Abstract
The notion of hypervalent molecule is usually used to describe a chemical entity which can be characterized by two or more mesoionic valence structures and/or by a structure in which valence states of some atoms do not follow the classical rules concerning the chemical bonding [1]. Typical examples represent some isomers of heterocyclic molecules, e.g. dihydropyridines (cf. Scheine 1). While L2-dihydroisomer (1) and 1,4dihydroisomer (2) do not show any hypervalence, it is possible in the case of 1,3dihydroisomer (cf. structures (3a) - (3d)) The chemical formulas (3a) - (3d) represent formal structures; usually, information concerning a real molecular structure, i.e., the conclusion whether an N-hypervalent structure (3a) or a hybrid of mesoionic rezonant structures (3b) - (3d) is more probable, must be obtained by quantum chemical methods. It could be mentioned that “hypervalent” molecules often show properties different from non-hypervalent ones [2,3] and they are very often unstable and coloured [4]. These materials, in agreement with theory, have relatively high internal energies and it is probable that also molecules of some photoproducts can be considered as hypervalent ones. In connexion with this fact, the phototropic behaviour of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl 4H-pyrans (4. X = 0), its thio- (X = S), and aza- (X = NR, with R specified in Table l) analogues seems to be of interest. Somc of these compounds, which become reversibly coloured under UV or solar irradiation, can be utilized in some optical devices. In this paper, the photocolouration of compounds of the type (44) is described and the mechanism of the photochromism briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the photochromic behaviour, including also results of model quantum chemical calculations. is given in the accompanying paper [5].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ramsden, C.A. (1994), Non-bonding molecular orbitals and the chemistry non-classical organic molecules, Chem. Soc. Rev. 23, 111–118.
Keith, J.S., Greenberg, M.M., Goodmann, J.L., Peters, K.S., and Berson, J.A. (1986), 3,4dimethylenefuran and 3,4-dimethylenethiophene, heterocyclic analogues of the disjoint non-Kekule hydrocarbon tetramethyleneethane, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 8088–8089.
Cava, M.P., Pollack, M.M., and Repella, D.A. (1967), Reactive tetravalent sulphur intermediates. a-Thiaphenylene, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3640–3641.
Berson, J.A. (1997), A new class of non-Kekule molecules with tunable singlet-triplet energy spacings, Ace. Chem. Res. 30, 238–244.
Sworakowski, J., Nespúrek, S., Lipinski, J., Sliwinska, E., Lewanowicz, A., and Olszowski, A. (1999), Kinetics of photochromic processes in dihydropyridine derivatives, This conference.
Kurfürst, A., Zelenÿ, J., Schwarz, M., and Kuthan, J. (1987), Some 2,6-di(p-x-phenyl)4,4-diphenyl-4H-pyrans and analogous 1,4-dihydropyridines from 1,5-dione precursors,Chem. Papers 41623–634
Nespúrek, S., Schwarz, M., Böhm, S., and Kuthan, J. (1991), Solid state photochromism of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-pyran and 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives,J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 60345–353.
Kuthan, J. (1983), Pyrans, thiopyrans, and selenopyransAdv. Heterocycl. Chem. 34 145–303.
Schwarz, M., Trska, P., and Kuthan, J. (1989), NMR spectroscopic investigation ofp-substituted 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridines and their oxa and thia analogues,Collect. Creek. Chem. Commun. 541854–1869.
Sebek, P., Nespúrek, S., Hrabal, R., Adamec, M., and Kuthan, J. (1992), Novel preparation and photochromic properties of 2,4,4,6-tetraaryl-4H-thiopyrans,J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 21301–1308.
Kroulfk, J., Chadim, M., Polásek, M., Nespúrek, S., and Kuthan, J. (1998), Synthesis of some new functionalized 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-thiopyrans and study on their photocolouration,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 63662–680.
Peres de Carvalho, A. (1935), S-Diketones and y-pyrans,Ann. Chim. (Paris) 4449–522.
Shibuya, J., Nabeshima, M., Nagano, H., and Maeda, K. (1988), Photochemical reaction of 2,4,4,6-tetrasubstituted-1,4-dihydropyridines in decrcatcd media. Photocoloration and photorearrangement accompanying dehydrogenation,.1.Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 21607–1612.
Peres de Carvalho, A. (1934), 1,4-Pyran with simple functional groups. 2,4,4,6- tetraphenyl- I,4-pyran,CR. Seances Acad. Sci. 1991430–1432.
Peres de Carvalho, A. (1934), Phototropy: three new phototropic substances, CR. Seances Acad. Sci. 20060–62.
Mori, Y. and Maeda, K. (1991), Photochemical reaction of 2,4,4,6-tetraaryl-4H-pyrans and 4H-thiopyrans with color change by a 1,5-electrocyclic reaction. X-ray molecular structure of4-methyl-2,3,6-triphenyl-2H-thiopyran,J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 22061–2066.
Price, C.C. and Pirelahi, H. (1972), Thiabenzenes. IX. The rearrangement of 1-(pdimethylaminophenyl)-2,4,6-triphenylthiabenzene to isomeric thiopyrans, J. Org . Chem. 37,1718–1721.
Pirelahi, H., Abdoh, Y., and Tavassoli, M. (1977), The effect of electron withdrawing groups on the stability of thiabenzenes, J.Heterocycl. Chem. 14 199–201.
Hašek, J. and Ondrácek, J. (1990), Structure of 1-methyl-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4dihydropyridine,Acta Ccyst. C 461256–1259.
Vojtéchovskÿ, J. and Hasek, J (1990), Structure of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-pyran,Acta Cryst. C 461727–1730.
Vojtéchovskÿ, J., Hasek, J., Nespúrek, S., and Adamec, M. (1991), The structure and photochromism of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-thiopyran,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 571326–1334.
Domenicano, A., Murray-Rust, P., and Vaciago, A. (1983), Molecular geometry of substituted benzene derivatives. IV. Analysis of variance in monosubstituted benzene rings, ActaCrystallogr. Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 39457–468.
Vojtéchovskÿ, J., Hašek, J., Hmnl, K., and Jecnÿ, J. (1990), The structure of 1,2,4,4,6pentaphenyl-l,4-dihydropyridine, Collect. Czech.Chem. Commun. 552059–2065.
Böhm, S., Hocek, M., Nespürek, S., and Kuthan, J. (1994), Photocolouration of 2,4A,6tetraaryl-1,4-dihydropyridines: A semiempirical quantum chemical study,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 59262–272.
Böhm, S., Sebek, P., Nespürek, S., and Kuthan, J. (1994)Photocolouration of 2,4,4,6tetraaryl-4H-thiopyrans: A semiempirical quantum chemical study,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 591115–1124.
Böhm, S., Adamec, M., Nespürek, S., and Kuthan, J. (1995), Photocolouration of 2,4,4,6tetraaryl-4H-pyrans and their heteroanalogues: Importance of hypervalent photoisomers,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 601621–1633.
Mataga, N. and Nishimoto, E. (1957), Electronic structure and spectra of nitrogen heterocycles,Z. physik. Chem.(Frankfurt) 13 140–157.
Schwarz, M., Sebek, P., and Kuthan, J. (1994), Electrophilic 3,5-substitution of 2,4,4,6tetraphenyl-4H-pyran and some of its 1-heteroanalogues,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 57546–555.
Nespürek, S. and Schnabel, W. (1994), Photochromism of dihydropyridines. Formation and decay of coloured intermediates from 1-methyl-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine on irradiation in chloroform and acetonitrile solutions and in poly(methyl methacrylate) solid solution,J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 81 37–43.
Nespürek, S. and Schnabel, W. (1991) Photochromism of I -methyl-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl1,4-dihydropyridine in the solid state: an example of a dispersive chemical reaction,J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 62,151–159.
Lewanowicz, A., Lipinski, J., Sworakowski, J., Komorowska, M., and Nespürek, S. (1999), On the mechanism of photochromic activity in a substituted dihydropyridine, Proc. Int. Workshop on Reactive Intermediates, Szczyrk (Poland), P18.
Lewanowicz, A., Lipinski, J., Nespürek, S., Olszowski, A., Sliwinska, E., and Sworakowski, J. (1999), Photochromic activity of dihydropyridine derivatives: energetics and kinetics of photochemically driven reactions in polycrystalline 1-methyl-2,4,4,6tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine,J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 121 125–132.
Sworakowski, J., Nespürek, S., Lipinski, J., and Lewanowicz, A. (1999), On the mechanism of bleaching reactions in a photochromic dihydropyridine, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, submitted.
Sebek, P., Sedmera, P., Böhm, S., and Kuthan, J. (1993), Sigma isomerization of tetraphenylcyclopentadienes: Reaction mechanism and quantum chemical treatment,Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 58882–892.
Pirelahi, H., Rahmani, H., Mouradzadegun, A., Fathi, A., and Moudjoodi, A. (1996), The effect of 3,5-substitutions on the photochromism and photoisomerization of some 2,3,4,4,5,6-hexasubstituted 4H-thiopyrans, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 101, 33–37.
Richert, R. and Baessler, H. (1985), Merocyanine - spiropyran transformation in a polymer matrix: an example of a dispersive chemical reaction, Chem. Phys. Letters 116 302–306.
Sworakowski, J. and Nespürek, S. (1998) A straighforward method of analysis of first-order process with distributed parameters,Chem. Phys. Letters 29821–26
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nešpůrek, S., Sworakowski, J., Lipiński, J., Böhm, S., Kuthan, J. (2000). Photocolouration of Hypervalent Heterocycles. In: Kajzar, F., Agranovich, M.V. (eds) Multiphoton and Light Driven Multielectron Processes in Organics: New Phenomena, Materials and Applications. NATO Science Series, vol 79. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4056-0_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4056-0_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6272-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4056-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive