Skip to main content
  • 125 Accesses

Abstract

The mammalian liver is the organism’s largest visceral organ, comprising about 5% of the body weight. The liver is primarily composed of hepatocytes arranged in cellular plates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrams R.A., Pajak T.F., Haulk T.L., Flam M., Asbell S.O., Survival results among patients with a-fetoprotein positive unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer J.Sci.Am. 4: 178–184 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi E., Maeda T., Kajiyama K., Kinukawa N., Matsumata T., Sugimachi K., Tsuneyoshi M., Factors correlated with portal venous invasion by hepatocellular invasion, Cancer 77: 2022–2231 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akimaru K., Miyairi K., Tanaka H. Imai S., Iwase I., Uchiyama K., Shibuya T., Shoji T., A rupture of lung metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma causing haemothorax, J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 8: 613–615 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander H.R., Bartlett D.L., Libutti S.K., Isolated hepatic perfusion: a potentially effective treatment for patients with metastatic or primary cancers confined to the liver, Canc.J.Sci.Am. 4:2–11 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allgaier H.P., Deibert P., Olschewski M., Spamer C., Blum U., Gerok W., Blum H.E., Survival benefit of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by a combination of transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection, Int. J. Cancer (Pred.Oncol.) 79: 601–605 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altmann H.W., Hepatic neoformations, Path.Res.Pract. 190: 513–577 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Joint Committee on Cancer, Handbook for staging of Cancer, J.B.Lippincott Company, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson M., Vyberg M, Visfeldt J., Carstensen B., Storm H.H., Primary liver tumors among Danish patients exposed to thorotrast, Radiat.Res. 137: 262–273 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson C., Bjersing L., Lithner F., The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with acute intermittent porphyria, J.Intern.Medec. 240: 195–201 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa M., Kage M., Matsumoto S., Akagi Y., Noda T., Fukuda K. & al, Frequency and significance of tumor thrombi in esophageal varices in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis Hepatology 6: 419–422 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa M., Kimura Y., Sakata K.S., Kubo Y., Fukushima T., Okuda K., Propensity of ectopic liver to hepatocarcinogenesis, Hepatology 29: 57–61 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araki T., Hihara T., Karikomi M., Kachi M., Uchiyama G., Hepatocellular carcinoma: metastatic abdominal lymph nodes identified by computed tomography, Gastrointest.Radiol. 13: 247–252 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arii S., Tanaka J., Yamazoe Y., Minematsu S., Morino T., Fujita K., Maetabni S., Tobe T., Predictive factors for intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy. Cancer 69: 913–919 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arima K., Suga M., Ikeda N., Takahashi T., Nakata M., Shibata K., Kobayashi T., Yabvana T., Yachi A., Wakabayashi J., Hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis to the duodenum, Digest. Endoscopy 4:62–67 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhotmah M.A., Altaf F.J., Bakhsh T.M., A rare metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma, Saudi Med.J. 18: 321–322 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechstein W.O., Guckelberger O., Klmg N., Rayes N., Tullius S.G., Lobeck H., Vogl T., Jonas S., Neuhaus P., Recurrence-free survival after liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma, Transplant.Int. 11(suppl. 1): S189–S192 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya S., Davidson B., Dhillon A.P., Blood supply of early hepatocellular carcinoma, Semin.Liver Dis. 15: 390–401 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bismuth H., Morino M., Sherlock D., Castaing D., Miglietta C., Cauquil P., Roche A., Primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by arterial chemoembolization, Am.J.Surg. 163: 387–394 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bismuth H., Chiche L., Adam R., Castaing D., Diamond T., Dennison A., Liver resection versus transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients, Ann.Surg. 218: 145–151 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bismuth H., Fecteau A., Kombinationstherapie in der Onkologie: das hepatocelluläre Carcinom, Chirurg 69: 360–365 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bizollon T., Rode A., Bancel B., Gueripel V., Ducerf C., Baulieux J., Trepo C., Diagnostic value and tolerance of Lipiodol-computed tomography for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Hepatol. 28:491–496 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg B.S., Hepatitis B virus, the vaccine and the control of primary cancer of the liver, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 94: 7121–7125 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boixeda D., Pais J.R., Rodriguez-Garcia J.L., Garcia-Gonzalez M., Cuesta C., Moreno A., Monroy C., Hepatocarcinoma metastatic to a parathyroid adenoma, Diagn.Oncol. 1: 316–319 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonkovsky H.L., The alphabet soup of viral hepatitis: is G a new flavi (or) in the mix ?, Western J.Med. 1687: 50–51 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Born M., Layer G., Kreft B., Schwarz N., Schild H., MRT, CT und CTAP in der Diagnostik maligner Lebertumoren bei Leberzirrhose Fortschr.Röntgenstr. 168: 567–572 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutron M.C., Faivre J., Milan C., Bedenne L., Hillon P., Klepping C., Primary liver cancer in Côte d’Or (France), Int.J.Epidemiol. 17:21–26 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwens L., De Bleser P., Van der kerken K., Geerts B., Wisse E., Liver cell heterogeneity: functions of non-parenchymal cells, Enzyme 46: 155–168 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno S., Diolini E., Crosignani A., Borzio F., Leandro G., Bono F., Asti M., Rossi S., Larghi A., Cerino A., Podda M., Hepatitis C-virus genotypes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a prospective study, Hepatology 25: 754–758 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruix J., Castells A., Calvet X., Feu F., Bru C., Solé M., Bruguera M., Rodés J., Diarrhea as a presenting symptom of hepatocellular carcinoma, Dig.Dis.Sci. 35: 681–685 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruix J., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 25:259–262 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruix J., Llovet J.M., Castells A., Montana X., Bru C., Ayuso M., Vilana R., Rodes J., Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 27: 1578–1583 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brust R., & Conlon P.C., Roentgenologic manifestations of primary hepatoma with particular reference to some unusual cholecystographic findings, Am.J.Roentgenol. 87: 777–786 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burette A., Van Gossum M., Laurent E., Bourgeois N., Adler M., Deltenre M., Incidence des syndromes paranéoplasiques dans une sèrie de 204 carcinomes hépatocellulaires, Acta Gastroent.Belg. 48: 352–369 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buscarini L., Fornari F., Canaletti R., Sbolli G., Civardi G., Cavanna L., DiStasi M., Diagnostic aspects and follow-up of 174 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, Oncology 48: 26–30 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callea F., Fabbretti G., Brisigotti, Cozzutto C., Histological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, Ital.J.Gastroenter. 24: 50–54 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvet X., Bruix J., Bru C., Gines P., Vilana R., Solé M., Ayuso M., Bruguera M., Rodes J., Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma in Spain, J.Hepatol. 10: 311–317 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvet X., Bruix J., Gines P., Bru C., Solé M., Vilana R., Rodes J., Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in the West: a multivariate analysis in 206 patients, Hepatology 12: 753–760 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvey H.D., Melia W.M., Williams R., Polyneuropathy: an unreported non-metastatic complication of primary hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin.Oncol. 9: 199–202 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carson K.L., Hunt C.M., Medical problems occuring after orthotopic liver transplantation, Dig.Dis.Sci. 42: 1666–1674 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caselman W.H., Spengler U., Fischer H.P., Sauerbruch T., Leberzirrhosen als Präkanzerosen, Internist 38: 928–936 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellano L., Calandra M., Del VecchioBlanco C., De Sio I., Predictive factors of survival and intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis after percutaneous ethanol injection: analysis of 71 patients, J.Hepatol. 27: 862–870 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castells A., Bruix J., Bru C., Fuster J., Vilana R., Navasa M., Ayuso C., Boix L., Visa J., Rodès J., Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients, Hepatology 18: 1121–1126 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Champetier J., Yver R., Létoublon C., Vigneau B., A general view of anomalies of hepatic morphology and their clinical implications Anat.Clin. 7:285–299 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chau G.Y., Lui W. Y., Tsay S.H., King K.L., Loong C.C., Chiu J.H., Wu C.W., Peng F.K., Prognostic significance of surgical margin in hepatocellular carcinoma resection: an analysis of 165 Child’s A patients, J.Surg.Oncol. 66: 122–126 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C.J., Yu M.W., Liaw Y.F., Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 12(S1): S294–S308 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C.H., Sheu J.C., Huang G.T., Lee H.S., Yang P.M., Wong J.M., Chen D.S., Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with variceal bleeding, J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 13: 170–174 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung R.C., Keefe E.B., Greenberg H.B., Hepatitis G virus: is it a hepatitis virus ?, Western J.Med. 167: 23–33 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba T., Matsuzaki Y., Abei M., Shoda J., Tanaka N., Osuga T., Aikawa T., The role of previous hepatitis B-virus infection and heavy smoking in hepatitis C-virus related hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Gastroenter. 91: 1195–1203 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa R., Donato F., Portolani N., Favret M., Tomasoni V., Nardi G., Primary liver cancer in a high incidence area in North-Italy, Eur.J.Epidemiol. 11: 435–442 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung S.W., Toth J.L., Rezieg M., Caumeron R., Taylor B.R., Greig P.D., Levy G.A., Langer B., Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Surg. 167: 317–321 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier J., Curless R., Bassendine M.P., James O.F., Clinical features and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Britain in relation to age, Age and Aging 23: 22–27 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier J., Sherman M., Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 27: 273–278 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo M., De Franchis R., Del Ninno E., Sangiovanni A., De Fazio C., Tommasini M., Donato M.F., Piva A., Hepatocellular carcinoma in italian patients with cirrhosis, New Engl.J.Med. 325: 675–680 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo M., Romeo R., Human primary liver cancer and hepatitis C-virus in Western countries and Africa, Chapter 5 in ‘Primary Liver Cancer’, ed.by C. Bréchot, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosenza C.A., Sher L.S., Poletti B.J., Tschirhardt D., Noguchi H., Hoffman A.L., Lopez R.R., Lugo D., Rojter S.E., Makowka L., Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the right colon manifested by gastrointestinal bleeding, Amer.Surgeon 65: 218–221 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cottin S., Caumon J.P., Gibon M., Fumoleau P., Prost A., Le Bodic M.F., Lenne Y., Ferron J.J., Métastases osseuses révélatrices d’hépatome, Rev.Rhumat. 48: 347–355 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cottone M., Virdone R., Fiusco G., Orlando A., Turri M., Caltagirone M., Marrighini A., Sciarrino E., Demma I., Asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Child’s A cirrhosis: comparison of natural history and surgical treatment, Gastroent. 96: 1566–1571 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig J.R., Peters R.L., Edmondson H.A., Ornata M., Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: a tumor of adolescents and young adults with distinctive clinicopathologic features, Cancer 46: 371–379 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Curley S.A., Izzo F., Gallipolli A., De Bellis M., Cremona F., Parisi V., Identification and screening of 416 patients with chronic hepatitis at high risk to develop hepatocellular cancer, Ann.Surg. 222: 375–383 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darby S.C., Ewart D.W., Giangrande P.L., Spooner R.J., Rizza C.R., Dusheiko G.M., Lee C.A., Ludiam C.A., Preston F.E., Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C (virus), The Lancet 350: 1425–1431 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darnell J., Lodish H., Chapter 11 ‘Eukaryotic chromosmes and genes’ in ‘Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books, Baltimore 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bac C., Stroffolini T., Gaeta G.B., Taliani G., Giusti G., Pathogenic factors in cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter italian study, Hepatology 20: 1225–1230 (1994).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delbeke D., Martin W.H., Sandle, M.P., Chapman W.C., Wright J.K., Pinson C.W., Evaluation of benign vs malignant hepatic lesions with positron emission tomography, Arch.Surg. 133: 510–516 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Del Regato J.A., Spjut H.L., Cancer Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, Mosby Company, St.Louis 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Nardi P., Braga M., Zerbi A., Sassi I., Mangili F., Cristallo M., DiCarlo V., Bleeding gastric polyposis-like metastases of hepato-cellular carcinoma, Dig.Surg. 9: 105–109 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Deugnier Y., Auffret P., Lehry D., Brissot P., Bourel M., Marqueurs biologiques du carcinome hépatocellulaire, Gastroentérol. Clin.Biol. 11: 648–657 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deugnier Y.M., Guyader D., Crantock L., Lopez J.M., Turlin B., Yaouanq J., Jouanolle H., Campion J.P. & al., Primary liver cancer in genetic hemochromatosis: a clinical, pathological and pathogenetic study of 54 cases, Gastroenterol. 104:228–234 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Vita S., Zagonel V., Russo A., Rupolo M., Cannizzaro R., Chiara G., Boiocchi M., Carbone A., Franceschi S., HepatitisC-virus, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, Brit.J.Cancer 77: 2032–2035 (1998).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Distasi M., Buscarmi L., Livraghi T., Giorgio A., Salmi A., De Sio L., Brunello F., Solmi L., Caturelli E., Magnolfl F., Caremani M., Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 32: 1168–1173 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donato F., Tagger A., Chiesa R., Ribero M.L., Tomasoni V., Fasola M., Gelarti U., Portera G., Boffetta P., Nardi G., Hepatitis B and C infection, alcohol drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study in Italy, Hepatology 26: 579–584 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Assal O.N., Yamanoi A., Soda Y., Yamaguchi M., Yu L., Nagasue N., Proposal of invasiveness score to predict recurrence and survival rate after curative hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 122: 571–577 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Serag H.B., Mason A.C., Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA, New Engl.J.Med. 340: 745–750 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst O., Sergent G., Mizrahi D., Delemazure O., Paris J.C., L’Herminé C., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization: comparison of planned periodic chemoembolization and chemoembolization based on tumor response, Am.J.Roentgen. 172: 1721–1759 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans A.A., O’Connell A.P., Pugh J.C., Mason W.S., Shen F.M., Chen G.C., Lin W.Y., Dia A., M’Boup S., Dramé B., London W.T. Geographic variation in viral load among hepatitis B carriers with differing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer Epidem. Biom. Prev. 7:559–565 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Even C., Launoy G., Collet T., Dival O., Piquet M.L., Rougereau A., Verwaerde J.C., Dao T., Epidémiologie du carcinome hépatocellulaire dans le département du Calvados, Gastroentérol. Clin. Biol. 21:450–458 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faivre J., Forman D., Estéve J., Obradovic M., Sant M., Survival of patients with primary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer in Europe, Eur.J.Cancer 34: 2184–2190 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan S.T.,, Lo C.M., Liu C.L., Lam C.M., Yuen W.K., Yeung C., Wong J., Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths, Ann.Surg. 229: 322–330 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farges O., Belghiti J., Traitement chirurgical du carcinome hépatocellulaire, Ann.Chirurg. 52: 535–542 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer D.G., Rosove M.H., Shaked A., Busuttil R.W., Current treatment modalities for hepatocellular carcinoma, Ann.Surg. 219: 236–241 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feitelson M.A., Duan L.X., Hepatitis B virus X antigen in the pathogenesis of chronic infections and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Pathol. 150: 1141–1157 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez M., Redvanly R.D., (Radiology of) primary hepatic malignant neoplasms, Radiol.Clin.No.Am. 36: 333–347 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell L.D., Crawford J.M., Dhillon A.P., Scheuer P.J., Nakanuma Y., Proposal for standardized criteria for the diagnosis of benign, borderline and malignant hepatocellular lesions arising in chronic advanced liver disease, Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 17: 1113–1123 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris J.V., Baron R.L., Marsh J.W., Oliver J.H., Carr B.I., Dodd G.D., Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: spectrum of CT findings and recurrence patterns, Radiology 198:233–238 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Font R.L., Maturi R.K., Small R.G., Garcia-Rojas M., Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the orbit, Arch.Ophthalmol. 116: 942–945 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco D., Capussotti L., Smadja C., Bouzari H., Meakins J., Kemeny F., Grange D., Dellepiane M., Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 72 european patients, with cirrhosis, Gastroenter. 98: 733–738 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto H., Murakami K., Nosaka K., Arimizu N., Splenic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin.Nucl.Med. 17:99–100 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukui H., Kashiwagi T., Shirai Y., Matsuda Y., Kawata S., Nishimura T., Kozuka T., Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the colon demonstrated by Tc99m PMT scintigraphy, Clin. Nucl. Med. 18:512–515 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo C. on behalf of the Cancer of the Liver Italian Programme, Tamoxifen in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial, Lancet 352: 17–20 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo C. on behalf of the Cancer of the Liver Italian Programme A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients, Hepatology 28: 751–755 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gluckman J.B., Turner M.D., Systemic manifestations of tumors of the small gut and liver, Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 230: 318–331 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Godley P.A., Hepatocellular carcinoma, Ch. 18 in ‘Gastrointestinal disease: risk factors and prevention’, ed. J.F. Johnason, Lippincott-Raven Publ. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gralnick H.R., Givelber H., Abrams E., Dysfibrinogenemia associated with hepatoma, New Engl.J.Med. 299: 221–226 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann M., Hoermann R., Weiss M., Jauch K. W., Oertel H., Staebler A., Mann K., Engelhardt D., Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Gastroent. 90: 1500–1503 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groupe d’Etude et de traitement du carcinome hépatocellulaire, A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, New Engl. J.Med. 332: 1256–1261 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gugenheim J., Baldini E., Mazza D., Fabiani P., StPaul M.C., Gombaux B., Ouzan D., Moiel J., Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation, Transpl Int. 7(suppl.l): S224–S226 (1994).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall T.C., Paraneoplastic syndromes: mechanisms, Sem.Oncol. 24: 269–276 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamy A., Paineau J., Savigny B., Kahn X., Benamar S., Miraillie E., Visset J., Rupture tumorale dans les voies biliaires intra-hépa-tiques: révélation rare d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire, J.Chir. (Paris) 134: 128–132 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa H., De Cervens T., Yamasaki S., Kosuge T., Takayama T., Shimada K., Stratégie chirurgicale pour les carcinomes hépatocellulaires du lobe caudé, J.Chir. 128: 533–540 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto M., Watanabe G., Matsuda M., Yamamoto T., Tsutsumi K., Tsurumaru M., Gastrointestinal bleeding from a he-patocellular carcinoma invading the transverse colon, J.Gastroent. Hepatol. 11:765–767 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hey A., Röckelein G., Primäre Leberkarzinome im Sektionsma-terial, Fortschr.Med. 103: 238–242 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraoka T., Iwai K., Yamashita R., Tada I., Miyauchi Y., Meta-stases from hepatocellular carcinoma in sclerosed oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients, Brit.J.Surg. 73: 932 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho J., Wu P.C., Kung T.M., An autopsy study of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hong Kong, Pathology 13: 409–416 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho S., Lau W.Y., Leung T.W., Johnson P.J., Internal radiation therapy for patients with primary or metastatic hepatic cancer Cancer 83: 1894–1907 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Höckerstedt K., Halme L., Isoniemi H., Lindgren L., Mäkisalo H., Orko R., Salmela K., Liver transplantation, Ann.Chirurg.Gynaecol. 86: 102–111 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingworth R.C., Minton E.J., Fraser-Moodie C., Metivier E., Rizzi P.M., Irving W.L., Jenkins D., Ryder S.D., Hepatitis G infection: role in cryptogenic chronic liver disease and primary liver cell cancer in the UK, J.Viral Hepatitis 5: 165–169 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Horie Y., Maeda N., Kawasaki H., Suyama A., Characteristic differences of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan, with special reference to liver weight at autopsy, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 44: 1407–1412 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horie Y., Shigoku A., Tanaka H., Yomie Y., Maeda N., Hoshino U., Koda M., Shiota G., Yamamoto T., Kato S., Murawaki Y. et al., Prognosis for pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma, Oncology 57:23–28 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsing A.W., Hoover R.N., MacLaughlin J.K., Co-Chien H.T., Wacholder S., Blot W.J., Fraumeni J.F., Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer among young women, Canc.Caus.Contr. 3: 43–48 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang G.T., Sheu J.C., Lee H.S., Lai M.Y., Wang T.H., Chen D.S. Icteric type hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroenterol. 33: 53–56 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui A.M., Makuuchi M., Molecular basis of multistep hepatocar-cinogenesis: genetic and epigenetic events, Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 8:737–742 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang G.J., Kim M.J., Yoo H.S., Lee J.T., Nodular hepatocellular carcinomas: detection with arterial, portal and delayed-phase images at spiral CT, Radiology 202: 383–388 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iemura J., Aoshima M., Ishigami N., Kaneda T., Oba N., Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the right atrium, Hepato Gastroent. 44: 824–825 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikebe T., Wakasa K., Shuto T., Okuda T., Yamamoto T., Hirohashi K., Kinoshita H., Sakurai M., Analysis of hyperplastic foci in livers with hepatocellular carcinomas by flow cytometry and AgNOR staining, Pathol.Int. 47: 547–552 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y., Shimada M., Hasegawa H., Gion T., Kajiyama K., Shirabe K., Yanaga K., Takenaka K., Sugimachi K., Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with diabetes mellitus after hepatic resection, Hepatology 27: 1567–1571 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imaeda T., Yamawaki Y., Goto H., Seki M., Iinuma G., Kanematsu M., Mochizuki R., Doi H., Growth kinetics of small hepatocellular carcinoma, Eur.J.Gastr.Hepat. 5: 739–744 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Imaoka S., Sasaki Y., Masutani S., Ishikawa O., Furukawa H., Kabuto T., Kameyama M., Ishiguro S., Necrosis of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by spontaneously arising arterial thrombus, Hepato-Gastroent. 41: 359–362 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imberti D., Fornari F., Sbolli G., Buscarmi E., Squassante L., Buscarini L., Hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis: a prospective study, Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 28: 540–544 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki Y., Unoura M., Urabe T., Ogino H., Terasaki S., Matsushita E., Kaneko S., Morioka T., Furusawa A., Distant metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after successfull treatment of the primary lesion, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 40: 316–319 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Working Party, Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions, Hepatology 22: 983–993 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki M., Furuse J., Yoshino M., Moriyama N., Kanemoto H., Okumura H., Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report, Jpn J.Clin.Oncol. 27: 278–281 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwatsuki S., Starzl T.E., Sheahan D.G., Yokoyama I., Demetris A.J., Todo S., Tzakis A.G., Van Thiel D.H., Carr B., Selby R., Hepatic resection versus transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma, Ann.Surg. 214: 221–229 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izumi R., Shimizu K., Kiriyama M., Hashimoto T., Urade M., Yagi M., Mizukami Y., Nonomura A., Miyazaki I., Alpha-fetoprotein production by hepatocellular carcinoma is prognostic of poor patient survival, J.Surg.Oncol. 49: 151–155 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Izumi R., Shimizu K., Yagi T., Yagi M., Matsui O., Nonmura A., Miyazaki I., Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients undergoing hepatic resection, Gastroenterol. 106:720–727 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izzo F., Cremona F., Ruffolo F., Palaia R., Parisi V., Curley S.A., Outcome of 67 patients with hepatocellular cancer detected during screening of 1125 patients with chronic hepatitis, Ann.Surg. 227: 513–518 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadaud E., Lortholary A., Meyer V., Lorimier G., Audran M., Métastase sternale révélatrice d’un hépatocarcinome, Presse Méd. 26: 1240 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones D.E., Metcalf J.V., Collier J.D., Bassendine M.F., James O.F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis and its impact on outcomes, Hepatology 26: 1138–1142 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaczynski J., Hansson G., Wallerstedt S., Incidence of primary liver cancer and aetological aspects: a study of a defined population from a low-endemicity area, Brit.J.Cancer 73: 128–132 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamarada Y., Imai T., Iwata M., Yokoi H., Noguchi T., Mizumoto R., Significance of multidisciplinary therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol. 31(suppl.1): S13–S19 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanai T., Hirohashi S., Upton M.P., Noguchi M., Kishi K., Makuuchi M., Yamasaki S., Hasegawa H., Takayasu K., Moriyama N., Pathology of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposal for a new gross classification, Cancer 60: 810–819 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato A., Kubo K.; Kuokawa F., Okita K., Oga A., Murakami T., Numerical aberrations of chromosomes 16,17 anf 18 in hepatocellular carcinoma, Dig.Dis.Sci. 43: 1–7 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki S., Makuuchi M., Miyagawa S., Kakazu T., Hayashi K., Kasai H., Miwa S., Hui A.M., Nishimaki K., Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, World J.Surg. 19: 31–34 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kew M.C., Tumour markers of hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 4: 373–384 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kew M.C., Virchow-Troisier’s lymph node in hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Chn.Gastroent. 13: 217–219 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kew M.C., Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma, FEMS Microbiol.Rev. 14: 211–220 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khakoo S.I., Grellier L.F., Soni P.N., Bhattacharya S., Dusheiko G.M., Etiology, screening and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, Med.Clin. No.Am. 80: 1121–1145 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S.Y., Lim J.H., Extension of hepatoma to the rectus abdominis muscle via ligamentum teres hepatis, Gastrointest.Radiol. 10: 119–121 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M., Na D.L., Park S.H., Jeon B.S., Roh J.K., Nervous system involvement by metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Neuro-Oncol. 36:85–90 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa Y., Tajika T., Kameoka N., Kanda Y., Watanabe T., Miura A., Teramoto T., Masai O., Onuma T., Adrenal metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato Gastroent. 43: 1383–1386 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyosawa K., Furuta S., Clinical aspects and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan, Cancer Chemoth.Pharmacol. 31(s.I):S150–S156 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klintmalm G.B., Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a registry report of the impact of tumor characteristics on outcome, Ann.Surg. 228: 479–490 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight T.E., Woo A.S., Blaisdell J.M., Hepatocellular carcinoma invasive to chest wall, Int.J.Dermatol. 31:273–276 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi K., Unoura M., Tanaka N., Hattori N., Comparison between hepatocellular carcinoma-developing and non-carcinoma-developing patients with cirrhosis over a long followup period, Hepato-Gastroent. 37: 445–448 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koito K., Namieno T., Morita K., Differential diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma and adenomatous hyperplasia with power Doppler sonography, Am.J.Roentgen. 170: 157–181 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojiro M., Kawabata K., Kawano Y., Shirai F., Takemoto N., Nakashima T., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as intrabile duct tumor growth: a clinicopathologic study of 24 cases, Cancer 49:2144–2147 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojiro M., Nakahara H., Sugihara S., Murakami T., Nakashima T., Kawasaki H., Hepatocellular carcinoma with intraatrial tumor growth, Arch.Pathol.Lab.Med. 108: 898–992 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojiro M., Pathology of early hepatocellular carcinoma-progression from early to advanced, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45: 1203–1205 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosuge T., Makuuchi M., Takayama T., Yamamoto J., Shimada K., Yamasaki S., Long-term results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience with 480 cases, Hepato-Gastroent. 40:328–332 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kouroumalis E., Skordilis P., Thermos K., Vasilaki A., Moschandrea J., Manousos O.N., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study, Gut 42: 442–447 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ku Y., Iwasaki T., Fukumoto T., Tominaga M., Muramatsu S., Kusunoki N., Sugimoto T., Suzuki Y., Kuroda Y., Saitoh Y., Sako M., Induction of long-term remission in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous isolated liver chemoperfusion, Ann. Surg. 227:519–526 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo S., Nishiguchi S., Hirohashi K., Shuto T., Kuroki T., Minamitani S., Ikebe T., Yamamoto T., Wakasa K., Kinoshita H., Clinicopathological criteria for multicentricity of hepatocellular carcinoma and risk factors for such carcmogenesis, Jpn.J.Cancer Res. 89:419–426 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudo M., Morphological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: special emphasis on intranodular hemodynamic imaging, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45: 1226–1231 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlman J.E., Fishman E.K., Leichner P.K., Magid D., Order S.E., Siegelman S.S., Skeletal metastases from hepatoma: frequency, distribution and radiographic features, Radiology 160: 175–178 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai C.L., Lam K.C., Wong K.P., Wu P.C., Todd D., Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma: review of 211 patients in Hong Kong, Cancer 47: 2746–2755 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai E.C., Lo C.M., Fan S.T., Liu C.L., Wong J., Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, Arch.Surg. 133:183–188 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalikos J.F., Sotereanos G.C., Nawrocki J.S., Tzakis A.G., Isolated mandibular metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Oral Maxil-lofac.Surg. 50: 754–759 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamers R., Stieber P., Borlinghaus P., FatehMoghadam A., Tumor markers in cancer of the liver, Diagnost.Oncol. 1: 363–372, (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau H., Fan S.T., Ng IO., Wong J., Long term prognosis after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 83: 2302–2311 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau W.Y., Mok S.D., Leung J. W., Li A.K., Migrated tumour fragments in common bile ducts from hepatocellular carcinoma, Aust. N.Z. J.Surg. 60: 995–997 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauwers G.Y., Vauthey J.N., Pathological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical review of prognostic factors, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45: 1197–1202 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • La Vecchia C., Negri E., Decarli A., Franceschi S., Diabetes mellitus and the risk of primary liver cancer, Int.J.Cancer 73: 204–207 (1997).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson T.L., Berland L.L., Foley W.D., (Imaging of) malignant neoplasms of the pancreas, liver and biliary tract, Chapter 14 in ‘Oncologic Imaging’, ed.Bragg D.G. et al., Pergamon Press, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee H.S., Chung Y.H., Kim C.Y., Specificities of serum alpha-foetoprotein in HBsAg+ and HBsAg-patients in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 14: 68–72 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J.P., Hepatoma presenting as craniospinal metastasis: analysis of sixteen cases, J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psych. 55: 1037–1039 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenciom R., Pinto F., Armillotta N., DiGiulio M., Gaeta P., DiCandio G., Marchi S., Bartolozzi C., Intrahepatic metastatic nodules of hepatocellular carcinoma detected at Lipiodol-CT: imaging-pathologic correlation, Abdom.Imag. 22: 253–258 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lencioni R., Paolicchi A., Moretti M., Pinto F., Armillotta N., DiuGiulio M., Cicorelli A., Donati F., Cioni D., Bartolozzi C., Combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of large hepatocellular carcinoma, Eur.Radiol. 8: 439–444 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw C.C., Ng K.T., Chen T.J., Liaw Y.F., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as bone metastasis, Cancer 64: 1753–1757 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liew C.T., Li H.M., Lo K.W., Leow C.K., Lau W.Y., Hin L.Y., Lim B.K., Lai P.B., Chan J.Y., Wang X.Q., Wu S., Lee J.C., Frequent allelic loss on chromosome 9 in hepatocellular carcinoma, Int.J.Cancer 81: 319–324 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot K., Skelton M., Kew M.C., Yu M.C., Kedda M.A., Coppin A., Hodkinson J., Does hepatitis GB Virus-C infection cause hepatocellular carcinoma in black Africans?, Hepatology 26:740–742 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin M.S., Gndley G., Mellemkjaer L., Olsen J.H., Keehn S., Adami H.O., Fraumeni J.F., Primary liver cancer, other malignancies and mortality risks following porphyria: a cohort study in Denmark and Sweden, Am.J.Epidem. 149: 1010–1015 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg M.C., Hepatobiliary complications of oral contraceptives J.Gen.Int.Med. 7: 199–209 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liou T.C., Shih S.C., Kao C.R., Chou S.Y., Lin S.C., Wang H.W., Pulmonary metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with transarterial chemoembolization, J.Hepatol. 23: 563–568 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llovet J.M., Bruix J., Fuster J., Castells A., Garcia-Valdecasas J.C., Grande L., Franca A., Bru C., Navasa M., Carmen-Avuso M. Solé M., Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power, Hepatology 27: 1572–1577 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lise M., Bacchetti S., DaPian P., Nitti D., Pilati P.L., Pigato P., Prognostic factors affecting long term outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 82: 1028–1036 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C.L., Fan S.T., Nonresectional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Surg. 173: 358–365 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livraghi T., Giorgio A., Marin G., Salmi A., De Sio I., Bolondi L., Pompili M., Brunello F., Lazzaroni S., Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection, Radiology 197: 101–108 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livraghi T., Bolondi L., Buscarmi L., Cottone M., Mazziotti A., Morabito A., Torzilli G., No treatment, resection and ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of survival in 391 patients with cirrhosis, J.Hepatol. 22: 522–526 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livraghi T., Bendinin V., Lazzaroni S., Meloni F., Torzilli G., Vettori C., Long term results of single session percutaneous ethanol injection in patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 83: 48–57 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livraghi T., Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis, Hepato-Gastroenter. 45: 1248–1253 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llovet J.M., Bruix J., Fuster J., Castells A., Garcia Valdecasas J.C., Grande L., Franca A., Bru C., Navasa M., CarmenAyuso M., Sole M., Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastases classification does not have prognostic power, Hepatology 27: 1572–1577 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe C.J., Riepe S.P., Wood W.C., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a pancreatic head mass: report of an unusual case, Am.J.Clin.Oncol. 20: 509–510 (1997).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu C.L., Wu J.C., Chiang J.H., Lui W. Y., Chau G.Y., Lee S.D., Hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe, J.Gastroent.Hepat. 12: 144–148 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longmaid H.E., Seltzer S.E., Costello P., Gordon P., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as primary extrahepatic mass on CT Amer.J.Roentgenol. 146: 1005–1009 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucandri G., Stipa F., Sapienza P., Ziparo V., Stipa S., Resection of the caudate lobe for hepatocellular carcinoma, Eur.J.Surg. 164: 395–398 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo J.C., Hwang S.J., Wu J.C., Li C.P., Hsiao C.T., Lai C.R., Chiang J.H., Lui W.Y., Chang F.Y., Lee S.D., Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan, Cancer 86: 799–804 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch P., Green L., Jordan P.H., Graham D.Y., Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the stomach presenting as bleeding multiple craterogenic ulcers, Am.J.Gastroenterol. 84: 653–655 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald G.A., Hepatocellular carcinoma, Curr.Opin.Gastro-enter. 13:257–262 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald G.A., Hepatocellular carcinoma, Curr.Opin.Gastro-enter. 14: 250–255 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maillefert J.F., Tebib J., Aho S., Les métastases osseuses du carcinome hépatocellulaire, Rev.Rhum. 60: 907–912 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majno P.E., Adam R., Bismuth H., Castaing D., Anche A., Krisat J., Perrin H., Azoulay D., Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoemebolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, Ann.Surg. 226: 688–703 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makuuchi M., Kosuge T., Takayama T., Yamazaki S., Kakazu T., Miyagawa S., Kawasaki S., Surgery for small liver cancers, Semin. Surg.Oncol. 9: 298–304 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malt R.A., Surgery for hepatic neoplasms, New Engl.J.Med. 313: 1591–1596 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelli C., Fraquelli M., Fargion S., Barisani D., Piperno A., Braga M., Fracanzani A.L., Bodini P., Aimo G., Comparable frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis of different aetiology, Eur.J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 6: 1129–1134 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredi D., Manfredi R., Campioni N., Sorvillo G., Romano P., Grauso F., Sega F.M., A proposed TNM classification for malignant primary liver tumors, J.Surg.Oncol. 32: 227–229 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manns M.P., Kubicka S., Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review, Digestion 58(suppl.1): 69–75 (1997).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manzini V., Terpin M.M., Loru F., Broillo A., Ramani L., Zuch C., Bianchi C., Multiple primary malignant tumors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 29 patients, Tumori 82: 245–248 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh J.W., Dvorchick I., Subotin M., Balan V., Rakela J., Popechitelev E.P., Subbotin V., Casavilla A., Carr B.I., Fung J.J., The prediction of risk of recurrence and time to recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 26: 444–450 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti-Bonmati L., MR imaging characteristics of hepatic tumors, Eur.Radiol. 7:249–258 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura M., Nakajima N., Arai K., Ito K., The usefulness of radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45:791–796 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoferro V., Regalia E., Doci R., Andreola S., Pulvirenti A., Bozzetti F., Montalato F., Ammatuna M., Morabito A., Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis, New Engl.J.Med. 334: 693–699 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mion F., Grozel L., Boillot O., Paliard P., Berger F., Adult cirrhotic liver explants: precancerous lesions and undetected small hepato-cellular carcinomas, Gastroenterology 111: 1587–1592 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura T., Hirabuki N., Kozuka T., Cranial metastases from hepa-tocellular carcinoma, Clin.Radiol. 42: 445–446 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami R., Yoshimatsu S., Yamashita Y., Matsukawa T. Takahashi M., Sagara K., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of perecutaneous microwave coagulation, Am.J. Roentgenol. 164: 1159–1164 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagawa S., Kawasaki S., Subsegmentectomy or segmentectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato Gastroent. 45: 2–6 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyajima I., Sata M., Kumashiro R., Uchimura Y., Ide T., Suzuki H., Tanikawa K., The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C after interferon treatment, On-col.Rep. 5:201–204 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto M., Sudo T., Kuyama T., Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 172 japanese cases, Am.J.Gastroent. 86:67–71 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochimatsu I., Tsukuda M., Furukawa S., Sawaki S., Tumours metastasizing to the head and neck, J.Laryngol.Otol. 107: 1171–1173 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montesano R., Hainaut P., Wild C.P., Hepatocellular carcinoma: from gene to public health, J.Nat.Canc.Inst. 89: 1844–1851 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muguti G., Tait N., Richardson A., Little J.M., Alpha-foetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroent.Hepat. 7: 374–378 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller C., Pfeffel F., Peck-Radosavljevic M., Peterman D., Oesterreicher C., Pidlich J., Prevalence of hepatitis G virus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Viral Hepatitis 4: 411–414 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller C., The hepatitis alphabet, Wien.Klin. Wchschr. 111: 461–468 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami K., Nawano S., Moriyama N., Sekiguchi R., Satake M., Fujimoto H., Ichikawa T., Intracranial metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma: CT and MRI, Neuroradiology 38: S31–S35 (1996).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami R., Korogi Y., Sakamoto Y., Takahashi M., Okuda T., Yasunaga T., Nishimura R., Yoshimatsu S., Skull metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma, Acta Radiol. 36: 597–602 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima I., Hamada C., Naruse K., Osada T., Nagao T., Kawano N., Muto T., Surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 119: 40–45 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasue N., Yukaya H., Hamada T., Hirose S., Kanashima R., Inokuchi K., The natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 54: 1461–1465 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasue N., Yukaya H., Ogawa Y., Sasaki Y., Chang Y.C., Niimi K., Clinical experience with 118 hepatic resections for hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 99: 694–701 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagorney D.M., Gigot J.F., Primary epithelial hepatic malignancies, Surg.Oncol.Clin.No.Am. 5: 283–300 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima T., Okuda K., Kojiro M., Jimi A., Yamaguchi R., Sakamoto K., Ikari T., Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: 232 consecutive cases autopsied in ten years, Cancer 51: 863–877 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima Y., Nakashima O., Hsia C.C., Kojirpo M., Tabor E., Vascularization of small hepatocellular carcinomas: correlation with differentiation, Liver 19: 12–18 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagourney R.A., Woolley P.V., Paraneoplastic syndromes, Chapter 16 in ‘Influence of tumor development on the host’ ed.L.A. Liotta, Kluwer Publishers, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narita T., Nakasawa H., Hizawa Y., Ishidoya T., Kudo H., Hepatocellular carcinoma with an unusual metastasis to the small intestine, Acta Pathol.Japon. 43: 779–782 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng I.O., Shek T.W., Nicholls J., Ma L.T., Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic study, J.Gastroenter.Hepatol. 13: 34–40 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng I.O., Prognostic significance of pathological and biological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroenter.Hepatol. 13: 666–670 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris S., Rajendiran S., Sheahan K., Murphy S., Royston D., Alyusuf R., Farell M., MacCormick P.A., Non-cirrhotic hepatoma presenting with paraneoplastic neurologic manifestations: two cases, Am.J.Gastroent. 92: 1923–1926 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nzeako U.C., Goodman Z.D., Ishak K.G., Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers, Am.J.Clin.Pathol. 105: 65–75 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor J.F., Levinthal G.N., Sheets R., Mullen K.D., Spinal extramedullary hematopoiesis secondary to hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Clin.Gastroenterol. 25: 466–469 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi K., Nomura F., Ito S., Fujiwara K., Prognosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma (less than 3cm) after percutaneous acetic acid injection: study of 91 cases, Hepatology 23: 994–1002 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi K., Comparison of percutaneous acetic acid injection and percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato-Gastroent. 45: 1254–1258 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohwada S., Tanahashi Y., Kawashima Y., Satoh Y., Nakamura S., Kobayashi I., Ohya T., Ishijkawa S., Surgery for tumor thrombi in the right atrium and inferior vena cava of patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato-Gastroent. 41: 154–157 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohwada S., Fukusato T., Kawashima Y., Kobayashi I., Ohya T., Nakamura S., Iino Y., Morishita Y., Metastasis and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma mimicking a right adrenal tumor, Hepato-Gastroent. 45: 1104–1110 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oka H., Kurioka N., Kim K., Kanno T., Kuroki T., Mizoguchi Y., Kobayashi K., Prospective study of early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, Hepatology 12: 680–687 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki N., Yoshino M., Yoshida T., Takayasu K., Moriyama N., Yamazaki S., Hasegawa H., Noguchi M., Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepato-Gastroent. 37: 480–483 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K., Peters R.L., Simson I.W., Gross anatomic features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas, Cancer 54: 2165–2173 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K., Ohtsuki T., Obata H., Tomimatsu M., Okazaki N., Hasegawa H., Nakajima Y., Ohnishi K., Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment: study of 850 patients, Cancer 56: 918–928 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K., Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress, Hepatology 15:948–963 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K., Hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathological aspects, J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 12 (suppl.) S314–S318 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K., Arakawa M., Kubo Y., Sakata K., Kage M., Iwamoto S., Takeda S., Sonoda K., Sanefuji H., Right-sided pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma: a form of adrenal metastasis, Hepatology 27: 81–85 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okusaka., Okada S., Ishii H., Nagahama H., Yoshimori M., Yamasaki S., Takayasu T., Kakizoe T., Ochiai A., Shimoda T., Hepatocellular carcinoma with gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by direct tumor invasion to the duodenum, Jpn. J.Clin.Oncol. 27:343–345 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ornata M., Peters R.L., Tatter D., Sclerosing hepatic carcinoma: relationship to hypercalcemia, Liver 1: 33–49 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Onodera H., Oikawa M., Abe M., Chida N., Kimura S., Satake K., Motojima T., Goto Y., Cutaneous seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after fine-needle aspiration biopsy, J.Ultrasound Med. 6: 273–275 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Order S., Pajak T., Leibel S., Asbell S., Leichner P., Ettinger D., Stillwagon G., Herpst J., Haulk T., Kopher K., Frazier C., Klein J. A randomized prospective trial comparing full dose chemotherapy to 131-I-antifemtin. An RTOG-study, Int.J.Rad.Oncol. Biol. Phys. 20: 953–963 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otabe S., Muto S., Asano Y., Sato K., Ohtani M., Kawamoto C., Ido K. Kimura K., Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism due to hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the adrenal gland, Clin.Ne-phrol. 35: 66–71 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer Beasley R., Hwang L.Y., Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B-virus, Semin.Liver Dis. 4:113–121 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paquet K.J., Gad H.A., Lazar A., Koussouris P., Mercado M.A., Heine W.D., Jachman-Jahn V., Ruppert W., Analysis of factors affecting the outcome after hepatectomy of patients with liver cirrhosis and small hepatocellular carcinoma, Eur.J.Surg. 164: 513–519 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawarade A., Voravud N., Sriuranpong V., Kullavanijaya P., Patt Y.Z., Natural history of untreated primary hepatocellular carcinoma, Am. J.Clin.Oncol. 21: 386–391 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paye F., Jagot P., Vilgrain V., Farges O., Bone D., Belghiti J., Preoperative chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma, Arch.Surg. 133: 767–772 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penn I., Hepatic transplantation for primary and metastatic cancers of the liver, Surgery 110: 726–735 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piao Z., Park C., Kim J.J., Kim H., Deletion mapping of chromosome 16q in hepatocellular carcinoma, Brit.J.Cancer 80: 850–854 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platzer W., Maurer H., Zur Segmenteinteilung der Leber, Acta Anatom. 63:8–31 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawarode A., Voravud N., Sriuranpong V., Kullavanijaya P., Patt Y.Z., Natural history of untreated primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 157 patients, Am.J.Clin.Oncol. 21: 386–391 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powers C., Ros P.R., Stoupis C., Johnson W.K., Segel K.H., Primary liver neoplasms: MRimaging with pathologic correlation, Radiographics 14: 459–482 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Primack A., Vogel C.L., Kyalwazi S.K., Ziegler J.L., Simon R., Anthony P.P., A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors in Ugandan patients, Cancer 35: 1357–1364 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Propst T., Propst A., Dietze O., Judmaier G., Braunsteiner H., Vogel W., Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, J.Hepatol. 21: 1006–1011 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell R., The hepatitis C virus: overview, Hepatology 26(suppl.1): 11S–14S (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey W.H., Wu G.Y., Hepatocellular carcinoma: update on diagnosis and treatment, Dig.Dis. 13: 81–91 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoul J.L., Guyader D., Bretagne J.F., Heautot J.F., Duvauferrier R., Bourguet P., Bekhechi D., Deugnier Y.M., Gosselin M., Prospective randomized trial of chemoembolization versus intraarterial injection of 131-I-labeled-iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 26: 1156–1161 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoul J.L., Boucher E., Goudier M.J., Gestin H., Kerbrat P., Métastase ombilicale d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire, Gastroent.Biol.Clin.22: 470–471 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regalia E., Fassati L.R., Valente U., Pilvirenti A., Damilano I., Dardano G., Mantalto F., Coppa J., Mazzaferro V., Pattern and management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation, J.Hep.Bil.Pancr.Surg. 5: 29–34 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimkus K., Dhom G., The epidemiology of primary liver cancer in a West German population: the Saarland, J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol. 111:248–256 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringe B., Pichlmayr R., Wittekind C., Tusch G., Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience with liver resection and transplantation in 1998 patients, World J.Surg. 15: 270–285 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W.S., Klote L., Aoki N., Hepadnaviruses in cirrhotic liver and hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Med.Virol. 31: 18–32 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson P.J., The characterization of liver tumors by MRI, Clin. Radiol. 51:749–761 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romeo R., Rumi M.G., Del Ninno E., Colombo M., Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (correspondence), Hepatology 26:1077 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin R.A., Mitchell D.G., Evaluation of the solid hepatic mass, Med.Clin.No Am. 80: 907–928 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saada J., Bhattacharya S., Dhillon A.P., Dick R., Burroughs A.K., Rolles K., Davidson B.R., Detection of small hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic livers using iodised oil computed tomography Gut 41: 404–407 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saab S., Yao F., Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: case reports and a review of the literature, Dig.Dis. Sci. 41: 1981–1986 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salud A., Porcel J.M., Rovirosa A., Bellmunt J., Endobronchial metastatic disease: analysis of 32 cases, J.Surg.Oncol. 62: 249–252 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • San José D., Cady A., West M., Chomet B., Zimmerman H.J., Primary carcinoma of the liver: analysis of clinical and biochemical features of 80 cases, Am.J.Dig.Dis. 10: 657–674 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasse D., Spornitz U.M., Maly J.P., Liver architecture, Enzyme 46: 8–32 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M., Watanabe Y., Ueda S., Iseki S., Abe Y., Sato N., Kimura S., Okubo K., Onji M., Microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastroenterol. 110: 1507–1514 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sazaki Y., Imaoka S., Masutani S., Ohashi I., Ishikawa O., Koyama H., Iwanaga T., Influence of coexisting cirrhosis on long-term prognosis after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 112: 515–521 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sazaki Y., Imaoka S., Ishiguro S., Nakano H., Kasugai H., Fujita M., Inoue E., Ishikawa O., Furukawa H., Clinical features of small hepatocellular carcinomas as assessed by histologic grades, Surgery 119:260–525 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y., Nakata K., Kato Y., Shima M., Ishii N., Koji T., Taketa K., Endo Y., Nagataki S., Early recognition of hepatocellular carcinoma based on altered profiles of alpha-foetoprotein, New Engl. J.Med. 328: 1802–1806 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schirmacher P., Rogler C.E., Dienes HP., Current pathogenetic and molecular concepts in viral liver carcinogenesis, Virchows Arch.B.Cell Path. 63: 71–89 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scudamore C.H., Patterson E.J., Shapiro A.M., Buczkowski A.K., Liver tumor ablation techniques, J.Invest.Surg. 10: 157–164 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert J.K., Junginger T., Morris L., A collective review of the world literature on hepatic cryotherapy, J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb. 43: 141–154 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert J.K., Morris D.I., World survey on the complications of hepatic and prostatic cryotherapy, World J.Surg. 23: 109–114 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seki T., Wakabayashi M., Nakagawa T., Itho T., Shiro T., Kunieda K., Sato M., Uchiyama S., Inoue K., Ultrasonically guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 74: 817–825 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby R., Kadry Z., Carr B., Tzakis A., Madanaga J.R., Iwatsuki S., Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma, World J. Surg. 19:53–58 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sell S., The role of determined stem-cells in the cellular lineage of hepatocellular carcinoma, Int.J.Dev.Biol. 37: 189–201 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah I.A., Alfsen G.C., Multiple primary malignant tumors involving the liver, Àrch.Paithol.Lab.Med. 108: 315–317 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman M., Peltekian K.M., Lee C., Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus, Hepatology 22: 432–438 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shijo H., Okazaki M., Kogenemaru F., Higashi M., Sakaguchi S., Okumura M., Influence of hepatitis B-virus infection and age on mode of growth of hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 67: 2626–2632 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada M., Takenaka K., Fujiwara Y., Gion T., Shirabe K., Nishizaki T., Yanaga K., Sugimachi K., Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with extrahepatic primary malignancies in Southern Japan, Am.J.Gastroent. 91: 754–758 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada M., Takenaka K., Taguchi K., Fujiwara Y., Gion T., Kajiyama K., Maeda T., Shirabe K., Yanaga K., Sugimachi K., Prognostic factors after repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma, Ann.Surg. 227: 80–85 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimotohno K., Hepatocellular carcinoma in japan and its linkage to infection with hepatitis C-virus, Sem. Virol.’4: 305–312 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirabe K., Kanematsu T., Matsumata T., Adachi E., Akazawa K., Sugimachi K., Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy, Hepatology 14: 802–805 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shuto T., Hirohashi K;, Kubo S., Tsukamoto T., Yamamoto T., Wakasa K., Kinoshita H., Differences of resected hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B or C virus, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45: 1722–1725 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shyu K.G., Chiang F.T., Kuan P., Lien W.P., Chen C.L., Flow S.W. Cardiac metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma mimicking pericardial effusion on radionuclide angiocardiography, Chest 101: 261–262 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiratori Y., Shiina S., Zhang P.Y.,, Ohno E., Okudaira T., Payawal D.A., OtoNita S.K., Imamura M., Kato N., (Ornata M., Does dual infection by hepatitits B and C viruses play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan?, Cancer 80: 2060–2067 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shuto T., Hirohashi K., Kubo S., Tanaka H., Hamba H., Kubota D., Kinoshita H., Delayed hepatic resection for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 124: 33–37 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shuto T., Hirohashi K., Kubo S., Tsukamoto T., Yamamoto T., Wakasa K., Kinoshita H., Differences of resected hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B or C virus. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 45: 1722–1725 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti R.G., Camma C., Fiorello F., Cottone M., Rapicetta, Marino L., Fiorentino G., Craxi A., Ciccaglione A., Hepatitis C virus infection as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, Ann.Int.Med. 116: 97–102 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti R.G., Liberati A., Angiolini C., Pagliaro L., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled tnals, Ann.Oncol. 8: 117–136 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slagle B.L., Lee T.H., Butel J.S., Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma, Progr.Medic. Virol. 39: 167–203 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobin L.H., Ros P.R., Radiology and the new TNM classification of tumors: the future, Radiology 176: 1–4 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solmi L., Primerano A.M., Gandolfi L., Ultrasound follow-up of patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a prospeclive study on 360 cases, Am. J.Gastroenter. 91: 1189–1194 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Someda H., Moriyasu F., Hamato N., Fujimoto M., Okuma M., Change in hepatic arterial hemodynamics induced by hepatocellular carcinoma detected with Dopller sonography, J.Clin.Ultrastr. 25:359–365 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spreafico C., Marchiano A., Mazzaferro V., Frigerio L.F., Regalia E., Lanocita R., Patelli G., Andreola S., Garbagnati F., Damasceni B., Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who undergo liver transplantation, Radiology 203: 457–460 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starsberg S.M., Terminology of liver anatomy and liver resections: coming to grips with hepatic babel, J.Am.Coll.Surg. 184: 413–434 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens W.R., Johnson C.D., Stephens D.H., Batts K.P., CT-findings in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation of tumor characteristics with causative factors, tumor size and histologic tumor grade, Radiology 191: 531–537 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stillwagon G.B., Order S.E., Guse C., Leibel S.A., Asbell S.O., Klein J.L., Leichner P.K., Prognostic factors in unresectable hepatocellular cancer, Int.J.Rad.Oncol.Biol.Phys. 20: 65–71 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suto Y., Tanigawa N., Iwamiya T., Shabana M., Ohta Y., The potential use of I-123 IMP scintigraphy for pelvic bone metasta-ses in hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin.Nucl.Med. 19: 302–306 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift M., Morrell D., Massey R.B., Chase C.C., Incidence of cancer in 131 families affected by ataxia-telangiectasia, New Engl.J. Med. 325: 1831–1836 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szilagyi A., Alpert L., Clinical and histopathological variation in hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Gastroent. 90: 15–23 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takada A., Tsutsumi M., Zhang S.C., Okanoue T., Masushima T., Fujiyama S., Komatsu M., Relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and subtypes of hepatitis C virus: a nationwide analysis, J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 11: 166–169 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takagi H., Shimoda R., Uehara M., Takayama H., Yamada T., Ojima T., Abe T., Mori M., Takehara K., Suka K., Hepatocellular carcinoma with pleural metastasis complicated by hemothorax, Am.J.Gastroenterol.91:1865–1866 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama T., Makuuchi M., Hirohashi S., Sakamoto M., Yamamoto J., Shimada K., Kosuge T., Okada S., Takayasu K., Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure, Hepatology 28: 1241–1246 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayasu K., Moriyama N., Muramatsu Y., Makuuchi M., Hasegawa H., Okazaki N, Hirohashi S., The diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomas: efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients, Am.J.Roentgenol. 155: 49–54 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takenaka K., Kawahara N., Yamamoto K., Kajiyama K., Maeda T., Itasaka H., Shirabe K., Nishizaki T., Yanaga K., Results of 280 liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma, Arch.Surg. 131: 71–76 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taki Y., Yamaoka Y., Takayasu T., Ino K., Shimahara Y., Mori K., Morimoto T., Ozawa K., Bone metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection, J.Surg.Oncol. 50: 12–18 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura S., Kihara Y., Kakitsubata Y., Kakitsubata S., Iwata K., Higashi H., Setoguchi T., Watanabe K., Hepatocellular carcinoma invading the gallbladder, Clin.Imag. 17: 109–111 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan K.C., Rela M., Ryder S.D., Rizzi P.M., Karani J., Portmann B., Heaton N.D., Howard E.R., Williams R., Experience of orthotopic liver transplantation and hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma less than 8cm in patients with cirrhosis, Brit.J.Surg. 82: 253–256 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka H., Tsukuma H., Teshima H., Ajiki W., Koyama Y., Kinoshita N., Masaoka T., Oshima A., Second primary cancers following non-Hodgkins lymphoma in Japan: increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, Jpn.J.Cancer Res. 88: 537–542 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka T., Yamanaka N, Oriyama T., Furukawa K., Okamoto E. Factors regulating tumor pressure in hepatocellular carcinoma and implications for tumor spread, Hepatology 26: 283–287 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K., Sata M., Uchimura Y., Suzuki H., Tanikawa K. Longterm evaluation of interferon therapy in hepatitis C-virus-as-sociated cirhosis: does IFN prevent development of hepatocellular carcinoma?, Oncol.Rep. 5: 205–208 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Z.Y., Yu Y.Q., Zhou X.D., Yang B.H., Ma Z.C., Lin Z.Y., Subclinical hepatocellular carcinoma, an analysis of 391 patients, J.Surg.Oncol. (S.3): 55–58 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao L.C., Oral contraceptive-associated liver cell adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 68: 341–347 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor H.M., Ros P.R., Hepatic imaging: an overview, Radiol. Clin. No Am. 36: 237–245 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ten T.C., Hwang S. J., Wang C.C., Lee S.D., Yeh S.H., Hypercal-cemia and parathyroid hormone related protein in hepatocellular carcinoma, Liver 13: 311–315 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terris B., Laurent-Puig P., Belghiti J., Degott C., Hénin D., Fléjou J.F., Prognostic influence of clinicopathologic features, DNA-ploidy, CD44H and p53 expression in a large series of resected hepatocellular carcinoma in France, Int. J.Oncol. (Pred.Oncol.) 74: 614–619 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Texler M.L., Pierides J., Maddern G.J., A hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis in the distal pancreas, J.Gastroent.Hepatol. 13: 467–470 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong M.J., Lai L.P., Murakami-Mori K., Development of hepatocellular carcinoma after clearance of hepatitis C-virus with interferon therapy, West.J.Med. 167: 103–105 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda H., Fukuda Y., Koyama Y., Nishimura D., Hoshino H., Katada N., Kato K., Hayakawa T., Multiple systemic lymph-node metastases from a small hepatocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroent. Hepat. 11:959–962 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda H., Fukuda Y., Hayakawa T., Kumada T., Nakano S., Changes in blood supply in small hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation of angiographic images and immunohistochemical findings, J.Hepatol. 27:654–660 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyosaka A., Okamoto E., Mitsunobu M., Oriyama T., Nakao N., Miura K., Intrahepatic metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence for spread via the portal vein as an efferent vessel, Am. J.Gastroenterol. 91: 1610–1615 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tradati F., Colmobo M., Mannucci P.M., Rumi M.G., De Fazio C., Gamba G., Ciaverella N., Rocino A., Morfini M., Scaraggi A., A prospective multicenter study of hepatocellular carcinoma in italian hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis C., Blood 91: 1173–1177 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tredger J.M., Sherwood R.A., The liver: new functional, prognostic and diagnostic tests, Ann.Clin.Bioch. 34: 121–141 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevisani F., D’Intino P.E., Caraceni P., Pizzo M., Stefanini G.F., Mazziotti A., Grazi G.L., Gozzetti G., Etiologic factors and clinical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer 75: 2220–2232 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trevisani F., D’Intino P.E., Grazi G., Caraceni P., Gasbamni A., Colantoni A., Stefanini G.F., Mazziotti A., Clinical and pathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma in young and old italian patients, Cancer 77: 2223–2232 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trevisani F., Caraceni P., Bernardi M., D’Intino P.E., Arienti V., Amorati P., Stefanini G.F., Grazi G., Gross pathologic types of hepatocellular carcinoma in italian patients, Cancer 72: 1557–1563 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trutmann M., Sasse D., The lymphatics of the liver, Anat.Embryol. 190:201–209 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai J.F., Jeng J.E., Ho M.S., Chang W.Y., Hiseh M.Y., Lin Z.Y., Tsai J.H., Effect of hepatitis C and B virus infection on the risk of hepatocel-lular carcinoma: a prospective study, Brit.J.Cancer 76: 968–974 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukuma H., Hiyama T., Tanaka S., Nakao M., Yabuuchi T., Kitamura T., Nakanishi K., Fujimoto I., Inoue A., Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease, New Engl.J.Med. 328: 1797–1801 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuzuki T., Sugioka A., Ueda M., Iida S., Kanai T., Yoshii H., Nakayasu K., Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery 107:511–520 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker-DeSanctis J., Goldberg S.N., Mueler P.R., Percutaneous treatment of hepatic neoplasms: a review of current techniques, Cardiovasc.Interv.Radiol. 21: 273–296 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tung W.Y., Chau G.Y., Loong C.C., Wu J.C., Tsay S.H., King K.L., Huang S.M., Chiu J.H., Wu C.W., Lui W.Y., Surgical resection of primary hepatocellular carcinoma extending to adjacent organs, Eur.J.Surg.Oncol. 22: 516–520 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchimura Y., Sata M., Suzeuki H., Akiyoshi F., Tanaka K., Ono N., Kage M., Kojiro M., Tanikawa K., High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in schistosomiasis japonica patients associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, Int. J.Oncol. 11: 1103–1107 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda K., Matsui O., Kawamori Y., Nakanuma Y., Kadoya M., Yoshikawa J., Gabata T., Nonomura A., Takashima T., Hyper-vascular hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of hemodynamics with dynamic CT during hepatic arteriography, Radiology 206: 161–166 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Une Y., Misawa K., Shimamura T., Ogasawara K., Masuko Y., Sato N., Nakajima Y., Uchino J., Treatment of lymph node recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Surgery Today 24:606–609 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vagianos C., Karavias D., Dragotis C., Kalofonos H., Androulakis J., Obstructive jaundice due to intracholedochal blood clot, Brit.J. Clin.Pract.47:222–223 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vauthey J.N., Klimstra D., Franceschi D., Tao Y., Fortner J., Blumgart L.., Brennan M., Factors affecting long-term outcome after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, Am.J.Surg. 169: 28–35 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venook A.P., Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: too many options?, J.Clin.Oncol. 12: 1323–1334 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogl T.J., Stupavsky A., Pegios W., Hammerstingl R., Mack M., Diebold T., Lodemann K.P., Neuhaus P., Felix R., Hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation with dynamic and static gadobenate dime-glumine-enhanced MR Imaging and histopathologic correlation, Radiology 205: 721–728 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waetjen L.E., Grimes D.A., Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer: temporal trends in three countries, Obst.Gynecol. 88: 945–949 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P.W., Tai D.I., Chen H. Y., Tc-99m HIDA hepatobiliary agent in the diagnosis of pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin.Nucl.Med. 16: 120–123 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H.J., Kim J.H., Kim J.H., Kim W.H., Kim M.W., Hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the bile duct, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 46: 2495–2499 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman J.S., Seife B., Waxman M., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as sphenoid sinus metastasis, Mount Sinai J.Med. 52: 221–224 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss W., Hanak H., Epidemiologie des primären Leberkarzinoms in Österreich, Leber Magen Darm 7: 283–288 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston C.B., Schwartz L.H., Fong Y., Blumgart L.H., Panicek D.M., Hepatocellular carcinoma: MR imaging findings in cirrhotic livers and noncirrhotic livers, Radiology 210: 75–79 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter T.C., Takayasu K., Muramatsu Y., Furukawa H., Wakao F., Koga H., Sakamoto M., Hirohashi S., Freeny P., Early advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of CT and MR appearance with pathologic correlation, Radiology 192: 379–387 (1994).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu C.C., Ho W.L., Liu T.J., Hepatocellular carcinoma with adjacent organ extension, Surg.Today 24: 882–888 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto J., Kosuge T., Takayama T., Shimada K., Yamasaki S., Ozaki H., Yamaguchi N., Makuuchi M., Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery, Brit.J.Surg. 83: 1219–1222 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki S., Hasegawa H., Makuuchi M., Takayama T., Kosuge T., Shimada K., Choice of treatments for small heptocellular carcinoma, J.Gastroent.Hepat. 6: 408–413 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi M., Nakahara M., Maezawa Y., Satoh S., Nishikawa F., Ohata M., Mizuhara Y., Hirakawa J., Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and prior exposure to hepatitis C., Am.J.Gastroent. 88: 39–43 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W.T., Yeo W., Leung S.F., Chan Y.L., Johnson P. J., Metreweli C., MRI and CT of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma causing spinal cord compression, Clin.Radiol. 52: 755–760 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeo W., Sung J. Y., Ward S.C., Chung C.S., Lee W. Y., Johnson P.J. A prospective study of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Dig.Dis.Sci. 40: 2516–2521 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura Y., Matsuda S., Naitoh S.I., Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the mandibular ramus and condyle, J.Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 55: 297–306 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young R.H., Van Patter T., Scully R.E., Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the testis, Am.J.Clin.Pathol. 87: 117–120 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young R.H., Gersell DJ., Clement P.B., Scully R.E., Hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the ovary, Hum.Pathol. 23: 574–580 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu M.W., Chem C.J., Hepatitis B and C viruses in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, Crit.Rev.Oncol.Hematol. 17: 71–91 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuki K., Hirohaszhi S., Sakamoto M., Kanai T., Shimosato Y., Growth and spread of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 240 consecutive autopsy cases, Cancer 66: 2174–2179 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zala G., Havelka J., Altorfer J., Joller-Jemelka H.J., Risti B., Meier B., Schmid M., Bühler H., Hepatitis-C-virus und Hepatom, Schweiz.Med.Wschr. 122: 194–197 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller J.L., Ireland M.L., Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a solitary metastasis to the scapula, Orthopedics 9: 982–986 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X.D., Tang Z.Y., Yu Y.Q., We, J.M., Ma Z.C., Zhang B.H., Zheng Y.Z., The role of cryosurgery in the treatment of hepatic cancer: a report of 113 cases, J.Canc.Res.Clin.Oncol. 120:100–102 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X.D., Yu Y.Q., Tang Z.Y., Advances in surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma, Asian J.Surg. 17: 34–39 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X.D., Tang Z.Y., Yu Y.Q., Yang B.H., Lin Z.Y., Lu J.Z., Ma Z.C., Long-term results of surgery for small primary liver cancer in 514 adults, J.Canc.Res.Clin.Oncol. 122: 59–62 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X.D., Tang Z.Y., Cryotherapy for primary liver cancer, Semin.Surg.Oncol. 14: 171–174 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L.X., Wang G.S., Fan ST., Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Brit.J.Surg. 83: 602–607 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zieren J., Zieren H.U., Müller J.M., Leberresektionen wegen primärer Lebermalignome: Eigene Ergebnisse und Literaturanalyse, Langenbecks Arch.Chir. 379: 159–167 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Debois, J.M. (2000). Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Selected Topics in Clinical Oncology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4100-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4100-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5797-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4100-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics