Abstract
Stage of propagule release from female parent, and site of development and nutritive mode of embryo are the factors used here to define developmental pathways of anthozoans. Nearly every possible combination of variables of the 3 factors exists, forming a mosaic. Further, a larva may experience serially more than one development site, and may derive nutrition serially or simultaneously from more than a single source. Thus, no fundamental patterns appear to exist. This is probably due to the simplicity of cnidarians, which constrains their development far less than that of other animals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ayre, D. J., 1983. The effects of asexual reproduction and inter-genotypic aggression on the genotypic structure of populations of the sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa. Oecologia 57: 158–165.
Ayre, D. J., 1984. The effects of sexual and asexual reproduction on geographic variation in the sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa. Oecologia 62: 222–229.
Ayre, D. J. & J. M. Resing, 1986. Sexual and asexual production of planulae in reef corals. Mar. Biol. 90: 187–190.
Babcock, R. C. & A. J. Heyward, 1986. Larval development of certain gamete-spawning scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 5: 111–116.
Benayahu, Y., 1989. Reproductive cycle and developmental processes during embryogenesis of Clavularia hamra (Cnidaria, Octocorallia). Acta zool. 70: 29–36.
Benayahu, Y. & Y. Loya, 1983. Surface brooding in the Red Sea soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum (Forskål, 1775). Biol. Bull. 165: 353–369.
Benayahu, Y. & Y. Loya, 1984. Life history studies on the Red Sea soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940. II. Planulae shedding and post larval development. Biol. Bull. 166: 44–53.
Benayahu, Y. & Y. Loya, 1986. Sexual reproduction of a soft coral: synchronous and brief annual spawning of Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833). Biol. Bull. 170: 32–42.
Benayahu, Y., Y. Achituv & T. Berner, 1988. Embryogenesis and acquisition of algal symbionts by planulae of Xenia umbellata (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea). Mar. Biol. 100: 93–101.
Benayahu, Y., T. Berner & Y. Achituv, 1989a. Development of planulae within a mesogleal coat in the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens. Mar. Biol. 100: 203–210.
Benayahu, Y., D. Weil & M. Kleinman, 1989b. Radiation of broadcasting and brooding patterns in coral reef octocoral alcyonaceans [abstract]. Abstr. Fifth int. Congr. Invert. Reprod.: 40.
Black, R. & M. S. Johnson, 1979. Asexual viviparity and population genetics of Actinia tenebrosa. Mar. Biol. 53: 27–31.
Bucklin, A., D. Hedgecock & C. Hand, 1984. Genetic evidence of self-fertilization in the sea anemone Epiactis prolifera. Mar. Biol. 84: 175–182.
Carter, M. A. & C. H. Thorp, 1979. The reproduction of Actinia equina L. var. mesembryanthemum. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 59: 989–1001.
Chia, F.-S., 1966. Systematics of the six-rayed sea star,Leptasterias, in the vicinity of San Juan Island, Washington. Syst. Zool. 15: 300–306.
Chia, F.-S., 1974. Classification and adaptive significance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates. Thalassia jugosl. 10: 121–130.
Chia, F.-S., 1976. Sea anemone reproduction: patterns and adaptive radiations. In G. O. Mackie (ed.), Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior. Plenum Press, N.Y.: 261–270.
Chia, F.-S. & M. A. Rostron, 1970. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Actinia equina (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 50: 253–264.
Chia, F.-S., J. Lützen & I. Svane, 1989. Sexual reproduction and larval morphology of the primitive anthozoan Gonactinia prolifera M. Sars. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 127: 13–24.
Cutress, C. E., 1979. Bunodeopsis medusoides Fowler and Actinodiscus neglectus Fowler, two Tahitian sea anemones: redescription and biological notes. Bull. mar. Sci. 29: 96–109.
Dunn, D. F., 1975. Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Yerrill, 1869. Biol. Bull. 148: 199–218.
Dunn, D. F., 1977. Variability of Epiactis prolifera (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) in the intertidal zone near Bodega Bay, California. J. nat. Hist. 11: 457–463.
Fadlallah, Y. H., 1983. Sexual reproduction, development and larval biology in scleractinian corals: a review. Coral Reefs 2: 129–150.
Fadlallah, Y. H. & J. S. Pearse, 1982a. Sexual reproduction in solitary corals: overlapping oogenic and brooding cycles, and benthic planulas in Balanophyllia elegans. Mar. Biol. 71:223–231.
Fadlallah, Y. H. & J. S. Pearse, 1982b. Sexual reproduction in solitary corals: synchronous gametogenesis and broadcast spawning in Paracyathus stearnsii. Mar. Biol. 71: 233–239.
Farrant, P. A., 1986. Gonad development and the planulae of the temperate Australian soft coral Capnella gaboensis. Mar. Biol. 92: 381–392.
Fautin, D. G., 1989. Anthozoan dominated benthic environments. Proc. 6th int. Coral Reef Symp. 3: 231–236.
Fukui, Y., 1991. Embryonic and larval development of the sea anemone Haliplanella lineata from Japan. Hydro-biologia 216/217: 137–142.
Gashout, S. E. & R. F. G. Ormond, 1979. Evidence for parthenogenetic reproduction in the sea anemone Actinia equina L. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 59: 975–987.
Gerrodette, T., 1981. Dispersal of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans by demersal planular larvae. Ecology 62: 611–619.
Gohar, H. A. F. & H. M. Roushdy, 1961. On the embryology of the Xeniidae (Alcyonaria) (with notes on the extrusion of the larvae). Publs mar. biol. Stn Ghardaqa 11: 45–70.
Harriott, V. J., 1983. Reproductive ecology of four scleractinian species at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 2: 9–18.
Harrison, P. L., R. C. Babcock, G. D. Bull, J. K. Oliver, C. C. Wallace & B. L. Willis, 1984. Mass spawning in tropical reef corals. Science, N.Y. 223: 1186–1189.
Hartnoll, R. G., 1975. The annual cycle of Alcyonium digitatum. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci. 3: 71–78.
Hartnoll, R. G., 1977. Reproductive strategy in two British species of Alcyonium. In B. F. Keegan, P. O. Ceidigh & P. J. S. Boaden (eds), Biology of Benthic Organisms. Pergamon Press, N.Y.: 321–328.
Heyward, A. J. & J. D. Collins, 1985. Growth and sexual reproduction in the scleractinian coral Montipora digitata (Dana). Aust. J. mar. freshwat. Res. 36: 441–446.
Heyward, A., K. Yamazato, T. Yeemin & M. Minei, 1987. Sexual reproduction of corals in Okinawa. Galaxea 6: 331–343.
Kojis, B. L., 1986. Sexual reproduction in Acropora (Isopora) species (Coelenterata: Scleractinia) I. A. cuneata and A. palifera on Heron Island reef, Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 91:291–309.
Kojis, B. L. & N. J. Quinn, 1981. Aspects of sexual reproduction and larval development in the shallow water hermatypic coral, Goniastrea australensis (Edwards and Haime, 1857). Bull. mar. Sci. 31: 558–573.
Krupp, D. A., 1983. Sexual reproduction and early development of the solitary coral Fungia scutaria (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Coral Reefs 2: 159–164.
Minasian, L. L., Jr, 1982. The relationship of size and biomass to fission rate in a clone of the sea anemone, Haliplanella luciae (Verrill). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 58: 151–162.
Nyholm, K.-G., 1949. On the development and dispersal of Athenaria Actinia with special reference to Halcampa duodecimcirrata, M. Sars. Zool. Bidr. Upps. 27: 467–505.
Orr, J., J. P. Thorpe & M. A. Carter, 1982. Biochemical genetic confirmation of the asexual reproduction of brooded offspring in the sea anemone Actinia equina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 7: 227–229.
Richmond, R. H., 1981. Energetic considerations in the dispersal of Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) planulae. Proc. 4th int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 153–156.
Riemann-Zürneck, K., 1976a. A new type of larval development in the Actiniaria: giant larvae. Morphological and ecological aspects of larval development in Actinostola spetsbergensis. In G. O. Mackie (ed.), Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior. Plenum Press, N.Y.: 355–364.
Riemann-Zürneck, K., 1976b. Reproductive biology, oogenesis and early development in the brood-caring sea anemone Actinostola spetsbergensis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 28: 239–249.
Rinkevich, B. & Y. Loya, 1979. The reproduction of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. I. Gonads and planulae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1: 133–144.
Rivkin, R. B., I. Bosch, J. S. Pearse & E. J. Lessard, 1986. Bacterivory: a novel feeding mode for asteroid larvae. Science, N.Y. 233: 1311–1314.
Rossi, L., 1971. Thelytochous parthenogenesis in Cereus pedunculatus (Actiniaria). Experientia 27: 349–351.
Russell, F. S. & W. J. Rees, 1960. The viviparous scyphomedusa Stygiomedusa fabulosa Russell. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K.39: 303–317.
Schäfer, W., 1981. Fortpflanzung und Sexualität von Cereus pedunculatus und Actinia equina (Anthozoa, Actiniaria).Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 34: 451–461.
Schäfer, W., 1985. Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung von Anemonia sulcata (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) II. Frühentwicklung, Blastula und Gastrula. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 39: 341–356.
Schlichter, D., 1975. The importance of dissolved organic compounds in sea water for the nutrition of Anemonia sulcata Pennant (Coelenterata). Proc. Eur. mar. Biol.Symp. 9: 395–405.
Schlichter, D., 1982. Nutritional strategies of cnidarians:the absorption, translocation and utilization of dissolved nutrients by Heteroxenia fuscensens. Am. Zool. 22:659–669.
Sebens, K. P., 1979. The energetics of asexual reproduction and colony formation in benthic marine invertebrates. Am.Zool. 19: 683–697.
Shaw, P. W., J. A. Beardmore & J. S. Ryland, 1987. Sagartia troglodytes (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) consists of two species.Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 41: 21–28.
Siebert, A. E., Jr, 1974. A description of the embryology,larval development, and feeding of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica. Can. J.Zool. 52: 1383–1388.
Spaulding, J. G., 1972. The life cycle of Peachia quinquecapitata, an anemone parasitic on medusae during its larval development. Biol. Bull. 143: 440–453.
Stoddart, J. A., 1988. Coral populations fringing islands:larval connections. Aust. J. mar. freshwat. Res. 39:109–115.
Stoddart, J. A. & R. Black, 1985. Cycles of gametogenesis and planulation in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar.Ecol. Prog. Ser. 23: 153–164.
Strathmann, R. R., 1986. What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull. mar. Sci. 39: 616–622.
Szmant, A., 1986. Reproductive ecology of Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs 5: 43–54.
Szmant-Froelich, A., P. Yevich & M. E. Q. Pilson, 1980.Gametogenesis and early development of the temperate coral Astrangia danae (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Biol. Bull.158: 257–269.
Tranter, P. R. G., D. N. Nicholson & D. Kinchington, 1982.A description of spawning and post-gastrula development of the cool temperate coral, Caryophyllia smithi. J. mar.biol. Ass. U.K. 62: 845–854.
Uehara, T., M. Sato & K. Yamazato, 1987. General description of developmental stages in a soft coral Lobophytum crassum Marenzeller. Galaxea 6: 185–193.
Van Moorsel, G. W. N. M., 1983. Reproductive strategies in two closely related stony corals (Agaricia, Scleractinia).Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 13: 273–283.
Yamada, S. B., 1989. Are direct developers more locally adapted than planktonic developers? Mar. Biol. 103:403–411.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fautin, D.G. (1991). Developmental pathways of anthozoans. In: Williams, R.B., Cornelius, P.F.S., Hughes, R.G., Robson, E.A. (eds) Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3240-4_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3240-4_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5428-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3240-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive