Abstract
Root colonization is defined as the proliferation of microorganisms in, on, or around roots. It includes dispersal of microorganisms from a source of inoculum to the actively growing root, and multiplication or growth in the rhizosphere. Soil physical, chemical, and biological factors have been shown to affect root colonization, but few phenotypic attributes of plants and microorganisms which contribute to successful root colonization have been identified. Quantitative studies on the distributon of root colonists in time and space are needed to develop mathematical models that describe and predict the root colonization process. This would enable more effective management of rhizosphere populations to achieve biological control of soilborne disease or to enhance plant growth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott L K and Robson A D 1984 Colonization of the root system of subterranean clover by three species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 96, 274–281.
Ahmad J S and Baker R 1987a Rhizosphere competence of Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology 77, 182–189.
Ahmad J S and Baker R 1987b Competitive saprophytic ability and cellulolytic activity of rhizosphere competent mutants of Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology 77, 358–362.
Anderson A J, Habibzadegah-Tari P and Tepper C S 1988 Molecular studies on the role of a root surface agglutinin in adherence and colonization by Pseudomonas putida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 375–380.
Azad H R, Davis J R, Schnathorst W C and Kado C I 1985 Relationship between rhizoplane and rhizosphere bacteria and Verticillium wilt resistance in potato. Arch. Microbiol. 140, 347–351.
Bagyaraj D J 1984 Biological interactions with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In VA Mycorrhiza. Eds. C L Powell and D J Bagyaraj. pp 131–153. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Bahme J B and Schroth M N 1987 Spatial-temporal colonization patterns of a rhizobacterium on underground organs of potatoes. Phytopathology 77, 1093–1100.
Bashan Y 1986 Migraton of the rhizosphere bacteria Azo-spirillium brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens toward wheat roots in soil. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132, 3407–3414.
Bashan Y and Levanony H 1987 Horizontal and vertical movement of Azospirillum brasiliense Cd in the soil and along the rhizosphere of wheat and weeds in controlled and field environments. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133, 3473–3480.
Bennett R A and Lynch J M 1981 Colonization potential of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Curr. Microbiol. 6, 137–138.
Bitton G, Lahav N and Henis Y 1974 Movement and retention of Klebsiella aerogenes in soil columns. Plant and Soil 40, 373–380.
Bowen G D and Rovira A D 1976 Microbial colonization of plant roots. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 14, 121–144.
Bull C T 1987 Wheat root colonization by disease-suppressive or nonsuppressive bacteria and the effect of population size on severity of take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici. MS thesis. Wash. State Univ., Pullman. 75 p.
Chakraborty S, Theodorou C and Bowen G D 1985 The reduction of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi by mycophagous amoebae. Can. J. Microbiol. 31, 295–297.
Chao W L, Nelson E B, Harman G E and Hoch H C 1986 Colonization of the rhizosphere by biological control agents applied to seeds. Phytopathology 76, 60–65.
Chet I and Baker R 1980 Introduction of suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Phytopathology 70, 994–998.
Christensen H and Funck-Jensen D 1989 Growth rate of rhizosphere bacteria measured directly by the tritiated thymidine incorporation technique. Soil Biol. Biochem, 21, 113–117.
Compeau G, Al-Achi B J, Platsouka E and Levy S B 1988 Survival of rifampin-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida in soil systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2432–2438.
Cooper K M 1984 Physiology of VA mycorrhizal associations. In VA Mycorrhiza. Eds. C L Powell and D J Bagyaraj. pp 156–186. CRC Press, Baton Rouge.
Dazzo P 1980 Adsorption of microorganisms to roots and other plant surfaces. In Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces. Eds. G Bitton and K C Marshall, pp 253–316. Wiley and Sons, New York.
De Weger L A, van der Vlugt C I M, Wijfjes A H M, Bakker P A H M, Schippers B and Lugtenberg B 1987 Flagella of a plant-growth-stimulating Pseudomonas fluorescens strain are required for colonization of potato roots. J. Bacteriol. 169, 2769–73.
Dowling D N and Broughton D N 1986 Competition for nodulation of legumes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 40, 131–157.
Drahos D J, Hemming B C and McPherson S 1986 Tracking recombinant organisms in the environment: B-galactosid-ase as a selectable non-antibiotic marker for fluorescent pseudomonads. Bio/Technology 4, 439–444
Dughri M H and Bottomley P J 1984 Soil acidity and the composition of an indigenous population of Rhizobium trifolii in nodules of different cultivars of Trifolium sub-terraneum L. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16, 405–411.
Duniway J M and McKeen C D 1987 Dispersal of Phytophthora cryptogea zoospores in soils and glass mi-crobeads by water flow. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 77, 1744.
Foster R C 1986 The ultrastructure of the rhizoplane and rhizosphere. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 24: 211–34.
Foster R C, Rovira A D and Cock T W 1983 Ultrastructure of the Root-Soil Interface. Am. Phytopathol. Soc, St. Paul, 157 pp.
Francis R and Read D J 1984 Direct transfer of carbon between plants connected by vesiculararbuscular mycor-rhizal mycelium. Nature 307, 53–65.
Fravel D R 1988 Role of antibiosis in the biocontrol of plant diseases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 26, 75–91.
Geels F P and Schippers B 1983 Selection of antagonistic fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and their root colonization and persistence following treatment of seed potatoes. Phytopathol. Z. 108, 193–206.
Gilligan C A 1983 Modeling of soilborne pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 21, 45–64.
Graham J H, Leonard R T and Menge J A 1981 Membrane-mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorous inhibition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiol. 68, 548–1981.
Griffin D M and Quail G 1968 Movement of bacteria in moist, particulate systems. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 21, 579–82.
Hadar Y, Harman G E and Taylor A G 1984 Evaluation of Trichoderma koningii and T. harzianum from New York soils for biological control of seed rot caused by Pythium spp. Phytopathology 74, 106–110.
Hale M G, Moore L D and Griffin G J 1978 Root exudates and exudation. In Interactions Between Non-pathogenic Soil Microorganisms and Plants. Eds. Y R Dommergues and S V Krupa. Elsevier, North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
Halverson L J and Handelsman J 1990 Stability of antibiotic-resistance markers in Bacillus cereus UW85. In The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth. Eds. D L Keister and P B Cregan. p 107. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Henry C M and Deacon J W 1981 Natural (non-pathogenic) death of the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots, as evidenced by nuclear staining with acridine orange. Plant and Soil 60, 255–274.
Hiltner L 1904 Über neuere Erfahrungen und Probleme auf dem Gebiet der Bodenbakteriologie und unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Gründüngung und Brache. Arb. Deut. Landw. Ber. 98,59–78.
Howie W J, Cook R J and Weller D M 1987 Effects of soil matric potential and cell motility on wheat root colonization by fluorescent pseudomonads suppressive to take-all. Phytopathology 77, 286–92.
Howie W, Correll M, Gutterson N and Suslow T 1988 Indirect evidence for Oomycin A in situ: effect of soil temperature, moisture, and texture. Phytopathology 78, 1558 (Abstr.).
Iswandi A, Bossier P, Vandenabeele J and Verstaete W 1987 Influence of the inoculation density of the rhizo-pseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the growth and the composition of the root microbial community of maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Biol. Fertil. Soils 4, 119–123.
James D W Jr., Suslow T V and Steinback K E 1985 Relationship between rapid, firm adhesion and long-term colonization of roots by bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 50, 392–97.
Jasper D A, Robson A D and Abbott L K 1979 Phosporous and the formation of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11, 501–505.
Juhnke M E, Mathre D E and Sands D C 1987 Identification and characterization of rhizosphere-competent bacteria of wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2793–99.
Korhonen T K, Nurmiaho-Lassila E L, Laakso T and Haahtella K 1986 Adhesion of fimbriated nitrogen-fixing enteric bacteria to roots of grasses and cereals. Plant and Soil 90, 59–69.
Lawrence J R, Delaquis P J, Korber D R and Caldwell D E 1987 Behavior of Psuedomonas fluorescens within the hy-drodynamic boundary layers of surface microenviron-ments. Microb Ecol. 14, 1–14.
Levanony H, Bashin Y and Kahana Z E 1987 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific identification and enumeration of Azospirillum brasilense Cd. in cereal roots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 358–364.
Li D and Alexander M 1986 Bacterial growth rates and competition affect nodulation and root colonization by Rhizobium meliloti. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 807–811.
Liddell C M and Parke J L 1989 Enhanced colonization of pea taproots by a fluorescent pseudomonad biocontrol agent by water infiltration into soil. Phytopathology 79, 1327–1332.
Loper J E, Haack C and Schroth M N 1985 Population dynamics of soil pseudomonads in rhizosphere of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49, 416–422.
Loper J E, Suslow T V and Schroth M N 1984 Lognormal distribution of bacterial populations in the rhizosphere. Phytopathology 74, 1454–1460.
Madsen E L and Alexander M 1982 Transport of Rhizobium and Pseudomonas through soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46, 557–60.
Marois J J, Fravel D R and Papavizas G C 1984 Ability of Talaromyces flavus to occupy the rhizosphere and its interaction with Verticillium dahliae. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16, 387–390.
Marshall K C 1980 Adsorption of microorganisms to soils and sediments. In Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces. Eds. G Bitton and K C Marshall, pp 317–329. Wiley and Sons, New York.
Mellor H Y, Glenn A R, Arwas R and Dilworth M J 1987 Symbiotic and competitve properties of motility mutants of Rhizobium trifolii TAI. Arch. Microbiol. 148, 34–39.
Menge J A 1983 Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture. Can. J. Bot. 61, 1015–1024.
Meyer J R and Linderman R G 1986 Response of subterranean clover to dual inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a plant-growth promoting bacterium, Pseudomonas putida. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18,185–190.
Neal J L Jr., Atkinson T G and Larson, R I 1970 Changes in the rhizosphere microflora of spring wheat induced by disomic substitution of a chromosome. Can J. Microbiol. 16, 153–158.
Newman E I 1985 The rhizosphere: carbon sources and microbial populations. In Ecological Interactions in Soil. Ed. A H Fitter, pp 107–121.
Newman E I and Watson A 1977 Microbial abundance in the rhizosphere: a computer model. Plant and Soil 48, 17–56.
Papendick R I and Campbell G S 1975 Water potential in the rhizosphere and plant and methods of measurement and experimental control. In Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, pp 39–49. Soil Sci Soc. Am. Special Pub. No. 9. Madison, WI.
Parke J L, Liddell C M and Clayton M K 1990 Relationship between soil mass adhering to pea taproots and recovery of Pseudomonas fluorescens from the rhizosphere. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22, 495–499.
Parke J L, Linderman R G and J M Trappe 1983 Effect of root zone temperatures on ectomycorrhiza and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in disturbed and undisturbed forest soils of southwest Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 13, 657–665.
Parke J L, Moen R, Rovira A D and Bowen G D 1986 Soil water flow affects the rhizosphere distribution of a seed-borne biological control agent, Pseudomonas fluorescens. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18, 583–588.
Parke J L, Rovira A D and Bowen G D 1984 Soil matric potential affects colonization of wheat roots by a pseudo-monad suppressive to take-all. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 74, 806.
Patel J J and Craig A S 1984 Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages active against strains of Rhizobium trifolii used in legume inoculants in New Zealand. NZ J. Sci. 27, 81–86.
Rovira A D and Campbell R 1974 Scanning electron microscopy of microorganisms on the roots of wheat. Microb. Ecol. 1, 15–23.
Rovira A D and Davey C B 1974 Biology of the rhizosphere. In The Plant Root and its Environment. Ed. E W Carson. pp 153–204. Univ. Press, Charlottesville, VA.
Scher F M, Ziegle J S and Kloepper J W 1984 A method for assessing the root-colonizing capacity of bacteria on maize. Can. J. Microbiol. 30, 151–57.
Scher F M, Kloepper J W and Singleton C A 1985 Chemotaxis of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. to soybean seed exudates in vitro and in soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 31, 570–574.
Schippers B, Bakker A W and Bakker P A H M 1987 Interactions of deleterious and beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms and the effect of cropping practices. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 25, 339–358.
Stephens P M, O’Sullivan M and O’Gara F 1987 Effect of bacteriophage on colonization of sugarbeet roots by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 1164–1167.
Schmidt E L 1979 Initiation of plant root microbe interactions. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33, 355–379.
Suslow T V, Matsubara D and Davies M 1987 Application of tube-nucleation assays to rapid population estimates of rhizobacteria expressing novel ice-nucleation activity. Curr. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. Agric. 4, 1018–1024.
Suslow T V and Schroth M N 1982 Role of deleterious rhizobacteria as minor pathogens in reducing crop growth. Phytopathology 72: 111–15.
Suslow T V and Schroth M N 1982 Rhizobacteria of sugar-beets: effects of seed application and root colonization on yield. Phytopathology 72, 199–206.
Vesper S J 1987 Production of pili (fimbriae) by Pseudomonas fluorescens and correlation with attachment to corn roots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 1397–1403.
Vesper S J and Bauer W D 1986 Role of pili (fimbriae) in attachment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to soybean roots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 134–141.
Weaver R W and Frederick L R 1974 Effect of inoculum rate on competitive nodulation of Glycine max L. Merrill. I. Greenhouse studies. Agron. J. 66, 229–232.
Walker N A and Smith S E 1984 The quantitative study of mycorrhizal infection. II. The relation of rate of infection and speed of fungal growth to propagule density, the mean length of the infection unit and the limiting value of the fraction of the root infected. New Phytol. 96, 55–69.
Weller D M 1983 Colonization of wheat roots by a fluorescent pseudomonad suppressive to take-all. Phytopathology 73, 1548–1553.
Weller D M 1984 Distribution of a take-all suppressive strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens on seminal roots of winter wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48, 897–899.
Weller D M 1986 Effects of wheat genotype on root colonization by a take-all suppressive strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathology 76, 1059 (Abstr.).
Weller D M 1988 Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 26, 379–407.
Wilkinson H T, Miller R D and Millar R L 1981 Infiltration of fungal and bacterial propagules into soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 1034–1039.
Wong P T W and Griffin D M 1976 Bacterial movement at high matric potentials-I. In artificial and natural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8, 215–218.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parke, J.L. (1991). Root colonization by indigenous and introduced microorganisms. In: Keister, D.L., Cregan, P.B. (eds) The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth. Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Research, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5473-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3336-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive