Abstract
Internal stresses are inseparable from materials. They are produced by lattice defects on the atomic scale, by interfaces on the naometer or micrometer scale or by manufacturing processes on macroscopic scales up to almost any length scales. They can be homogeneous on different scales from a meter down to atomic distances or heterogeneous over any distances. One of the best classification was done by the pioneering work of Macherauch. It was based on the physical properties and the measuring methods of internal stresses. The first to classes scale from macroscopic down to about a few tens of micrometers and are related to the continuum properties of materials. Third order stresses scale down to atomic distances and are related to lattice defects, especially dislocations. The different methods of determination: diffraction methods, changing of the geometry of the specimen, Barkhausen noise or magnetic acoustic emission are specific and sensitive to different classes of internal stresses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Leggatt, R. H. (1997) Welding residual stresses, in Proc. 5 th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 12–25.
Chandrasekaran, H., Jonsson, S. and Johansson, J.O. (1997) Surface integrity of tool and high speed steels and the role of material and grinding conditions, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 151–156.
W. Darbinjan, H. Oettel and G. Schreiber (1993) Comparison of mechanical methods and X-ray methods for measurements of residual stresses in nitrided steels, in Residual Stresses, V. Hauk, H. P. Hougardy, E. Macherauch, H. D.Tietz (eds.), Deutsche Gesellschaft f. Metallkunde DGM, Informationsgesellschaft, pp. 565–574.
Eigenmann, B., Schulze, V. and Vohringer, O. (1994) Surface residual stress relaxation in steels by thermal or mechanical treatment, in Proc. 4 th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, Baltimore, Maryland, M.R. James (ed.) Soc. Experimental Mechanics, Inc., pp. 598–607.
Jackson, P. J. (1989) Microstresses and the mechanical properties of crystals, in Dislocations in Solids, F. R. N. Nabarro (ed.), Vol. 8, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 461–496.
Prevey, P. S. (1980) The uniformity of shot peening induced residual stresses, L.J. Vande Walle(ed.), Proc. Residual Stress for Desiners and metallurgists, Chicago, Illinois, AMS, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, p. 151–168.
Reynier, B., Hadmar, P. and Sprauel, J. M. (1997) Macro-residual-stresses induced by the shot peening of heterogeneous materials, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 101–106.
Fathallah, R., Sidhom, H. Imglebert, G. and Castex, L. (1997) Phenomenological approach to the effects of the exposure time on the shot peening residual stresses, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 107–114.
Yu, D.Y. and Inoue, T. (1997) Thermo-mechanical behaviour and residual stress simulation in heat treatment process of metal matrix composite, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 378–385.
McLean, M. (1988) Characterisation of high temperature materials, Metals and materials, pp. 571–573.
Freeman Jr., W.R. (1987) Investment casting, in Superalloys II, C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff, W. C. Hagel, (eds.) John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 411–439.
Mughrabi, H. (1981) Cyclic plasticity of matrix and persistent slip bands in gatigued metals, in Cont. Models of Discrete Systems 4, O. Brulin, R. K. T. Hsieh (eds.) North-Holland Publ.Co., pp. 241–257.
Pedersen, O. B., Brown, L. M. and Stobbs, W. M. (1981) The Bauschinger effect in copper, Acta Metall, 29, 1843–1889.
Mughrabi, H. (1983) Dislocation wall and cell structures and long-range internal stresses in deformed metal crystals, Acta metall., 31, 1367-1379.
Ungár, T., Mughrabi, H. and Wilkens, M. (1984) X-ray line broadening study of the dislocation cell in deformed [001]-oriented copper single crystals in Proc. 5th Riso Int. Symp. on Metallurgy and Material Science, N. H. Andersen, M. Eldrup, N. Hansen, D. Juul Jensen, T. Leffers, H. Lilholt, O. B. Pedersen and B. N. Singh (eds.) Riso National Lab., Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 539–544.
Ungar, T., Mughrabi, H., Rönnpagel, H. and Wilkens, M. (1984) X-ray line broadening study of the dislocation cell in deformed [001]-oriented copper single crystals, Acta metall, 32, 333–342.
Mughrabi, H., Ungâr, T., Kienle, W. and Wilkens, M. (1986) Long-range internal stresses and asymmetric X-ray line-broadening in tensile-deformed [001]-oriented copper single crystals, Phil. Mag., 53, 793–813.
Pedersen, O. B. (1987) The flow stress of copper, Acta Metall., 35, 2567–2579.
Persall, T. P., Bevk, J., Bean, J. C., Bonar, J. and Mannaerts, J. P. (1989) Electronic structure of Ge/Si monoleyer strained-layer superlattices, Phys. Rev. B, 39, 3741-3757.
Macherauch, E., Wohlfart, H. and Wolfstieg, U. (1973) Die Bestimmung von Inneren Spannungen, Haerterei-Technische Mitteilungen, 28, 201–212.
Brusch, G. and Reimers, W. (1997) Evaluation of residual stresses in the sarface region and in the bulk of materials by high energy X-ray diffraction, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 557–562.
Mordfin, L. (1980) Measurement of residual stresses: problems and opportunities, in Proc. Residual Stress for Desiners and metallurgists, Chicago, Dlinois, L.J. Vande Walle (ed.), AMS, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, pp. 189–210.
Ono, K., Shibata, M. and Kwan, M. (1980) Determination of residual stress by magnetomechanical acoustic emission, in Proc. Residual Stress for Desiners and metallurgists, Chicago, Illinois, L.J. Vande Walle (ed.), AMS, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, pp. 223–243.
Altpeter, I., Kern, R., Kroning, M. and Berveiller, M. (1993) evaluation of thermally induced residual stresses in white cast and iron-carbon steel, in Residual Stresses, V. Hauk, H. P. Hougardy, E. Macherauch, H. D.Tietz (eds.), Deutsche Gesellschaft f. Metallkunde DGM, Informationsgesellschaft, pp. 223–228.
I.C. Noyan and J.B. Cohen (1987) Residual Stress, Measurement by Diffraction and Interpretation, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Winholtz, R. A. and Krawitz, A. D. (1997) Aspects of neutron diffraction, triaxial stress tensor measurement, in T. Ericsson, M. Oden, A. Andersson (eds.), Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Residual Stresses, Inst. Techn. Linkoping Univ., (ISBN 91-7219-212-7), pp. 598–603.
Ecob, R. C. Shaw, M. P. Porter, A.J. and Ralph, B. (1981) The applicaton of convergent-beam electron diffraction to the detection of small symmetry changes accompanying phase transformation, Phil Mag. A, 44, 1117-1133.
H. Biermann, T. Ungár, T. Pfannenmueller, G. Hoffmann, A. Borbély, and H. Mughrabi, (1993) Local variations of lattice parameter and long-range internal stresses during cyclic deformation of polycrystalline copper, Acta met. mat. 41, 2743–2753.
Friedel, J., (1956) Les Dislocations, Gauthiers-Villars, Paris.
Seeger, A. (1958) Handbuch der Physik, Vol VII/2. Springer, Berlin.
Wilkens, M. (1970) Theoretical aspects of kinematical X-ray diffraction profiles from crystals containing dislocation distributions, in Fundamental Aspects of Dislocation Theory, J. A. Simmons, R. de Wit, R. Bullough (eds). Vol. II. Nat. Bur. Stand. (US) Spec. Publ. No. 317, Washington, DC. USA, pp. 1195–1221.
Ungar, T., Dragomir, I., Révész, Á. and Borbély, A. (1999) The Contrast Factors of Dislocations in Cubic Crystals: the Dislocation Model of Strain Anisotropy in Practice, J. Appl. Cryst., 32, 992–1002.
Ungar, T. and Borbély, A. (1996) The effect of dislocation contrast on X-ray line broadening: a new approach to line profile analysis, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 3173–3175.
Valiev, R. Z., Kozlov, E. V., Ivanov, Yu. F., Lian, J., Nazarov, A. A. and Baudelet, B., (1994) Deformation Behaviour of Ultra-Fine-Grained Copper, Acta metall. mater. 42, 2467–2474.
Keller, R. R., Maier, H. J.n Renner, H. and Mughrabi, H. (1992) Local lattice parameter measurements in a creep-deformed nickel-base superalloy by convergent beam electron diffraction, Scripta metall. mater. 27, 1167–1172.
Mughrabi, H. (1987) A two parameter description of heterogeneous dislocation distributions in deformed metal crystals, Mater. Sci. Eng. 85, 15–31.
Schoeck, G. and Frydman, R. (1972) The contribution of the dislocation forest to the flow stress, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 53, 661–663.
Pueschl, W., Frydman, R. and Schoeck, G. (1982) The strength of the dislocation forest for 30° and 60° dislocations, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 74, 211–216.
Saada, G. (1963) in Electron microscopy and strength of crystals, Eds. A. Thomas and J. Washbum, Interscience Publ., p. 651.
Altpeter, I., Dobmann, G., Fassbender, S., Hoffmann, J., Johnson, J. Meyendorf, N. and Nichtl-Pecher, W. (1998) Detection of residual stresses and nodular growth in thin ferromagnetic layers with Barkhausen and acoustic microscopy, in Proc. Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VIII, R. E. Green Jr., (ed.) Plenum Press, New York, pp. 677–682.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ungár, T. (2000). Determination of Internal Stresses. In: Lépinoux, J., Mazière, D., Pontikis, V., Saada, G. (eds) Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering. NATO Science Series, vol 367. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4048-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4048-5_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6252-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4048-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive