Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus

  • Chapter
Molecular and Cell Biology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Part of the book series: Molecular and Cell Biology of Human Diseases Series ((Mol. Cell Biol. Hu. Dis.))

  • 109 Accesses

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may cause acute and chronic infection of the liver. Acute hepatitis B infection may cause serious icteric hepatitis or even fulminant hepatitis, though the infection may be anicteric and asymptomatic in a high proportion of cases. Chronic hepatitis B is defined by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum for longer than six months. Several hundred million people worldwide are thus infected. The expression of the disease is complex: varying levels of viral replication occur and there is a spectrum of disease ranging from benign to severe forms of chronic hepatitis. Serum aminotransferases mayor may not be elevated, and morphologic reactions in the liver range from minimal inflammatory change to destruction of hepatocytes and widespread inflammatory infiltration, cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Beasley, 1988). The disease may remain clinically silent for decades but nonetheless progresses to cirrhosis and to HCC. Superinfection with hepatitis D may affect the expression of the disease. Variants of HBV infection with atypical serological markers add to the complexity of the infection. Although HBV is predominantly hepatotrophic, extrahepatic infection and complications can occur.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alper, C.A., Kruskall, M.S., Marcus-Bagley, D. et al. (1989) Genetic prediction of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine. New Engl. J. Med., 321, 708–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter, M. J., Coleman, P.J., Alexander, W.J. et al. (1989) Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA, 262, 1201–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter, H.J. (1982) The evolution, implications and applications of the hepatitis B vaccine. JAMA, 247, 2272–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andre, F.E. (1988) Clinical experience with a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. South East Asian J. Trap. Med. Public Health, 19, 501–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baddour, L.M., Bucak, V.A., Somes, G. and Hudson, R. (1988) Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection in black female attendees of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex. Transm. Dis., 15, 174–6..

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley, R.P. (1988) Hepatitis B virus. The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 61, 1942–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley, R.P., Lin, C.C., Hwang, L.-Y. and Chien, C.S. (1981) Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet, ii, 1129–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar, I.K., Papas, E., Blum, H.E. et al. (1982) Immune response to synthetic peptide analogues of hepatitis B surface antigen specific for the a determinant. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 4400–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissett, J., Eisenberg, M., Gregory, P. et al. (1988) Recombinant fibroblast interferon and immune interferon for treating chronic hepatitis B virus infection: patients’ tolerance and the effect on viral markers. J.lnfect.Dis., 157, 1076–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boilav, C. and Piot, P. (1989) Vaccination against hepatitis B in homosexual men. A review. Am. J. Med., 87, 215–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carman, W.F., Zanetti, A.R., Karayiannis, P. et al. (1990) Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, 336, 325–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caselmann, W.H., Eisenburg, J., Hofschneider, P.H. and Koshy, R. (1989) Beta and gamma interferon in chronic active hepatitis B. A pilot trial of short-term combination therapy. Gastroenterology, 96, 449–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou, S.S., Yamuchi, K., Nakanishi, T. and Obara, H. (1988) Nature of immunological non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in healthy individuals. Immunology, 64, 545–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, A.C., Core, L., Murphy, V.L. and Hasterfield, H.H. (1988) Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann. Intern. Med., 109, 101–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Man, R.A., Schalm, S.W., Heijtink, R.A. et al. (1988) Long-term follow-up of antiviral combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B. Am.J.Med, SuppI.2A, 85, 150–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dejean, A., Bougueleret, L., Grzeschic K.-H. and Tiollais, P. (1986) Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erb-A and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature, 322, 70–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dusheiko, G. M. and Zuckerman, A. J. (1991) Therapy for Hepatitis B. Current Opinion Infectious Diseases, 4, 785–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferla, G., Colledan, M., Doglia, M. et al. (1988) B hepatitis and liver transplantation. Transplant Proc., 20, Suppl.1, 566–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, M. J., Hastings, G. Z., Brown, A. L. et al. (1990) Immunological properties of hepatitis B core antigen fusion proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 2545–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harford, N., Cabezou, T., Colau, B. et al. (1987) Construction and characterization of a saccharonyces cerevisiae strain (RIT4376) expressing hepatitis B surface antigen. Postgraduate Med. J., 63, suppl 2, 65–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, T. J., Anderson, M. G., Murray-Lyon, I.M. and Zuckerman, A. J. (1986) Hepatitis B virus DNA in the hepatocyte — A series of 160 biopsies. J. Hepatol., 2, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heathcote, J., Kim, Y. I., Yim, C. K. et al. (1989) Interferon-associated lymphocyte 2′ 5′ -oligoadenylate synthetase in acute and chroni c viral hepatitis. Hepatology, 9, 105–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoofnagle, J. H., Peters, M., Mullen, K. D. et al. (1988) Randomized, controlled trial of recombinant human alpha-interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterol, 95, 1318–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwarson, S., Tabor, E., Thomas, H. C. et al. (1985) Protection against hepatitis B virus infection by immunization with hepatitis B core antigen. Gastroenterology, 88, 763–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kekule, A. S., Lauer, U., Meyer, M. et al. (1990) The preS2/S region of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA encodes a transcriptional transactivator. Nature, 343, 457–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laukamm-Josten, U., Muller, O., Bienzle, U. et al. (1988) Decline of naturally acquired antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in HIV-1 infected homosexual men (letter). AIDS, 2, 400–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leon, P., Lopez, J. A., Contreras, G. and Echevarria, J. M. (1988) Antibodies to hepatitis delta virus in intravenous drug addicts and male homosexuals in Spain. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 7, 533–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lien, J.-M., Aldrich, C. E. and Mason, W. S. (1986) Evidence that a capped oligoribonucleotide is the primer for duck hepatitis B virus plus-strand synthesis. J. Virol., 57, 229–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lok, A. S., Lai, C. L., Wu, P. C. and Leung, E.K. (1988) Long-term follow-up in a randomised controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet, i (8606), 298–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcellin, P., Ouzan, D., Degos, F. et al. (1989) Randomized controlled trial of adenine arabinoside 5′-monophosphate in chronic active hepatitis B: comparison of the efficacy in heterosexual and homosexual patients. Hepatology, 10, 328–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meuer, S. C., Dumann, H., Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K. H. and Kohler, H.(1989) Low-dose interleukin-2 induces systemic immune responses against HBsAg in immunodeficient non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Lancet, i (8628), 15–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milich, D. R., Hughes, J. L., McLachlan, A. et al. (1988) Hepatitis B synthetic immunogen comprised of nucleocapsid T-cell sites and an envelope B-cell epitope. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 1610–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minuk, G. Y. and La Freniere, R. (1988) Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterol., 94, 1094–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, K. (1988) Application of recombinant DNA techniques in the development of viral vaccines. Vaccine, 6, 164–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaya, T., Nakamura, T., Tokino, T. et al. (1987) The mode of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in chromosomes of human hepatocellular carcinoma Gen. Develop., 1, 773–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neurath, A.R., Kent, S.B.H., Strick, N. and Parker, K. (1986) Identification and chemical synthesis of a host cell receptor binding site on hepatitis B virus. Cell, 46, 429–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odaka, N., Eldred, L., Cohn, S. et al. (1988) Comparative immunogenicity of plasma and recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccines in homosexual men. JAMA, 260, 3635–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, H., Imai, M., Tsuda, F. et al. (1987) Point mutation in the S gene of hepatitis B virus for a d/y or w/r subrypic change in two blood donors carrying a surface antigen of compound subtype adyr or adwr. J. Virol., 61, 3030–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onji, M., Lever, A. M., Saito, I. and Thomas, H.C. (1989) Defective response to interferons in cells transfected with the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology, 9, 92–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrillo, R. P., Regenstein, F. G., Peters, M. G. et al. (1988) Prednisone withdrawal followed by recombinant alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic type B hepatitis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 109, 95–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pol, S., Dubois, F., Roingeard, P., Zignego, L., Housset, C. et al. (1989) Hepatitis delta virus infection in French male HBsAg-positive homosexuals. Hepatology, 10, 342–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radziwill, G., Tucker, W.and Schaller, H. (1990) Mutational analysis of the hepatitis B virus P gene product: domain structure and RNase H activity. J. Virol., 64, 613–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, L. S., Hadler, S. C., Castro, K. G. et al. (1990) Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis B virus in Belle Glade, Florida. J. Infect. Dis., 161, 407–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saracco, G., Mazzella, G., Rosina, F. et al. (1989) A controlled trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon in chronic hepatitis B in Italy. Hepatology, 10, 336–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J., King, L., Macnab, G. M. and Kew, M. C. (1977) Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in black and white patients with venereal diseases. Br. J. Vener. Dis., 53, 372–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeff, L. B. (1988) The gold standard serologic marker for hepatitis B virus infectivity. Hepatology, 8, 1711–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shindo, M., Okuno, T., Matsumoto, M. et al. (1988) Serum 2′, 5′-oligoadenylate synthetase activity during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 8, 366–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. E., Kaslow, R. A., Phair, J. P. et al. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis delta virus in homosexual men. A study of four cohorts. Ann. Intern. Med., 108, 51–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, J. and Mason, W.S. (1982) Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B-like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell, 29, 403–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. M. (1990) Hepatitis delta virus: cis and trans functions required for replication. Cell, 61, 371–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thyagarajan, S. P., Subramanian, S., Thirunalasundari, T. et al. (1988) Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, ii (8614), 764–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiollais, P., Pourcel, C. and Dejean, D. (1985) The hepatitis B virus. Nature, 317, 489–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twu, J. S., Lee, C. H., Lin. P. M. and Schloemer, R.H. (1988) Hepatitis B virus suppresses expression of human beta-interferon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA., 85, 252–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Ditzhuijsen, T. J., de Witte van der Schoot, E., van Loon, A. M. et al. (1988) Hapatitis B virus infection in an institution for the mentally retarded. Am. J. Epidemiol., 128, 629–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Chenivesse, X., Henglein, B. and Brechot, C. (1990) Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature, 343, 555–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, H., Matsushita, S., Kamikawaji, N. et al. (1988) Immune suppression gene on HLA-Bw54-DR4-DRw53 haplotype controls nonresponsiveness in humans to hepatitis B surface antigen via CD8+ suppressor T cells. Hum. Immunol., 22, 9–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, A.J. (1991) Present and future hepatitis B vaccines. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology (eds N. McIntyre, J. P. Benhamou, J. Bircher et al.), Vol. I, 620–6.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Tim J. Harrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Geoffrey M. Dusheiko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London, UK

    David Wright  & Leonard Archard  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harrison, T.J., Dusheiko, G.M. (1992). Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus. In: Wright, D., Archard, L. (eds) Molecular and Cell Biology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Molecular and Cell Biology of Human Diseases Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2384-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2384-6_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5051-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2384-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation