 133: 1117–1119 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugge M., Sonego F., Militello C., Guido M. Ninfo V., Primary carcinoid tumor of the cystic and common bile ducts. Am.J.Surg. Pathol. 16: 802–807 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rückert R.I., Rückert J.C., Dörffel Y., Rudolph B., Müller J.M. Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor: successful hepatectomy in two cases and review of the literature, Digestion 60: 110–116 (1999).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saha S., Hoda S., Godfrey R., Sutherland C., Raybon K., Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, South.Med. J.82:1501–1505 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh J., Afshar F., Metastatic carcinoid of the CNS from two different sites, Brit.J.Neurosurg. 1: 281–284 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauven P., Ridge J.A., Quan S.H., Sigurdson E.R., Anorectal carcinoid tumors: is aggressive surgery warranted?, Ann.Surg. 211: 67–71 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schillaci O., Scopinaro F., Angeletti S., Tavolare R., Danieli R., Annibale B., Gualdi G., DellaFave G., SPECT improves accuracy of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in abdominal carcinoid tumors., J.Nucl.Med. 37: 1452–1456 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller V.L., Fishbein M.C., Siegel R.J., Unusual cardiac involvement in carcinoid syndrome, Am.Heart J. 112: 1322–1324 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindl M., Niederle B., Häfner M., Teleky B., Längle F., Kaserer K., Schöffl R., Stage dependent therapy of rectal carcinoid rumors World J.Surg. 22: 628–634 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider C., Wittekind C., Köckerling F.. Aussergewöhnliche Häufung von Carcinoidtumoren und Zweit-malignomen, Chirurg 66: 607–611 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sculco D., Bilgrami S., Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoid tumor, Am.J.Gastroenterol. 92: 1378–1380 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segu V.H., Mahvi D.M., Wilson M.A., Hale S.J., Warner T.F., Meredith M., Shenker Y., Use of In-111 pentreotide scintigraphy in the diagnosis of a midgut carcinoid causing Cushing’s syndrome, Eur.J.Endocr. 137: 79–83 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shalet S.M., Beardwell C.G., MacFarlane I.A., Ellison M.L., Noman C.M., Rees L.H., Highes M., Acromegaly due to production of a growth hormone releasing factor by a bronchial carcinoid tumor, Clin.Endocrinol. 10: 61–67 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sham R.L., Von Doenhoff L., Dipaola J., Shah A., Pande P., Bennett J.M., Polycythemia vera associated with metastatic carcinoid, Cancer Invest. 14: 120–123 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw P.A., Carcinoid tumours of the appendix are different, J.Pathol. 162: 189–190 (1990).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw P.A., The topographical and age distributiuons of neuroendocrine cells in the normal appendix, J.Pathol. 164: 235–239 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shrager J.B., Wright C.D., Wain J.C., Torchiana D.F., Grillo H.C., Mathisen D.J., Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors associated with Cushing’s syndrome: a more aggressive variant of typical carcinoid, J.Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 114: 367–375 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon D., Goretzki P.E., Branscheid D., Röher J.D., Traitement chirurgical des turneurs carcinoïdes de l’intestin, J.de Chirurgie (Paris) 129:449–455 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sioutos P., Yen V., Arbit E., Pituitary gland metastases, Ann.Surg. Oncol. 3: 94–99 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siu L.L., Chapman W., Moore M.J., Use of somatostatin analogue octreotide acetate in the treatment of encephalopathy associated with carcinoid tumor Am.J.Clin.Oncol. 20: 558–561 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirois I., Pothier J., Couture C., Bolduc P., Présentation atypique d’un syndrome carcmoïde, Can.J.Cardiol. 15: 469–471 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöblom S.M., Clinical presentation and prognosis of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours, Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 23: 779–787 (1988).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Tazawa K., Pathologic analysis of carcinoids: histologic reevaluation of 62 cases. Cancer 28: 990–998 (1971).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Histogenesis of carcinoids in relation to ordinary carcinomas, Acta Med.Biol. (Niigata) 30: 17–33 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Carcinoid tumors: a statistical analysis of a japanese series of 3126 reported and 1180 autopsy series, Acta Med.Biol. (Niigata) 42: 87–102 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Osaka M., Carcinoids of the appendix: a case report, combined with statistical analysis of 142 cases of a Japanese series., Acta Med.Biol. (Niigata) 43: 37–45 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Yakuwa Y., Duodenal carcinoids: a statistical evaluation of 635 cases collected from the literature, J.Exp.Clin.Cancer Res. 15:3–10 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Classification of carcinoids, Geka (Tokyo) 58: 1313–1317 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Evaluation of 266 cases of hepatobiliary-pancreatic carcinoids, J.Hep.Bil.Pancr.Surg. 3: 467–473 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Carcinoids of the rectum: an evaluation of 1271 reported cases, Surg.Today 27: 112–119 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Gastric carcinoids: a statistical evaluation of 1094 cases collected from the literature, Surg.Today (Jpn J.Surg.) 27: 892–901 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Yakuwa Y., Historic research background of gut-endocrinomas (carcinoids), Bull.Coll.Biomed.Technol.Niigata Univ. 6: 5–29 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Carcinoids of the small intestine: a statistical evaluation of 1102 cases collected from the literature, J.Exp.Clin.Cancer Res. 16:353–363 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soga J., Carcinoids of the colon and ileocecal region: a statistical evaluation of 363 cases collected from the literature, J.Exp.Clin. Cancer Res. 17: 139–148 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorbe B., Valentin K., Wilander E., Primary bronchial and ovarian carcinoid tumors in the same patient, Gynecol.Oncol. 25: 355–362 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soreide O., Berstad T., Bakka A., Schrumpf E., Hanssen L.E., Engh V., Bergan A., Flatmark A., Surgical treatment as a principle in patients with advanced abdominal carcinoids, Surgery 111: 48–54 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spread C., Berkel H., Jewell L., Jenkins H., Yakimets W., Colon carcinoid tumors: a population based study, Dis.Col.Rect. 37: 482–491 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stinner B., Kisker O., Zielke A., Rothmund M., Surgical management for carcinoid tumors of small bowel, appendix, colon and rectum, World J.Surg. 20: 183–188 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto E., Lörelius L.E., Eriksson B., Öberg K., Midgut carcinoid tumours: CT appearance, Acta Radiol. 36: 367–371 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suster G., Weinberg A.G., Graivier L., Carcinoid tumor of the colon in a child, J.Ped.Surg. 12: 739–742 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taal B.G., Hoefnagel C.A., ValdesOlmos R.A., Boot H., Beijnen J.H., Palliative effect of meta-iodobenzylguanidine in metastatic carcinoid tumors, J.Clin.Oncol. 14: 1829–1834 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeshima Y., Inai K., Yoneda K., Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney with special reference to its histogenesis, Pathol.Intern. 46: 894–900 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teh B.T., MacArdle J., Chan S.P., Menon J., Hartley L., Pullan P., Ho J., Khir A., Wilkinson S., Larsson C., Clinicopathological studies of thymic carcinoids in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type I., Medicine 76: 21–29 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teh B.T., Thymic carcinoids in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type I. J.Intern.Med. 243: 501–504 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teleky B., Herbst F., Längle F., Neuhold N., Niederle B., The prognosis of rectal carcinoid tumours, Int.J.Colorect.Dis. 7: 11–14 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas R.M., Sobin L.H., Gastrointestinal cancer, Cancer 75: 154–170 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson G.B., Van Heerden J.A., Martin J.K., Schutt A.J., Ilstrup D.M., Carney J.A., Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: presentation, management and prognosis, Surgery 98:1054–1063 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiedemann R.N., MacDivitt R.M., Thorbjarnarson B., Carcinoid tumor of the rectum, N.Y.St.J.Med. 72:559–563 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiensuu-Janson E.M., Öberg K.E., Carcinoid tumours, Baillière’s Clin.Gastroenterol. 10: 589–601 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomassetti P., Migliori M., Gullo L., Slow-release Lanreotide treatment in endocrine gastrointestinal tumors, Am.J.Gastroenterol. 93: 1468–1471 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tormey W.P., Fitzgerald R.J., The clinical and laboratory correlates of an increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Postgrad. Med.J. 71: 542–545 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travis W.D., Linnoila R.I., Tsokos M.G., Hitchcock C.L., Cutler G.B., Nieman L., Chrousos G., Pass H., Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 15: 529–553 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travis W.D., Rush W., Flieder D.B., Falk R., Fleming M.V., Gal A.A., Koss M.N., Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoids, Amer.J.Surg.Pathol. 22: 934–944 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis W.D., Gal A.A., Coby T.V., Klimstra D.S., Falk R., Koss M.N., Reproducibility of neuroendocrine lung tumor classification, Human Pathol. 29: 272–279 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troussier B., Pillon P., Masri B., Grauer J.L., Boizel R., Jacquot F., Phelip X., Métastases osseuses révélatrices d’une tumeur carcinoïde du pancréas, Presse Méd. 17: 1411 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsagarakis S., Giannekenas C., Vassilakos P.J., Platis O., Belenis I., Kaskarellis J., Rontoyianni D., Successful localization of an occult ACTH-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumor with 111-In-DTPA labelled octreotide, Clin.Endocrinol. 43: 763–767 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse V., Lochhead A., Adams W., Tindal D., Concurrent colonic adenocarcinoma and two ileal carcinoids in a 72-year old male, Aust.N.Z.J.Surg. 67: 739–741 (1997).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Une Y., Li Y., Uemura K., Kamiyama T., Shimamura T., Uchino J., Nojima T., Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: a case report and review of the literature, Oncol.Rep. 3: 1091–1095 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valli M.P., Fabris G.A., Dewar A., Chikte S.Z., Fisher C., Corrin B., Sheppard M.N., Atypical carcinoid tumour of the thymus-A Study of eight cases, Histopathology 24: 371–375 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Boxem T.J., Venmans B.J., VanMourik J.C., Postmus P.E., Sutedja T.G., Bronchoscopic treatment of intraluminal typical carcinoid: a pilot study, J.Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 116: 402–406 (1998).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bruel A., Bex M., Van Dorpe J., Heyns W., Bouillon R., Occult ectopic ACTH secretion due to recurrent lung carcinoid, Clin.Endocrinol. 49: 541–546 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Laarhoven H.A., Gratama S., Wereldsma J.C., Neuroendocrine carcinoid tumours of the breast, J.Surg.Oncol. 46: 125–132 (1991).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan D.J., Brunner M.D., Anesthesia for patients with carcinoid syndrome, Int.Anesth.Clin. 35: 129–142 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinik A.I., MacLeod M.K., Fig L.M., Shapiro B., Lloyd R.V., Cho K., Clinical features, diagnosis and localization of carcinoid tumors and their management, Gastroent.Clin.No.Am. 18: 865–896 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wajchenberg B.I., Mendonça B.B., Liberman B., Pereira M.A., Kirchner A., Ectopic ACTH syndrome, J.Steroid Bioch.Molec. Biol.53: 139–151 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace S., Ajani J.A., Charnsangavej C., DuBrow R., Yang D.J., Chuang V.P., Carrasco C.H., Dodd G.D., Carcinoid tumors: imaging procedures and interventional radiology, World J.Surg. 20: 147–156 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton G.F., Gibbs E.R., Spencer G.O., Laws H.L., Carcinoid tumors of the ampulla of Vater, Amer.Surgeon 63: 302–304 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D.Y., Chang D.B., Kuo S.H., Yang P.C., Lee Y.C., Hsu H.C., Luh K.T., Carcinoid tumors of the thymus, Thorax 49: 357–360 (1994).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L.T., Wilkins E.W., Bode H.H., Bronchial carcinoid tumors in pediatrie patients, Chest 103: 1426–1428 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren W.H., Faber L.P., Gould V.E., Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung, J.Thor.Cardiovasc.Surg. 98: 321–332 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westergaard T., Frisch M., Melbye M., Carcinoid tumors in Denmark 978-1989 and the risk of subsequent cancers, Cancer 76: 106–109 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wick M.R., Scott R.E., Li C.Y., Carney J.A., Carcinoid tumor of the thymus, Mayo Clin.Proc. 55: 246–254 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wick M.R., Rosai J., Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the mediastinum, Sem.Diagn.Pathol. 8: 35–51 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilander E., Scheibenpflug L., Eriksson B., Öberg K., Diagnostic criteria of classical carcinoids, Acta Oncol. 30: 469–475 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams E.D., Sandier M., The classification of carcinoid tumors, Lancet 1:238 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wöckel W., Hofmann W.J., Rolle A., Thetter O., Schmölder A., Schopohl J., Suren H., Morphologie und Klinik des Thymuskar-zinoids, Dtsch.med.Wschr. 115: 412–417 (1990).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodard P.K., Feldsman J.M., Paine S.S., Baker M.E., Midgut carcinoid tumors: CT findings and biochemical profiles., Comp. Ass.Tomogr. 19: 400–405 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods H.F., Bax N.D., Ainsworth I., Abdominal carcinoid tumours in Sheffield, Digestion 45(suppl.l): 17–22 (1990).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikane H., Tsukamoto Y., Niwa Y., Goto H., Hase S., Mizutani K., Nakamura T., Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: evaluation with endoscopic ultrasonography, Gastrointest. Endosc. 39:375–383 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zavala-Pompa A.. Ro J.Y., El-Naggar A., Ordonez N.G., Amin M.B., Pierce P.D., Ayala A.G., Primary carcinoid tumor of testis, Cancer 72: 1726–1732 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zwiebel B.C., Austin J.H., Grimes M.M., Bronchial carcinoid tumors: assessment with CT of location and intratumoral calcification in 31 patients, Radiology 179: 483–486 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Debois, J.M. (2000). Carcinoids. In: Selected Topics in Clinical Oncology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4100-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4100-0_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5797-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4100-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics