Skip to main content

Success in Conservation Biological Control of Arthropods

  • Chapter
Book cover Biological Control: Measures of Success

Abstract

Until recently, conservation biological control has been the least well studied area of biological control (Ehler, 1998). During the 1990s, however, several important texts dealing with conservation biological control were published (Boatman, 1994; Barbosa, 1998; Pickett and Bugg, 1998). These suggest a growing level of international research. However, unlike classical biological control, where databases such as BIOCAT (Greathead and Greathead, 1992) exist with which to analyse levels of success, and inundative biological control, where sales figures provide at least a measure of uptake, the performance of conservation biological control has received little attention. This contribution will consider the factors that are relevant in this branch of biological control and, using recently published examples, consider the extent of success that has been achieved. We shall conclude by proposing how the future success of conservation biological control attempts may be maximised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alderweireldt, M. (1994), Habitat manipulations increasing spider densities in agroecosystems: possibilities for biological control, Journal of Applied Entomology, 118, 10–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alson, D.G. (1994), Effect of apple orchard floor vegetation on density and dispersal of phytophagous and predaceous mites in Utah, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 50, 73–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andow, D.A. (1991), Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response, Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 561–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, G. and McKinlay, R.G. (1997), The effect of undersowing cabbages with clover on the activity of carabid beetles, Entomological Research in Organic Agriculture, 269–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, C.E. and Tabashnik, B.E. (1990), Effects of non-host plant neighbours on population densities and parasitism rates of the di?mondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Environmental Entomology, 19, 987–994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baggen, L.R. and Gurr, G.M. (1998), The influence of food on Copidosoma koehleri, and the use of flowering plants as a habitat management tool to enhance biological control of potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella, Biological Control, 11, 9–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggen, L.R., Gurr G.M. and Meats, A. (1999), Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91, 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggen, L.R., Gurr, G.M. and Meats A. (2000), Field observations on selective food plants in habitat manipulation for biological control of potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Proceedings of the 4th International Hymenoptera Conference, 6-11 January 1999, Australian National University, Canberra, CSIRO, Canberra (in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Baines M., Hambler C., Johnson, P.J., Macdonald, D.W. and Smith, H. (1998), The effects of arable field margin management on he abundance and species richness of Araneae (spiders), Ecography, 21, 74–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, P. (ed.) (1998), Conservation Biological Control, Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Bence S., Stander, K. and Griffiths, M (1999), Nestsite selection by the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) on arable farmland, Aspects of Applied Biology, 54, Field Margins and Buffer Zones: Ecology, Management and Policy, pp. 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatman, N.D. (ed.) (1994), Fields Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatman, N.D. (1999), Marginal benefits? How field edges and beetle banks contribute to game and wildlife conservation, The Game Conservancy Trust Review of 1998, 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowie, M.H., Gurr G.M., Hossain Z., Baggen, L.R. and Frampton, C.M. (1999), Effects of distance from field edge on aphidophagous insects in a wheat crop and observations on trap design and placement, International Journal of Pest Management, 45, 69–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bugg, R.L. and Waddington, C. (1994), Using cover crops to manage arthropod pests of orchards: a review, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 50, 11–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bugg, R.L., Dutcher, J.D. and McNeill, P.J. (1991), Cool-season cover crops in the pecan orchard understorey: effects on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and pecan aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), Biological Control, 1, 8–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, M.J. and Daane, K.M. 1998, Influence of groundcover on spider populations in a table grape vineyard, Ecological Entomology, 23, 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottrell, T.E. and Yeargan, K.V. (1998), Influence of native weed, Acalypha ostryaefolia (Euphorbiaceae), on Coleomegilla maculaa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) population density predation, and cannibalism in sweet corn, Environmental Entomology, 27, 1375–1385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowgill, S.E., Wratten, S.D. and Sotherton, N.W. (1993), The effect of weeds on the numbers of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults and the distribution and composition of their eggs in winter wheat, Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 499–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dent, D. (1995), Integrated Pest Management, Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehler, L.E. (1998), Conservation Biological control: past, present and future, Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1–8.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa J.R. (1998), Environmental manipulation for microbial control of insects, in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 255–268.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goller E., Nunnenmacher, L. and Goldbach, E. (1997), Faba beans as a cover crop in organically grown hops: influence on aphids and aphid antagonists, Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 15, 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greathead, D.J. and Greathead, A.H. (1992), Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database, Biocontrol News and Information, 13, 61N–68N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurr G.M., Wratten, S.D. and van Emden, H.F. (1998a), Habitat manipulation and natural enemy efficiency: implications for the control of pests, in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 155–183.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, G.M., Wratten, S.D., Irvin, N.A., Hossain Z., Baggen, L.R., Mensah, R.K. and Walker, P.W. (1998b), Habitat manipulation in Australasia: recent progress and prospects for adoption, in Pest Management-Future Challenges: Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Applied Entomological Research Conference. 29 September-2 October 1998 Volume 2, eds. M.P. Zaluki, R.A.I. Drew, and G.G. White, The University of Queensland, Australia, pp. 225–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, G.M. and Wratten, S.D. (1999), ’Integrated biological control’: a proposal for enhancing success in biological control, International Journal of Pest Management, 45, 81–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagley, E.A.C. and Barber, D.R. (1992), Effect of food sources on the longevity and fecundity of Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Canadian Entomologist, 124, 341–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart-Davis, D. (1999), Real, not paper conservationists, The Field, December Issue, 44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, R.W.J, and Wratten, S.D. (1992), The effect of managed field margins on hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) distribution and within-field abundance, Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases, 1033–1037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, R.W.J., Hickman, J.M., MacLeod A., Sherratt, T.N. and Wratten, S.D. (1994), Managing field margins for hoverflies, in Fields Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation, ed. N.D. Boatman, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK. pp. 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassall M., Hawthorne A., Maudsley M., White P., and Cardwell, C. (1992), Effects of headland management on invertebrate communities in cereal fields, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 40, 155–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius, J. (1990), Incidence of specialist natural enemies of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Horn., Aphididae) on oats in monocrops and mixed intercrops with faba bean, Journal of Applied Entomology, 109, 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, J.M. and Wratten, S.D. (1996), Use of Phacelia tanacetifolia strips to enhance biological control of aphids by hoverfly larvae in cereal fields, Journal of Economic Entomology, 89, 832–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S.B. (1984), Controlling pests ecologically, Soil Association Quarterly Review, March Edition, 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.M. and Thomas, S.R. (1996), Phacelia tanacetifolia flower strips: their effect on beneficial invertebrates and gamebird chick food in an integrated farming system, Acta Jutlandica, 71, 171–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.M., Thomas, S.R. and Courts, S. (1994), Phacelia tanacetifolia flower strips as a component of integrated farming, in Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation, ed. N.D. Boatman, British Crop Protection Council Monograph No. 58, Farnham, pp. 215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain Z., Gurr, G.M. and Wratten, S.D. (2000), The potential to manipulate lucerne insects by strip cutting, Australian Journal of Entomology, 39, 39–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, F.G. (1991), Environmental impacts of classical biological control, Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 485–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, I. C. and Mowat, D. J. (1994), Effects of some organic treatments on predators (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and on alternative prey species, Pedobiologia, 38, 513–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Idris, A.B. and Grafius, E. (1995), Wildflowers as nectar sources for Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), Environmental Entomology, 24, 1726–1735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, P. C. (ed.) (1989), Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates, Intercept, Andover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Z.R., Ampong-Nyarko K., Chiliswa P., Hassanali A., Kimani S., Lwande W., Overholt, W.A., Pickett, J.A., Smart, L.E., Wadhams, L.J. and Woodcock, CM. (1997), Intercropping increases parasitism of pests, Nature, 388, 631–632.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jmhasly, P. and Nentwig, W. (1995), Habitat management in winter wheat and evaluation of subsequent spider predation on insect pests, Acta Oecologica, 16, 389–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, D.A. and Haas, M.J. (1992), Influence of landscape structure on abundance and within field distribution of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larval parasitoids in Michigan, Environmental Entomology, 21, 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, D.A. and Menalled, F.D. (1998), Ecological considerations in the conservation of effective parasitoid communities in agricultural systems, in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 101–

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Landis, D.A., Wratten, S.D. and Gurr, G.M. (2000), Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture, Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 175–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W. and Huang, M. (1994), Influence of citrus orchard ground cover plants on arthropod communities in China: a review, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 50, 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, P. and Sarniguet, A. (1998), Biological control of soil-borne pathogens with resident versus introduced antagonists: should diverging approaches become strategic convergence? in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 351–370.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, R.K. and Kahn, M. (1997), Use of Medicago sativa (L) interplantings/trap crops in the management of the green mirid Creontiades dilutus (Stål) in commercial cotton in Australia, International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 197–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, A. (1992), Alternative crops as floral resources for beneficial hoverflies (Diptera: Syphidae), Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases, 997–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, M.J., Ewin C., Mott J., Pack, R. and Russel, C. (1994), Comparison of five different boundary strips-interim report of first two years’ study, in Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation, ed. N.D. Boatman, British Crop Protection Council Monograph No. 58, Farnham, pp. 259–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino, P.C. and Landis, D.L. (1996), Effect of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity and parasitism in agroecosystems, Ecological Applications, 6, 276–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell E. R., Hu, G. Y. and Okine, J. S. (1997), Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) infestation and parasitism by Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in collards and adjacent cabbage fields, Florida Entomologist, 80, 54–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M.A., Croft, B.A. and Berry, R.E. (1996), Overwintering and the effects of autumn habitat manipulation and carbofuran on Neoseiulus fallacis and Tetranychus urticae in peppermint, Experimental and Applied Acarology, 20, 249–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B.C., Rosenheim, J.A. and Granett, J. (1996), Habitat diversification for improving biological control: abundance of Anagrus epos (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in grape vineyards, Environmental Entomology, 25, 495–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B.C., Rosenheim, J.A., Dowell, R.V. and Granett, J. (1998), Habitat diversification tactic for improving biological control: parasitism of the western grape leafhopper, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 87, 225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, R.M., Thompson, D.C. and Richman, D.B. (1998), Conservation strategies for the biological control of weeds, in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 371–396.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nyrop, J.P., Minns, J.C. and Herring, C.P. (1994), Influence of ground cover on dynamics of Amblyseius fallacis Garman (Acarina; Phytoseiidae) in New York apple orchards, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 50, 61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogal, C. K. P. O., Spence, J. R. and Keddie, A. (1998), Natural enemy abundance and activity in a maize-leucaena agroforestry system in Kenya, Environmental Entomology, 27, 1444–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr, D.B., Landis, D.A., Mutch, D.R., Manley, G.V., Stuby, S.A. and King, R.L. (1997), Ground cover influence on microclimate and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) augmentation in seed corn production, Environmental Entomology, 26, 433–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patt, J.M., Hamilton, G.C. and Lashcomb, J.H. (1997), Impact of strip-insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the Colorado potato beetle, Advances in Horticultural Science, 11, 175–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavuk, D. M. and Stinner, B. R. (1992), Influence of weed communities in corn plantings on parasitism of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Biological Control, 2, 312–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, D. and Tinch, R. (1998), The true price of pesticides, in Bugs in the System: Redesigning the Pesticide Industry for Sustainable Agriculture, eds. W. Vorely and D. Keeney, Earthscan, London, pp. 50–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, R.K., Incoll, L.D., Sutton, S.L., Wright, C. and Chadwick, A. (1993), Diversity of airborne arthropods in a silvoarable agroforestry system, Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 551–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, R.K., Christian K., and Gibb, K. (1998), The effect of non-crop vegetation on the insect pests and their natural enemies in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) plantations, Plant Protection Quarterly, 13, 16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, C.H. and Bugg, R.L. (eds.) (1998), Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests, University of California Press, Berkley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D., McLaughlin L., Zepp A., Lakitan B., Kraus T., Kleinman P., Vancini F., Roach, W.J., Graap E., Keeton, W.S. and Selig, G. (1993), Environmental and economic effects of reducing pesticide use in agriculture, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 46, 273–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W. (1986), Enhancing parasite activity within crops, in Insect Parasitoids, eds. J.K. Waage and D.J. Greathead, Academic Press, London, pp. 314–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretty J., Vorley, W. and Keeney, D. (1998), Pesticides in world agriculture: causes, consequences and alternative courses, in Bugs in the System: Redesigning the Pesticide Industry for Sustainable Agriculture, eds. W. Vorely and D. Keeney, Earthscan, London. pp. 17–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy, R J. and Owens, E.D (1993), Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects, Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 337–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramert, B. (1996), The influence of intercropping and mulches on the occurrence of polyphagous predators in carrot fields in relation to carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.)) (Dipt., Psilidae) damage, Journal of Applied Entomology, 120, 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodenhouse, N.L., Barrett, G.W., Zimmerman, D.M. and Kemp, J.C. (1992), Effects of uncultivated corridors on arthropod abundance and crop yields in soybean agroecosystems, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 38, 179–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Root, R.B. (1973), Organisation of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea) Ecological Monographs, 43, 95–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. (ed.) (1984), New Zealand Pest and Beneficial Insects, Lincoln University College, Christchurch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settle, W.H., Ariawan H., Astuti T. E., Cahyana W., Hakim, Hindayana D., Lestari and A. S. Pajarningsih (1996), Managing tropical rice pests through conservation of generalist natural enemies and alternative prey, Ecology, 77, 1975–1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.W., Arnold, D.C., Eikenbary, R.D., Rice, N.R., Shiferaw A., Cheary, B.S. and Carroll, B.L. (1996), Influence of ground cover on beneficial arthropods in pecan, Biological Control, 6, 164–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. and Papacek, D.F. (1991), Studies of the predatory mite Amblyseius victoriensis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in citrus orchards in south-east Queensland: control of Tegolophus australis and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acarina: Eriophyidae),effect of pesticides, alternative host plants and augmentative release,Experimental and Applied Acarology, 12, 195–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, M.J., France, C.M., Wratten, S.D. and Frampton, C. (1998), Enhancing biological control of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by sowing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in an orchard, Biocontrol Science and Technology 8, 547–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strong, D.R. (1997), Fear no weevil? Science, 277, 1058–1059.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tait E.J. (1987), Planning an integrated pest management system, in Integrated Pest Management, eds. A.J. Burn, T.H. Coaker and P.C. Jepson, Academic Press, London, pp. 189–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theunissen, J. Booji, C.J.H. and Lotz, L.A.P. (1995), Effects of intercropping white cabbage with clovers on pest infestation and yield, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 74, 7–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theunissen, J. and Schelling, G. (1996), Pest and disease management by intercropping: suppression of thrips and rust in leek, International Journal of Pest Management, 42, 227–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thies, C. and Tscharntke, T. (1999), Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems, Science, 285, 5429, 893–895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M.B., Wratten, S.D. and Sotherton, N.W. (1991), Creation of’ island’ habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration, Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 906–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M.B., Wratten, S.D. and Sotherton, N.W. (1992a), Creation of’ island’ habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and species composition, Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 524–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M.B., Sotherton, N.W., Coombes, D.S. and Wratten, S.D. (1992b), Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries, Annals of Applied Biology, 120, 197–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonhaska, A. Jr. (1993), Effects of agroecosy stem diversification on natural enemies of soybean herbivores, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 69, 83–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuovinen, T. (1994), Influence of surrounding trees and bushes on the phytoseiid mite fauna on apple orchard trees in Finland, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 50, 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dreische, R.G. and Bellows, T.S. (1996), Biological Control, Chapman Hall, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Emden, H.F. 1990. Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems, Critical Issues in Biological Control, eds. M. Mackauer, L.E. Ehler and J. Roland, Intercept, Andover, pp. 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, B.J., Gurr, G.M. and Thwaite, W.G. (1996), Efficacy of the insect growth regulators tebufenozide and fenoxycarb for lepidopteran pest control in apples, and their compatibility with biological control for integrated pest management, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36, 501–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, A.J., Wratten, S.D., Berry, N.A. and Weigmann, U. (1995), Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of Brassica pests by hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 88, 1171–1176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.L. (1998), Conserving epiphytic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables for biological control, in Conservation Biological Control, ed. P. Barbosa, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 335–350.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wratten, S.D. and van Emden, H.F. (1995), Habitat management for enhanced activity of natural enemies of insect pests, in Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems, eds. D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves, and H.M. Anderson, John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 117–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, J.Z., Ayres, G.S., Grafius, E.J. and Stehr, F.W. (1992), Effects of neighbouring nectarproducing plants on populations of pest Lepidoptera and their parasitoids in broccoli plantings, Great Lakes Entomologist, 25, 253.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gurr, G.M., Wratten, S.D., Barbosa, P. (2000). Success in Conservation Biological Control of Arthropods. In: Gurr, G., Wratten, S. (eds) Biological Control: Measures of Success. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1052-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4014-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics