Abstract
Primary prevention of breast cancer is now a scientific and clinical possibility, but the formal demonstration of the effectiveness of a chemopreventive agent requires a carefully conducted prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. If resources were unlimited, such a trial would be designed to enroll a very large number of postmenopausal women at risk and follow them for many years to observe different rates of breast cancer incidence between the treatment groups. Practical economic considerations necessitate a trial design that yields an informative result with the smallest possible number of subjects in a relatively short period of time.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kelsey, J.L. (1979). A review of the epidemiology of human breast cancer. Epidemiol. Rev., 1, 74–109.
Kelsey, J.L., Berkowitz, G.S. (1988). Breast cancer epidemiology. Cancer Res., 48, 5615–5623.
Petrakis, N.L., Ernster, V.L., King, M.C. (1982). Breast. In Schottenfeld, D., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr (eds.) Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 855–870.
US Bureau of the Census. (1989). Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1989 (109th edition), Washington, DC, 13–17.
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results: Incidence and Mortality Data, 1973–77, (1981). NIH Publication No. 81–2330, DHHS, PHS, NCI, Bethesda.
Lynch, J.T., Albano, W.A., Heieck, J.J. et al. (1984). Genetics, biomarkers, and control of breast cancer: a review. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 13, 43–92.
Williams, W.R., Osborne, M.P. (1987). Familial aspects of breast cancer: an overview, In Harris, J.R., Henderson, I.C., Hellman, S., Kinne, D.W. (eds.), Breast Diseases, J.B. Lippincott Philadelphia, 109–120.
Adami, H.-O., Hansen, J., Jung, B., Rinsten, A. (1981). Characteristics of familial breast cancer in Sweden: absence of relation to age and unilateral versus bilateral disease. Cancer, 48, 1688–1695.
Brinton, L.A., Hoover, R., Fraumeni, J.F. (1982). Interaction of familial and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 69, 817–822.
Dubin, N., Pasternack, B.S., Strax, P. (1984). Epidemiology of breast cancer in a screened population. Cancer Detect. Prevent., 7, 87–102.
Sattin, R.W., Rubin, G.L., Webster, L.A., et al. (1985). Family history and the risk of breast cancer. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 253, 1908–1913.
Hislop, T.G., Coldman, A.J., Elwood, J.M., et al. (1986). Relationship between risk factors for breast cancer and hormonal status. Int. J. Epidemiol., 15, 469–476.
Ernster, V.L. (1989). The epidemiology of benign breast disease. Epidemiol. Rev., 3, 184–202.
McDivitt, R.W., Stewart, F.W., Berg, J.W. (1968). Tumors of the Breast. (Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Second series. Part 2). Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 29–49.
Azzopardi, J.G. (1979). Problems in Breast Pathology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 113–149, 192–239.
Dupont, W.D., Page, D.L. (1985). Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 146–151.
Hislop, T.G., Elwood, J.M. (1981). Risk factors for benign breast disease: a 30-year cohort study. Can. Med. Assoc., 124, 283–291.
Ory, H., Cole, P., MacMahon, B., Hoover, R. (1976). Oral contraceptives and reduced risk of benign breast diseases. N. Engl. J. Med., 294, 419–422.
Cole, P., Elwood, J.M., Kaplan, S.D. (1978). Incidence and rates and risk factors of benign breast neoplasms. Am. J. Epidemiol., 108, 112–120.
Vogel, V.G. (1991). High risk populations as targets for breast cancer prevention trials. Prev. Med., (In press).
Brisson, J., Morrison, A.S., Kopans, D.B., et al. (1984). Height and weight, mammographic features of breast tissue and breast cancer risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 119, 371–381.
Carlile, T., Kopecky, K.J., Thompson, D.J. et al. (1985). Breast cancer prediction and the Wolfe classification of mammograms. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 254, 1050–1053.
Bergkvist, L., Tabar, L., Bergstrom, R., Adami, H.-O. (1987). Epidemiologic determinants of the mammographic parenchymal pattern. A population-based study within a mammographic screening program. Am. J. Epidemiol., 126, 1075–1081.
Brisson, J., Morrison, A.S., Khalid, N. (1988). Mammographic parenchymal features and breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, 1534–1540.
Saftlas, A.F., Wolfe, J.N., Hoover, R.N. et al. (1989). Mammographic parenchymal pattern as indicators of breast cancer risk.v4m. J. Epidemiol., 129, 518–526.
Wolfe, J.N. (1976). Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast cancer. Am. J. Roentgen., 126, 1130–1139.
Zapka, J.G., Stoddard, A.M., Costanza, M.E., Greene, H.L. (1989). Breast cancer screening by mammography: utilization and associated factors. Am. J. Publ. Hlth., 79, 1499–1502.
Love, R.R. (1990). Prospects for antiestrogen chemoprevention of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82, 18–21.
Mace, A.E. (1974). Sample-she Determination, Robert E Krieger Huntington, New York, 101–104.
Eddy, D.S. (1989). Screening for breast cancer. Ann. Intern. Med., 111, 389–399.
Meinert, C.L. (1986). Clinical Trials: Design, Conduct, and Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York, 30–39.
Winn, R., Vogel, V., Graves, D., Coody, D. (1989). Determinants of women’s willingness to participate in a breast cancer chemoprevention trial (BCCPT) utilizing tamoxifen. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 8, 61.
Taplin, S., Anderman, C., Grothaus, L. (1989). Breast cancer risk and participation in mam-mographic screening. Am. J. Publ. Hlth., 79, 1494–1498.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vogel, V.G., Love, R.R. (1991). High Risk Groups and Cost Strategies. In: Stoll, B.A. (eds) Approaches to Breast Cancer Prevention. Developments in Oncology, vol 62. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3742-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3742-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5664-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3742-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive