Abstract
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or not sought, by the military-industrial complex. [D. Eisenhower, U.S. News & World Report, January 17, 1961, p. 69.]
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Reference
P. H. Samuelson, Economics, 3d edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.
As examples, see G. Adams, The Politics of Defense Contracting, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1982; J. K. Galbraith, How to Control the Military, New York: Signet, 1969; S. Melman, The War Economy of the United States, New York: St. Martin’s, 1971; B. Russett, The Prisoners of Insecurity, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1983.
As reported on the CBS Nightly News, April 1977.
J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1968.
The National Trade Association Directory reports that more than 50,000 trade associations in the United States operated during 1989.
I am indebted to Dr. Robert M. Lawrence, Professor of Political Science, Colorado State University for calling this term to my attention.
T. Robb, “Nineteenth Century European Military-Industrial Complexes,” in B. F. Cooling, War, Business and American Society, Port Washington: Kennikat, 1977, pp. 10–23.
See R. L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962, pp. 115–30.
See B. W. Poulson, Economic History of the United States, New York: Macmillan, 1981, pp. 294–7.
M. J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890–1916, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 89–91 and 401–12.
R. M. Robertson, History of the American Economy, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964, pp. 368–75.
D. R. Beaver, “The Problem of American Military Supply, 1890–1920,” in Cooling, op. cit., 73–92; and M. Parenti, The Sword and the Dollar, New York: St. Martin’s, 1989, pp. 135–51.
As examples, see: (1) F. Griffin, “Rising Tide of Socialism,” Outlook, February 24, 1912, pp. 438–438; (2) F. Grendon, “In Defense of Socialism,” The New Republic, April 7, 1917, pp. 297–98; and (3) A. Benson, “What the War Has Done to Socialism in America,” Current Opinion, August 1918, pp. 82–85.
See G. C. Fite and J. E. Reese, An Economic History of the United States, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973, pp. 259–62.
R. K. Vedder, The American Economy in Historical Perspective, Belmont: Wadsworth, 1976, pp. 344–63.
Some representative samples are: (1) B. Stolberg, “Communist Wreckers in American Labor,” Saturday Evening Post, September 29, 1939, pp. 5–7; and (2) M. Dies, “Challenge to Democracy: Foreign Isms Threaten Us,” Vital Speeches, October 1, 1939, pp. 762–65.
As based on: J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, London: Macmillan, 1936; A. H. Hansen, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles, New York: Norton, 1941; and L. R. Klein, The Keynesian Revolution, New York: Macmillan, 1947.
In constant dollars (1982=100), in 1929, real GNP was $710 billion and by 1939 it was only $717 billion! In 1942, real GNP was $1,080, augmented mostly by a burst of defense spending in 1941. Economic Report of the President, 1989, pp. 310–11.
From 1942 through 1945, total disinvestment amounted to approximately $80 billion in real terms (1982=100). Ibid., p. 327.
However, the Marshall Plan was no panacea because federal expenditures continued to fall between 1945 and 1950. See J. Hughes, American Economic History, Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1987, pp. 503–05.
J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968, pp. 325–47.
A. H. Hansen, Full Recovery or Stagnation?, New York: Norton, 1938, pp. 303–318.
He made these points on several occasions. See, for example, A. H. Hansen, “Change Our Economic Structure,” National Business Woman, March 1940, p. 72.
This concept in negotiating styles is discussed in E. Rausch, Win-Win: Performance Management and Appraisal, New York: Wiley, 1985.
These terms are used by H. I asswell and S. Melman.
Departing President Eisenhower’s famous “military-industrial complex” speech (of January 1961) was written by Malcolm Moos, a political scientist.
C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
S. Lieberson, “An Empirical Study of Military-Industrial Linkages,” The American Journal of Sociology, January 1971, p. 62.
J. Slater and T. Nardin, “The Concept of a Military-Industrial Complex,” in Rosen, Testing the Theory of the Military Industrial Complex, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1973, pp. 27–60.
. Ibid.
M. Weidenbaum, The Economics of Peacetime Defense, New York: Praeger, 1974.
P. Thayer, “The Men, The Machines, The Makers,” in C. W. Purcell, Jr., The Military-Industrial Complex, New York: Harper & Row, 1973, p. 273.
J. F. Gorgol, The Military Industrial Finn, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.
. Ibid., pp. 25–64.
Lieberson, op. cit.
M. Reich, “Military Spending and the U.S. Economy,” in Rosen, op. cit:, p. 99.
That policy makers are worried about dismantling the military-industrial complex suggests its existence. See G. C. Wilson, “An Age of Lower Limits,” The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, December 4, 1989, pp. 7–8.
Rosen, op. cit., p. 24.
An example is the conspiracy in the U.S. Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency against President Allende in Chile in the 1970s. See: (1) E. B. Burns, “True Verdict on Allende,” Nation, October 29, 1973, pp. 422–26; and (2) W. F. Buckley, Jr., “CIA in Chile,” National Review, October 11, 1974, p. 1118.
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Peterson, R.D. (1991). Military-Industrial Complex. In: Political Economy and American Capitalism. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3874-1_10
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