Abstract
Whey, a by-product from cheese or casein manufacture, originates from mammal’s milk, as do its permeates. (The clear yellowish liquid resulting from making soybean curd or soy cheese is sometimes called whey, which should not be confused with whey from mammal milk.) Milks differ depending on origin of specie but all varieties will contain similar gross components but in different amounts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anon. (1970). Whey protein isolate improves many foods. Food Eng., 42(11) 53–5.
Abrahamsen, R. K. (1979). Cheesemaking from milk fortified with WPC. Milchwissenschaft, 34, 65–8.
Asan, T. (1974). Fibrous protein from Cottage cheese whey. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, 35(6), 2807–8.
Baltadjieva, M., Veinoglou, B., Kandarakis, J., Edgaryan, M. & Stamenova V. (1982). [Composition of sheep’s milk produced in the Plovdiv region in Bulgaria and in the Ionannina region in the north west of Greece.] Le Lait, 62, 191–201.
Boer, R. de, Wit, J. N. de & Hiddink, J. (1977). Processing of whey by means of membranes and some applications of whey protein concentrates. J. Soc. Dairy Technol.,30, 112–20.
Burgess, K., Downey, G. & Tuohy, S. (1978). Making meat substitutes from milk. Farm Food Res., 9(3), 54–5.
Cerbulis, J., Woychik, J. H. & Wondolowski, M. V. (1972). Composition of commercial wheys. J. Ag. Food. Chem., 20, 1057–9.
Charles, M. & Radjai, M. K. (1977). Xanthum gum from acidic whey. Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides.
Cooper, H. R. & Matthews, M. E. (1978). The effect of some common additives on whey protein concentrate gels. Br. Comm. 20th Int. Dairy Congress, E., 934–4.
Coton, S. G. (1980). The utilization of permeates from the ultrafiltration of whey and skim milk. J Soc. Dairy Technol., 33, 89–94.
Crocco, S. C. (1975). Ultrafiltration excels in whey protein recovery. Food Engng., 47(11), 59–62.
Delaney, R. A. M., Rakowska, M. & Grabarek, X. (1975). Rocquiki Technologei i Chemii Zywnosci.
Delaney, R. A. M. (1976). Composition, properties and uses of whey protein concentrate. J. Soc. Dairy Technol., 29, 91–101.
El-Samragy, Y. A. & Zall, R. R. (1988). The influence of sodium chloride on the activity of yeast in the production of single cell protein in whey permeate. J. Dairy Sci., 71, 1135–40.
El-Samragy, Y. A., Chen, J. H. & Zall, R. R. (1988) Amino acid and mineral profile of yeast biomass produced from fermentation of Cheddar whey permeate. Proc. Biochem., 23(1), 28–30.
Ennis, B. M. & Higgins, J. J. (1981). The effect of the replacement of calcium with sodium on the demineralization of deproteinated acid whey by electrodialysis. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 16, 167–78.
Ennis, B. M., Johns, J. E. M. & O’Connell, M. T. (1981). The effect of the replacement of calcium with sodium on the ultrafiltration of acid whey. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 16, 69–78.
Forsum, E. (1974). Nutritional evaluation of whey protein concentrates and their fractions. J. Dairy Sci., 57, 665–70.
Forsum, E. (1975). Use of a whey protein concentrate as a supplement to maize, rice and potatoes: A chemical and biological evaluation using growing rats. J. Nutr., 105, 147–53.
Forsum, E. (1979). Biological evaluation of wheat supplemented by a whey protein concentrate or whey cheese on growing rats. J. Dairy Sci., 62, 1207–10.
Forsum, E., Hambraeus, L. & Siddiqi, I. H. (1974). Large scale fractionation of whey protein concentrates. J. Dairy Sci., 57, 659–64.
Gillies, M. T. (1974). Whey Processing and Utilization: Economic and Technical Aspects. Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, 211 pp.
Glass, L. & Hedrick, T. I. (1977a). Nutritional composition of sweet-and acid-type dry wheys. I. Major factors including amino acids. J. Dairy Sci., 60, 185–9.
Glass, L. & Hedrick, T. I. (1977b). Nutritional composition of sweet-and acid-type dry wheys. II. Vitamin, mineral, and calorie contents. J. Dairy Sci., 60, 190–6.
Grindstaff, D. A. (1974). Processing of modified wheys. In Proc. Whey Products Conf.,Chicago, Illinois, 60–6.
Haggett, T. O. R. (1976). The effect of refrigerated storage on the whipping properties of whey protein concentrate. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 11, 275–7.
Hargrove, R. E., McDonough, F. E., LaCroix, D. E. & Alford, J. A. (1976). Production and properties of deproteinized whey powders. J. Dairy Sci., 59, 25–33.
Hickey, M. W., Hill, R. D. & Smith, B. R. (1980). Investigations into the ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis of wheys. I. The effects of certain pretreatments. NZ. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 15, 109–21.
Hidalgo, J., Kruseman, J. & Bohren, H. U. (1973). Recovery of whey proteins with sodium hexametaphosphate. J. Dairy Sci., 56, 988–93.
Higgins, J. J. & Short, J. L. (1980). Demineralization by electrodialysis of permeates derived from the ultrafiltration of wheys and skim milk. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 15, 277–88.
Hobman, P. G. (1984). Review of processes and products for utilization of lactose in deproteinated milk serum. J. Dairy Sci., 67, 2630–53.
Holsinger, V. H., Posati, L. P., DeVilbiss, E. D. & Pallansch, M. J. (1973). Fortifying soft drinks with cheese whey protein. Food Technol., 27(2), 59–60, 64–5.
Horton, B. S., Goldsmith, R. L. & Zall, R. R. (1972). Membrane processing of cheese whey reaches commercial scale. Food Technol., 26, 30–2, 34–5.
Jameson, G. W. (1987). Manufacture of Cheddar cheese from milk concentrated by ultrafiltration: The development and evaluation of a process. Food Technol. Aust., 39, 560–4.
Jewell, W. J. (1978). Small farm methane generation potential. Proc. Second Ann. Symp. Fuels from Biomass. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, pp. 701–36.
Johns, J. E. M. & Ennis, B. M. (1981). The effect of the replacement of calcium with sodium ions in acid whey on the functional properties of whey protein concentrate. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 16, 79–86.
Kulkarni, M. B., Chavan, I. G. & Belhe, N. D. (1987). Chemical composition of chakka whey. Ind. J. Dairy Sci., 40(1), 65–9.
Kunachowicz, H., Pieniazek, D. & Rakowska, M. (1976). Changes in the available methionine and lysine content of isolates and concentrates of milk and plant proteins. Nutr. Metabol., 20(6), 415–24.
Lindquist, L. O. & Williams, K. W. (1973). Aspects of whey processing by gel filtration. Dairy Ind., 38, 459–62.
Lyons, T. P. & Cunningham, J. D. (1980). Fuel alcohol from whey. Am. Dairy Rev., 42(11), 42A–42E.
McDonough, F. E., Hargrove, R. E., Mattingly, W. A., Posati, L. P. & Alford, J. A. (1974). Composition and properties of WPC from ultrafiltration. J. Dairy Sci., 57, 1438–43.
Mahmoud, M. (1980). Ultrafiltration in the manufacture of soft pickled cheese and production of alcohol and single cell protein from whey. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Malaspina, A. & Moretti, R. H. (1975). Preparation of a whey protein concentrate. US Patent 3 896 241.
Matthews, M. E., Doughty, R. K. & Short, J. L. (1978a). Pretreatment of acid casein wheys to improve processing rates in ultrafiltration. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 13, 216–20.
Matthews, M. E., Doughty, R. K. & Hughes, I. R. (1978b). Performance characteristics of tubular system for ultrafiltration of sulphuric acid casein whey. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 13, 144–8.
Mathur, B. N. & Shahani, K. M. (1977). Effects of different processes for reducing the ash content of whey protein concentrates. J. Dairy Sci., 60 (Suppl. 1), 47.
Modler, H. W. (1980). Recovery and functional properties of ultrafiltered whey protein concentrate prepared by heating under acidic conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 63 (Suppl. 1), 49.
Modler, H. W. (1981). Paper No. 462. ACDPI. Kultures and Kuro Klinic, San Antonio, Texas.
Modler, H. W. (1982). Wiping out our whey woes. Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 17, 11–14.
Modler, H. W. & Emmons, D. B. (1975). Preparation of soluble, heat-denatured whey protein. J. Dairy Sci., 58, 797.
Modler, H. W. & Emmons, D. B. (1977). Properties of whey protein concentrate prepared under acidic conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 60, 177–84.
Modler, H. W., Muller, P. G., Elliot, J. T. & Emmons, D. B. (1980). Economic and technical aspects of feeding whey to livestock. J. Dairy Sci., 63, 838–55.
Morr, C. V. (1976). Whey protein concentrates: An update. Food Technol., 30(3), 18–19.
Morr, C. V. (1979). Functionality of whey protein products. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 14, 185–94.
Morr, C. V., Swenson, P. E. & Richter, R. L. (1973). Functional characteristics of whey protein concentrate. J. Food Sci., 38, 324–30.
Muller, L. L. (1979). Observations on the economics of whey utilization. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 14, 121–6.
Olling, Ch. C. J. (1963). Composition of Friesian whey. Neth. Milk Dairy J., 17, 176–84.
Rakowska, M. & Delaney, R. A. M. (1975). Rozniki Pantstwowego Zakledu Higieny.
Robinson, B. P., Short, J. L. & Marshall, K. R. (1976). Traditional lactalbumin manufacture, properties and uses. N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 11, 114–26.
Shahani, K. M. (1977). Utilization of whey as a human food. In Proc. Whey Products Conf., Atlantic City, NJ, 1976. US Dept. Agric. ARS NE-81, 84–93.
Sinnamon, H. I. (1975). Heat coagulation of cottage cheese whey proteins and their incorporation into macaroni. In Proc. Whey Products Conf.,Chicago, Ill., 67–75.
Sorensen, H. H. (1988). World cheese market, 1987. Scand. Dairy Inds, 1/88,17–18.
Stribley, R. C. (1963). Electrodialysis first food use. Food Proc., 24, 49.
Switzenbaum, M. S. & Jewell, W. J. (1978). Anaerobic attached film expanded bed reactor treatment of dilute organics. Paper presented at 51st Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Anaheim, California in Oct., 1978.
Thompson, L. U. & Reyes, E. S. (1980). Modification of heat coagulated whey protein concentrate by succinylation. J. Dairy Sci., 63, 715–21.
Tornberg, E. (1980). Functional characteristics of protein stabilized emulsions: emulsifying behaviour of proteins in a sonifier. J. Food Sci., 45, 1661–8.
Veinoglou, B., Baltadjieva, M., Kalatzopoulos, G., Stamenova, V. & Papadopoulou, E. (1982). [Composition of goat’s milk produced in Plovdiv, Bulgaria and in Ionannina, Greece.] Le Lait, 62, 155–65.
Watson, K. S. (1973). Treatment of dairy plant wastes: upgrading dairy production and treatment facilities to reduce pollution. Kraftco Corp., Glenview, Ill., prepared for EPA Technology Transfer Program.
Webb, B. H. & Johnson, A. H. (1965). Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry. AVI, Westport, CT., 827 pp.
Webb, B. H., Johnson, A. H. & Alford, J. A. (1974). Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry, 2nd edn. AVI, Westport, CT., 929 pp.
Wecker, M. S. A. & Zall, R. R. (1987). Fermentation strategies: Acetaldehyde or ethanol?, Proc. Biochem., 22(5), 135–8.
Wiegand. [n.d.] Partners of the dairy industry: A bulletin, with permission of Volkswirtschaft Licher Verlag, Kempten.
Wingerd, W. H. (1971). Lactalbumin as a food ingredient. J. Dairy Sci., 54, 1234–6.
Wingerd, W. H., Saperstein, S. & Lutwak, L. (1970). Bland, soluble whey protein concentrate has excellent nutritional properties. Food Technol., 24, 758, 760–1,764.
Wong, N. P., LaCroix, D. E. & McDonough, F. E. (1978). Minerals in whey and whey fractions. J. Dairy Sci., 61, 1700–3.
Zall, R. R. (1980). Cost-effective disposal of whey. Dairy Ind. Int., 45(4), 30–9.
Zall, R. R. (1985). Metodos para la utilizaction del suero de queseria. Rev. Esp. Leche, 6, 7–15.
Zall, R. R. (1986). On-farm Ultrafiltration Membrane Processing of Milk on the Dairy Farm. Final report for Dairy Research Inc. California Milk Advisory Board, p. 177.
Zall, R. R. & El-Samragy, Y. Y. (1988). Utilization of salt whey for the production of yeast protein. Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 23, 28–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zall, R.R. (1992). Sources and Composition of Whey and Permeate. In: Zadow, J.G. (eds) Whey and Lactose Processing. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2894-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2894-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-85166-753-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2894-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive