Skip to main content

Immunomodulation of Myasthenia Gravis Associated Autoimmune Responses by an Altered Peptide Ligand: Mechanisms of action

  • Chapter
Myasthenia Gravis

Abstract

Myasthenia gravis (MG) and its experimental animal model, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), are immune disorders characterized by circulating antibodies and lymphocyte autoreactivity to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Although the production of acetylcholine receptor specific antibodies is directly attributed to B cells, there is extensive evidence that T cells have a key role in the etiopathology of the disease in humans and animals [1-4]. Since the α-subunit of the AChR was shown to be predominant for T cell epitopes [2], we have used peptides representing different sequences of the human AChR α-subunit to study the role of T cells in the initiation, development and immunomodulation of myasthenia gravis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ahlberg, R., Q. Yi, R. Pirskanen, G. Matell, C. Swerup, E.P. Rieber, G. Riethmuller, G. Holm and A.K. Lefvert. 1994. Treatment of myasthenia gravis with anti-CD4 antibody: improvement correlates to decreased T cell autoreactivity. Neurology. 44: 1732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lindstrom, J., D. Shelton and Y. Fuji. 1988. Myasthenia gravis. Adv. Immunol. 42: 233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Drachman, D.B. 1994. Myasthenia gravis. N. Engl. Med. 25: 1797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kirshner, S.L., Y. Katz-Levy, I. Wirguin, Z. Argov and E. Mozes. 1994. Fine specificity of T cell lines and clones that are capable of inducing autoimmune manifestations in mice. Cell. Immunol. 157: 11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brocke, S., C. Brautbar, L. Steinman, O. Abramsky, J. Rothbard, D. Newmann, S. Fuchs and E. Mozes. 1988. Proliferative responses and antibody titers specific to human acetylcholine receptor synthetic peptides in patients with myasthenia gravis and relation to HLA class II genes. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1894.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brocke, S., M. Dayan, J. Rothbard, S. Fuchs and E. Mozes. 1990. The autoimmune response of different mouse strains to T-cell epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. Immunology. 69: 495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Katz-Levy, Y, S.L. Kirshner, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1993. Inhibition of T-cell reactivity to myasthenogenic epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor by synthetic analogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 7000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Katz-Levy, Y., M. Dayan, I. Wirguin, M. Fridkin, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1998. Single amino acid analogs of a myasthenogenic peptide modulate specific T cell responses and prevent the induction of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J. Neuroimmunol. 85: 78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kirshner, S. L., E. Zisman, M. Fridkin, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1996. Altered peptide ligands of a myasthenogenic epitope as modulators of specific T-cell responses. Scand. J. Immunol. 44: 512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zisman, E., Y. Katz Levy, M. Dayan, S.L. Kirshner, M. Paas Rozner, A. Karni, O. Abramsky, C. Brautbar, M. Fridkin, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1996. Peptide analogs to pathogenic epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit as potential modulators of myasthenia gravis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 4492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Katz Levy, Y., M. Paas Rozner, S. Kirshner, M. Dayan, E. Zisman, M. Fridkin, I. Wirguin, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1997. A peptide composed of tandem analogs of two myasthenogenic T cell epitopes interferes with specific autoimmune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94: 3200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Liblau, R.S., S.M. Singer and H.O. McDevitt. 1995. Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol. Today. 16: 34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Olsson, T. 1995. Critical influences of the cytokine orchestration or the outcome of myelin antigen-specific autoimmunity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis. Immunol. Rev. 144: 245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Khoury, S.J., W.W. Hancock and H.L. Weiner. 1992. Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor β, interleukin 4 and prostaglandin E expression in the brain. J. Exp. Med. 176: 1355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kennedy, M.K., D.S. Torrance, K.S. Picha and K.M. Mohler. 1992. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reveals that IL-10 mRNA expression correlates with recovery. J. Immunol. 149: 249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shimada, A., B. Charlton, P. Rohane, C. Taylor-Edwards and C.G. Fathman. 1996. Immune regulation in type 1 diabetes. J. Autoimmun. 9: 263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tian, J., M.A. Atkinson, M. Clare-Salzer, A. Herschenfeld, T. Forsthuber, P.V. Lehmann and D.L. Kaufman. 1996. Nasal administration of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65) peptides induces Th2 responses and prevents murine insulin-dependent diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Powrie, F., J. Carlino, M.W. Leach, S. Mauze and R.L. Coffman. 1996. A critical role for transforming growth factor-β but not interleukin 4 in the suppression of T helper type 1-mediated colitis by CD45RBlowCD4+T cells. J. Exp. Med. 183: 2669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Balasa, B., C. Deng, J. Lee, L.M. Bradley, D.K. Dalton, P. Christadoss and N. Sarvetnick. 1997. Interferon γ (IFN-γ) is necessary for the genesis of acetylcholine receptor-induced clinical experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J. Exp. Med. 186: 385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ma, C.G., G.X. Zhang, B.G. Xiao and H. Link. 1996. Cellular mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in rats nasally tolerized against experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 104: 509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Shi, F.D., G.X. Zhang, X.F. Bai, P.H. van Der Meide and H. Link. 1997. Cellular mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4 and IL-10 relates to resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in young Lewis rats. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 108: 523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Balasa, B., C. Deng, J. Lee, P. Christadoss and N. Sarvetnick. 1998. The Th2 cytokine IL-4 is not required for the progression of antibody-dependent autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J. Immunol. 161: 2856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ma, CG., G.X. Zhang, B.G. Xiao, J. Link, T. Olsson and H. Link. 1995. Suppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by nasal administration of acetylcholine receptor. J. Neuroimmunol. 58: 51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang, Z.Y., j. Qiao and H. Link. 1993. Suppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by oral administration of acetylcholine receptor. J. Neuroimmunol. 44: 209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Alberola-Ila, J., S. Takaki, J.D. Kerner and R.M. Perlmutter. 1997. Differential signaling by lymphocyte antigen receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15: 125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cantrell, D. 1996. T cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chan, A.C. and A.S. Shaw. 1995. Regulation of antigen receptor signal transduction by protein tyrosine kinases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8: 394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Evavold, B.D., J. Sloan-Lancaster and P.M. Allen. 1993. Tickling of the TCR: selective T cell functions stimulated by altered peptide ligands. Immunol. Today. 14: 602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sloan-Lancaster, J. and P.M. Allen. 1996. Altered peptide ligand-induced partial T cell activation: molecular mechanisms and role in T cell biology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Faber-Elmann, A., M. Paas-Rozner, M. Sela and E. Mozes. 1998. Altered peptide ligands act as partial agonists by inhibiting phospholipase C activity induced by myasthenogenic T cell epitopes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 14320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pass-Rozner, M., Faber-Elmann, A., Sela, M., Mozes, E. (2000). Immunomodulation of Myasthenia Gravis Associated Autoimmune Responses by an Altered Peptide Ligand: Mechanisms of action. In: Christadoss, P. (eds) Myasthenia Gravis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4060-7_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4060-7_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5787-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4060-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics