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Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis of Crops and the Biochemical Mechanism

  • Chapter
Photosynthesis: Photoreactions to Plant Productivity

Abstract

Responses of photosynthesis to water stress has been subjected to study in recent years. This review briefly describes, how stress affects photosynthesis in crops and the causes of the effects on cell metabolism. The section on ‘photosynthesis under field conditions’ outlines the variability of the crop species to moisture stress and refers to the differential responses of stress at different growth stages of plants. The mechanism involving adaptation of crop plants like triticale, wheat and mungbean to stress has been explained in relation to the water status, ttanslocation and source-sink relationship in these plants. Arrangement of cellular water balance is explained on the basis of osmotic potential and cellular elasticity. Thus the adaptation to drought may be achieved by modifying metabolic processes regulating osmotic potential, cell expansion involving alterations in enzymes and changes in control system.

The causes of lowered photosynthesis under stress are analysed to identify the sites of limitations which are metabolic rather than stomatal. The major limitation to photosynthesis is considered to be impaired A TP synthesis which reduces the synthesis of RuBP and slows photosynthesis. The explanation requires critical analysis of adenylates and pyridine nucleotides in the stressed photosynthetic cell.

Two important questions concerning effects of ater stress are still to be considered: (1) what are the molecular features of coupling factors which make it susceptible to increased ion concentration; (2) waht stimulated the mitochondrial activity (CO2 production, increased TCA function, carbohydrate consumption, amino acid and organic acid synthesis) as the phosynthesis process decreases with stress. There is no consensus as to the regulation of the two processes in unstressed leaves. Probably the production of ATP by unstressed chloroplast, the michondria respond to maintain the ATP concentration and energy charge of the cell. The glycolate pathway and mitochondrial electron transport possibly serve to adjust cellular energy status. The low ATP would stimulate the carbon flux from reserve carbohydrate through glycolysis to the TCA cycle and consequently increase the orgainc acids which along with some reductants cause accumulation of secondary metabolites. These concepts are based on experimental observations and they require formulation as specific hypothese which can be tested, for the sequence of events in the changes of ATP. reductant, carbon-nitrogen assimilation and accumulation of products, their quantitative relations and differences between plants to understand the effects of stress on photosynthesis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 4LA, UK

    D. W. Lawlor

  2. Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    D. C. Uprety

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  1. D. W. Lawlor
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  1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Yash Pal Abrol

  2. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Prasanna Mohanty

  3. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Lawlor, D.W., Uprety, D.C. (1993). Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis of Crops and the Biochemical Mechanism. In: Abrol, Y.P., Mohanty, P., Govindjee (eds) Photosynthesis: Photoreactions to Plant Productivity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2708-0_17

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