Abstract
In order to assist and regulate transportation activities, a governmental bureaucratic structure is required. [W. Talley, Introduction to Transportation, Cincinnati, South-Western, 1983, p. 12.]
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Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113, 24 L.Fd. (1877).
Act of Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379 was the first real comprehensive attempt at the national level.
E.g., 49 U.S.C. § 10901(a)(Supp. V 1981).
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E.g., 49 U.S.C. § 10901 (Supp. V 1981).
It is common usage in economics and law to refer to merger, acquisition, combination and consolidation as being synonymous. See E. Kintner, Primer on the Law of Mergers, New York: Macmillan, 1973, pp. 113–35; and E. Singer, Antitrust Economics, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968, pp. 242–54.
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ICC v. Cincinnati, N.O. & Tex. Pac. Ry., 167 U.S. 479 (1897).
Elkins Act, ch. 708, 32 Stat. 847 (1903) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
Hepburn Act, ch. 3591, 34 State 584 (1906) (codified in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
Mann-Elkins Act, ch. 309, 36 Stat. 539 (1910) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
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. Ibid, p. 323.
Transportation Act of 1920, ch. 91, 41 Stat. 456 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
D. Locklin, Economics of Transportation, Homewood: Irwin, 1972, p. 240.
¡bid, pp. 240–41.
. ¡bid, p. 240–42.
These are listed and contained in G. Udel, Laws Relating to Interstate Commerce and Transportation, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1971, pp. iii-iv.
Act of Jan. 22, 1932, ch. 8, 47 Stat. 5.
Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, 1933, ch. 91, 48 Stat. 211 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
Ibid
Ibid
Although income, output and employment fell four straight years beginning in 1929, an economic recovery began in 1933. However, another contraction occurred in 1937–38. L. Valentine and C. Dauten, Business Cycles and Forecasting, Cincinnati: Southwestern, 1983, p. 36.
War with both Germany and Japan was contemplated in 1938 and 1939. See R. Barnet, Roots of War, Baltimore: Penguin, 1972, pp. 26–28.
. Ibid
U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, H.R. Doc. No. 78, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 728 (1975).
R. E. Westmeyer, Economics of Transportation, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952, p. 158.
Pub. L. No. 76–685, 54 Stat. 899 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
. Ibid, pp. 905–06.
Pub. L. No. 85–625, 72 Stat. 568 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 49 U.S.C.).
Locklin, op. cit, p. 270.
See W. C. Peterson, Income, Employment and Economic Growth, New York: Norton, 1978, pp. 459–62.
Pub. L. No. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931 (1966).
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Historical Statistics, op. cit, p. 727.
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Sampson and Farris, op. cit., p. 377.
Pub. L. No. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327.
Pub. L. No. 93–236, 87 Stat. 985 (1974).
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Pub. L. No. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 45 and 49 U.S.C.).
Ibid, § 802, 90 Stat. 129 (current version at 49 U.S.C. §§ 10904–10905 (Supp. V 1981)).
Pub. L. No. 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705.
Pub. L. No. 96–296, 94 Stat. 793.
Pub. L. No. 96–448, 94 Stat. 1895 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 45 and 49 U.S.C.).
U.S.C. § 10901(d)(2) (Supp. V 1981).
Ibid., § 10905.
Public Law No. 75–706, 52 Stat. 973 (1938).
Ibid, Section 1102.
P. S. Dempsey, “The Rise and Fall of the Civil Aeronautics Board: Opening Wide the Floodgates of Entry,” Transportation Law Journal, Vol. 11, 1979, p. 11.
U.S. Code 1384, Section 414.
IATA, 50 Years of World Airline Cooperation, 1969, p. 6.
CAB Agreement No. 493, “TATA Traffic Conference Resolution,” 6 CAB 639 (1946).
Years, op. cit., p. 2.
. IbicL, p. 3.
. Ibid.
Many western developed nations either regulate their airlines or have nationalized them. This tendency makes it easy to promulgate fares, rates, routes and schedules, especially in international aviation because such arrangements carry the force of law.
A’bilateral agreement“ is one between two nations regarding the rights, privileges, duties and legal relations concerning foreign aviation. In international aviation, dozens of ”bilaterals“ exist among most western developed nations whereby each country agrees individually with every other country.
Years, op. cit., pp. 6–7.
The “five freedoms” involve the privilege: (1) to fly across a territory without landing; (2) to land for non-traffic purposes; (3) to put down passengers/cargo from a carrier’s flag country in another, (4) to take on passengers/cargo destined for any State and (5) put passengers/cargo down in any other State. See B. A. Sims, “International Air Transportation: The Effect of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and the Bermuda II Agreement,” Transportation Law Journal, Vol. 10, 1978, p. 240.
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. Ibid, p. 14.
CAB Order E-9305, June 15, 1955.
President Gerald Ford, Statement of International Air Transportation Policy of the United States, 1976. p. 9.
A. E. Kahn, The Economics of Regulation, (New York: Wiley, 1971), pp. 209–220.
M. Cohen, Competition in Air Transportation on the North Atlantic, Third International Aviation Conference, Paris, 1981, p. 14.
Ibid., pp. 2–3.
. Ibid, p. 9.
. Ibid, pp. 4–6.
Private correspondence, Office of Aviation Operations, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
A. Kahn, “Protecting Airlines from Freedom,” Washington Post, November 5, 1981, p. A29.
. Hearings Before House Committee on Public Works and Transportation on International Aviation Policy, 97th Congress, 1st Session, 1981, p. 12 (from “Statement of Alfred E. Kahn”).
CAB Order 79–5–113.
CAB Order and Statement of Tentative Conclusions 80–4–113.
CAB Final Order Terminating Proceeding 81–5–27.
CAB Order 8–4–113, p. 9.
Statement of Knut Hammarskjold, Hearings Before the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation on International Aviation Policy, 97th Congress, 1st Session, 1981, p. 1–4.
. Ibid.,p. 1.
IATA, ‘This ‘Cartel’ Nonsense,“ 1980, pp. 1–2.
TATA, Response to Board’s “Order to Show Cause,” Docket 32851, Agreement CAB 1175, 1978, pp. 1–5.
. !bid, p. 82.
TATA, Comments on the Board’s “Statement of Tentative Conclusions,” in Order 80–4–113, 1980, pp. 1–16.
. ‘bid, pp. 116–117.
Public Law No. 190, 26 Stat. L. 209, 1980.
G. Feldman, “IATA Could Finalize Restructuring at Geneva AGM,” Transportation World, 1978, pp. 25–28.
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Peterson, R.D. (1991). Transportation. In: Political Economy and American Capitalism. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3874-1_11
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