Abstract
Epidemiological studies throughout the world show that cholesterol gallstones (GS) occur more commonly in women than in men [1].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bennion LJ, Grundy SM (1978): Risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in man. N Engl J Med 299: 1161–1167.
Maringhini A, Marcenb MP, Lanzarone F, et al. (1987): Sludge and stones in gallbladder after pregnancy. J Hepatology 5: 218–223.
Coopberg PL, Burhenne HJ (1980): Real-time ultrasonography. Diagnostic technique of choice in calcolous gallbladder disease. N Engl J Med 302: 1277–1279.
Conrad MR, Janes JO, Dietch Y (1979): Significance of low level echoes within the gallbladder. Am J Roentgenol 132: 967–972.
Taylor KJ, Jacobson P, Jaffe CR (1979): Lack of an acoustic shadow on scans of gallstones. A possible artifact. Radiology 131: 469–472.
Goldstein A, Madrazo B (1981): Slice thickness artifacts in gray-scale ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 9: 365–375.
Maxwell AE (1961): Analyzing Qualitative Data. London, Redwood Press Limited.
Dixon WJ, Brown MB, Englman L et al. (1979): Bio Medical Data Processing. Statistical Software. Berkeley, University of California Press.
Nye NY, Hull CH, Jenkins JG, Steinbrenner K, Bent DH (1975): Statistical Package Foe the Social Sciences. 2nd Edn. New York, Mc Graw — Hill Book Company.
Passmore R, Eastwood MA. 8th Edn. (1986): Human Nutrition and dietetics. p. 516, Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh London Melbourne and New York.
Cutler SJ and Ederer F (1958): Maximum utilization of the life table method an analyzing survival. J Chronic Dis 8: 659.
Small DM, Ingelfinger FJ, Ebert RB, Findlan DM, Realman AS (eds), (1974): Controversies in Internal Medicine H. Management of gallstones, particularly the silent variety: advantages of a varied and individual approach, p. 545 Philadelphia, Saunders.
Small DM (1980): Cholesterol nucleation and growth formation in gallstones formation. N Engl J Med 302: 1305–1306.
Shaffer A, Small DM (1976): Gallstones disease pathogenesis and management. Curr Probl Surg 13: 1–72.
Holan KR, Holzbach RT, Herman RE et al. (1979): Nucleation time: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. Gastroenterology 77: 611–617.
Sedhagat A, Grundy SM (1980): Cholesterol crystals and the formation of cholesterol gallstones. N Engl J Med 302: 1274–1277.
Walton AG (1967): The Formation and the Properties of Precipitate. Vol. 23. New York, Intersciences.
Craven BM (1967): Crystal structure of cholesterol monohydrate. Nature 260: 727–729.
Lynn J, Williams L, O’Brien J et al. (1973): Effects of estrogen on bile. Ann Surg 178: 514–524.
Everson GT, McKimley C, Lawson M, Johnson M, Kern F Jr (1982): Gallbladder function in the human female: effect of the ovulatory cycle, pregnancy and contraceptive steroids. Gastroenterology 81: 711–719.
Glancy JJ, Goddard J, Pearson DE (1980): In vitro demonstration of cholesterol crystals’ high echogenicity relative to protein particles. J Clin Ultrasound 8: 27–29.
Bockus HL, Willard JH, Metzerg HN (1935): Role of infection and of disturbed cholesterol metabolism in gallstone genesis. Pa Med J 39: 482.
Friedman GD, Kannel WB, Dawber TR et al. (1966): The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: observations in the Framingham study. J Chronic Dis 19: 273–292.
Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM et al. (1987): A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione study. Hepatology 7: 913–917.
Rome group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO) (1988): The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part I Prevalence data in men. Hepatology 8: 904–906.
Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashy J et al. (1989): Prevalence of gallstone disease in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Am J Epidemiol
Mauer KM, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM et al. (1989): Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States. Gastroenterology 96: 487–492.
Rome group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO) (1988): The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part II. Factors associated with the disease. Hepatology 8: 907–913.
Scragg RKR, McMichael AJ, Seamark RF (1984): Oral contraceptives, pregnancy and endogenous oestrogen in gallstone disease: a case-control study. BMJ 288: 1795–1799.
Jorgensen T (1988): Gallstones in a Danish population: fertility period, pregnancies and exogenous female sex hormones. Gut 29: 433–439.
Maclure MK, Hayes KC, Graham A et al. (1989): Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 321: 563–569.
Royal College of General Practicioners Oral Contraception Study (1982): Oral contraceptives and gallbladder disease. Lancet ii: 957–959.
GREPCO (1984): Prevalence of gallstone disease in an Italian adult female population. Am J Epidemiol 119: 796–805.
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maringhini, A. et al. (1991). Gallbladder and pregnancy. In: Capocaccia, L., Ricci, G., Angelico, F., Angelico, M., Attili, A.F., Lalloni, L. (eds) Recent Advances in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Gallstone Disease. Developments in Gastroenterology, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3744-7_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3744-7_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5665-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3744-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive