Foundations

Abstract

The symbols N, Z, and R are used for the sets of positive integers, integers and real numbers, respectively. The n-dimensional real vector space, the set of ordered n-tuples of real numbers, is denoted by R ⁿ. The inner product of two vectors x,y ε R ⁿ is denoted by x^pTy. If x is a real number, then ⌊⌋ and ⌈x⌉ denote the lower integer part respectively the upper integer part of x.