Skip to main content

Iron chelators of clinical significance

  • Chapter

Abstract

Until relatively recently chelating agents have been considered to form a small esoteric group of pharmaceuticals with little relevance to general medicine. Penicillamine, for instance, has been used to treat Wilson’s disease for over 35 years, and desferrioxamine has found application for the treatment of transfusion-induced iron overload in thalassaemic patients for almost 20 years. This limited interest is surprising as Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg all have a critical involvement in cell biochemistry and it would seem likely that chelating agents might find roles in rectifying abnormal distribution of these metals and enhancing their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agid, Y. (1991) Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology. The Lancet,I 1321–1327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anden, N.E., Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., Hokfelt, T. (1966) A quantitative study of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neuron system in the rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,67 306–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F., Morris, C.J., Kondratowicz, G. and Blake, D.R. (1987) The effect of iron chelation on inflammatory joint disease. Annals of Rheumatic Disease, 46 327–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atherton, D.J., Wells, R.S., Laurent, M.R. and Williams, Y.E. (1980) Razoxane (IRCF 159) in the treatment of psoriasis, British Journal of Dermatology, 102 307–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aust, S.D. and White, B.C. (1985) Iron chelation prevents tissue injury following ischaemia. Advances in Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1 1–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aust, S.D. (1988) Sources of iron for lipid peroxidation in biological systems, in Oxygen Radicals and Tissue Injury, (Ed. Halliwell, B.), Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Maryland, pp. 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrand, M.A., Callingham, B.A. and Hider, R.C. (1987) J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 39 203–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrand, M.A., Callingham, B.A., Dobbin, P. and Hider, R.C. (1991) Dissociation of a ferric maltol complex and its subsequent metabolism during absorption across the small intestine of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 102 723–729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, A.N., Hoftbrand, A.V. and Kontoghiorghes, G.J. (1990) Long-term trial with the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1). British Journal of Haematology,76 301–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, J.S., Beckman, T.W., Chen, J. Marshall, P.A. and Freeman, B.A. (1990) Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87 1620–1624.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becton, D.L., and Bryles, P. (1988) Deferoxamine inhibition of human neuroblastoma viability and proliferation. Cancer Research,48 7189–7192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron, R.J. (1986) Iron: a controlling nutrient in proliferative processes. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 11 133–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron, R.J., Gavanaugh, P.F., Kline, S.J., Hughes, R.G., Elliot, G.T. and Porter, C.W. (1984) Antineoplastic and antiherpetic activity of spermidine catecholamide iron chelators. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 121 848–854.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, H.M. and Young, P.R. (1981) The interaction of intercalating drugs with nucleic acids. Annual Reviews in Biophysics and Bioengineering,10 87–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D.R. and Bacon, P.A. (1981) Synovial fluid ferritin in rheumatoid arthritis: An index of cause of inflammation. British Medical Journal,282 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D.R., Gallagher, P.J., Potter, A.R., Bell, M.J. and Bacon, P.A., (1984) The effect of synovial iron on the progression of rheumatoid disease. A histological assessment of patients with early rheumatoid disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 27 495–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D.R., Winyard, P., Lunec, J., Williams, A., Good, P.A., Crewes, S.J., Gutteridge, J.M.C., Rowley, D., Halliwell, B., Cornish, A. and Hider, R.C. (1985) Cerebral and ocular toxicity induced by deferioxamine. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 56 345–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blatt, J. and Stitely, S. (1987) Anti-neuroblastoma activity of deferioxamine in human cell lines. Cancer Research, 47 1749–1750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cashman, J.R. (1985) Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors. Pharmaceutical Research, 253–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cory, J.G., Lasater, L., and Sato, A. (1981) Effect of iron-chelating agents on inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase. Biochemical Pharmacology,30 979–984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crichton, R.R. (1991) Inorganic Biochemistry of Iron Metabolism,Ellis Horwood, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, M.J., Donker, R., Dunster, C.A., Gee, C.A., Jones, S. and Willson, R.L. (1987) Deferoxamine (desferal) and superoxide free radicals: Formation of an enzyme-damaging nitroxide. Biochemical Journal, 246 725–729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D.T., Wells, F.R., Agid, F., Agid, Y., Lees, A.J., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. (1987) Increased nigral iron content in postmortem Parkinsonian brain. The Lancet, II,1219–1220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D.T., Wells, F.R., Lees, A.J., Agid, F., Agid, Y., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. (1989a) Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry,52 1830–1836.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D.T., Carter, C.J., Wells, F.R., Javoy-Agid, Fe., Agid, Y., Lees, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. (1989b) Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 52 381–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dezza, L., Cazzola, M., Danova, M., Carlo-Stella, C., Bergamaschi, G., Brugnatelli, S., Invernizzi, R., Mazzini, G., Riccardi, A. and Ascari, E. (1987) Effects of deferioxamine inhibition of human neuroblastoma viability and proliferation. Cancer Research, 48 7189–7192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietzfelbinger, H. (1987) Arzneim-Forsch. 37 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolence, E.K., Minnick, A.A., Lin, C.E. and Miller, M.J. (1991) Synthesis and siderophore and antibacterial activity of N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxy-L-ornithine-derived siderophore-ß-lactam conjugates: Iron-transport-mediated drug delivery. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 34 968–978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, P., Maiolo, A.T., Lombardi, L., Villa, L. and Polli, E.E. (1986) Inhibition of proliferation of human leukaemic cell lines by deferoxamine. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, 36 107–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, G. C., Harrison, P.M., Rice, D.W., Smith, J.M.A., Treffry, A., White, J.L. and Yariv, J. 1984. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B304 551–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk, M.O., Carroll, R.T., Thompson, J.F., Sands, R.H. and Dunham, W.R. (1990) Role of iron in lipoxygenase catalysis. Journal of American Chemical Society, 112 5375–5376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganeshaguru, K., Hoffbrand, A.V., Grady, R.W., Cerami, A. (1980) Effect of various iron chelating agents on DNA synthesis in human cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 29 1275–1279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geisser, P. and Müller, A. (1987) Arzneim. Forsch., 37 110–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelvan, D., Berg, E., Saltman, P. and Samuni, A. (1990) Time-dependent modifiers of ferric-adriamycin. Biochemical Pharmacology, 39 1289–1295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gianni, L., Zweier, J.L., Levy, A. and Myers, C.E. (1985) Characterisation of the cycle of iron-mediated electron transfer from adriamycin to molecular oxygen. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260 6820–6829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordeuk, V.R., Thuma, P.E., Brittenham, G.M., Zulu, S., Simwanza, G., Mhangu, A., Flesch, G. and Parry D. (1991) Iron chelation with deferoxamine B in adults with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia. Blood, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordonsmith, R.H., Brooke-Taylor, S., Smith, L.L. and Cohen, G.M. (1983) Structural requirements of compounds to inhibit pulmonary diamine accumulation. Biochemical Pharmacology, 32 3701–3709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, C.J., Gower, J.D., Healing G., Cotterill, L.A., Fuller, B.J. and Simpkin, S. (1989) The importance of iron, calcium and free radicals in reperfusion injury: An overview of studies in ischaemic rabbit kidneys. Free Radical Research Communications, 7 255–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, C.J., Healing, G., Simpkin, S., Lunec, J. and Fuller, B.J. (1986) Deferoxamine reduces susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in rabbit kidneys subjected to warm ischaemia and reperfusion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 85B 113–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R.J., Hall, A.D. and Hider, R.C. (1990) The interaction of ordally administered iron with levodopa and methyldopa therapy. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.,42 502–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, L., Ryttinger, L. and Solvell, L. (1966) Acta Med. Scand., 181 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallgren, B. and Sourander, P. (1985) Journal of Neurochemistry, 3 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, B., Cornish, A. and Hider, R.C. (1985) Cerebral and ocular toxicity induced by deferoxamine. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 56 345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1989) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press. Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C., Heuser, J. and Stahl, P. (1983) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and recycling of the transferrin receptor in rat reticulocytes. Journal of Cell Biology, 97 329–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, A., Fielder, H.P. and Braun, V. (1979) Uptake and conversion of the antibiotic albomycin by Escherichip coli K-12. European Journal of Biochemistry, 99 517–524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A.R., Clarke, B.J., Chui, D.H.K., Kean, W.F. and Buchanan, M.W. (1983) Anaemia associated with rheumatoid disease. Inverse correlation between erythropoiesis and both IgM and rheumatoid factor levels. Arthritis and Rheumatism,26 28–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Healing, G., Gower, J., Fuller, B. and Green, C. (1990) Intracellular iron distribution. An important determinant of reperfusion damage of rabbit kidneys. Biochemical Pharmacology, 39 1239–1245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hearse, D.J., Manning, A.S., Downey, J.M. and Yellon, D.M. (1986) Xanthine oxidase: a critical mediator of myocardial injury during ischaemia and reperfusion? Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 548 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, L.A., Grisham, M.B. and Granger, D.N. (1987) A role for iron in oxidant mediated ischaemic injury to intestinal microvasculature. American Journal of Physiology, 253 G49–G53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko, C., Grady, R.W. and Link, G. (1984) Phenolic ethylenediamine derivatives: A study of orally effective iron chelators. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,103 337–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko, C.H., Peto, T.E.A and Weatherall, D.J. (1988) Iron and infection. British Journal of Haematology,296 660–664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko, C., Theanacho, E.N., Spira, D.T., Peter, H.H., Dobbin, P. and Hider, R.C. (1991) The effect of N-alkyl modification on the antimalarial activity of 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one oral iron chelators. Blood,77 637–643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, S.D., Hider, R.C., Sarpong, P., Morris, C.J. and Blake, D. (1989) Investigation of the anti-inflammatory properties of hydroxypyridinones. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 48 382–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hider, R.C. (1984) Siderophore mediated absorption of iron. Structure and Bonding,39 25–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hider, R.C. and Hall, A.D. (1991) Clinically useful chelators of tripositive elements. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, 28 41–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hider, R.C., Mohd-Nor, A.R., Silver, J., Morrison, I.E.G. and Rees, L.V.C. (1981) Model compounds for microbial iron-transport compounds. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 609–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hider, R.C., Singh, S., Porter, J.B. and Huehns, E.R. (1990) The Development of hydroxypyridin-4-ones as orally active iron chelators. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 612 327–338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J.J., MacDonald, D.M. and Wells, R.S. (1983) Epitheliomas in patients receiving razoxane therapy for psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology, 109 675–678.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J.J. and Wells, R.S. (1983) Razoxane: A review of 6 years’ therapy in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology,109 669–673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huebers, H. and Finch, C.A. (1987) The physiology of transferrin and transferrin receptors. Physiological Reviews,67 520–582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M.J., Brenton, D.P. and Modell, B. (1983) DTPA in the management of iron overload in thalassaemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases 6, Suppl. 2, 97–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, W.P., Islip, P.J., Kneen, G., Pugh, A. and Wates, P.J. (1988) Acetohydroxamic acids as potent, selective orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 31 499–500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltwasser, J.P., Werner, E. and Niechzial, M. (1987) Arneim.-Forsch 37 122–129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, S.M., Blake, D.R., Hider, R.C., Gutteridge, C.N. and Newland, A.C. (1989) Clin. Lab. Haematol., 11 287–290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, S.M., Hider, R.C., Bloor, J.R., Blake, D.R., Gutteridge, C.N. and Newland, A. C. (1991) Absorption of low and therapeutic doses of ferric maltol, a novel ferric iron compound, in iron deficient subject using a single dose iron absorption test. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 16 117–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemal, C., Louis-Flamberg, P., Krupinski-Olsen, R. and Shorter, A.L. (1987) Reduction inactivation of soybean lipoxygenase 1 by catechols: A possible mechanism for regulation of lipoxygenase activity. Biochemistry, 26 1064–7072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J., Damani, LA, Chung, D., Epemolu, O., Olivieri, N. and Koren, G. (1991) A high-performance liquid chromatogrphic method for the measurement of the iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one in human plasma. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 13 51–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komara, J.S., Nayini, N.R., Bialick, H.A., Indrien, R.J., Evans, A.T., Garritano, A.M., Hoehner, T.J., Jacobs, W.A., Huang, R.R., Krause, G.S., White, B.C. and Aust, S.D. (1986) Brain iron delocalisation and lipid peroxidation following cardiac arrest. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15 384–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kontoghiorghes, G.J., Bartlett, A.N., Hoffbrand, A.V., Goddard, J.G., Sheppard, L., Barr, J. and Nortey, P. (1990) Long-term trial with the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-1–3-hydroxypyrid4-one (L1). British Journal of Haematology, 76 295–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakhani, S., Davidson, R.N., Hiwaizi, F. and Marsden, R.A. (1984) Razoxane and leukaemia. The Lancet,II 288–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, E.H., Cerny, E.A., Wright, B.J. and Rahman, Y E (1983) Improvement of iron removal from the reticuloendothelial system by liposome encapsulation of N,N’-bis[2-hydroxybenzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid (HBED). Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,101 806–816.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, A.A.H., Owen, E.T. and Mowat, A.G. (1983) Nature of anaemia in rheumatoid disease. Storage of iron in rheumatoid disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 26 552–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, V.A. (1980) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 23 682–684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levey, J.A., Barrand, M.A., Callingham, A. and Hider, R.C. (1988) Biochem. Pharmacol., 37 2051–2057.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martell, A.E., Matekaitis, R.J. and Clarke, E.T. (1986) Synthesis of N,N’-di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid (HBED) derivatives. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 64 449–456.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, W.S. and Cuatrecasas, P. (1985) Transferrin receptor: Its biological significance. Journal of Membrane Biology, 88 205–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mentasti, E., Pelizzetti, E. and Saini, G. (1976) Interactions of Fe(III) with adrenaline, L-dopa and other catechol derivatives. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 38 785–788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menter, A. and Barker, J.N.W.N. (1991) Psoriasis in practice. The Lancet II 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muirden, K.D. (1966) Ferritin in synovial cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 25 387–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, H. and Linder, M.C. (1978) Ferritin: biosynthesis and role in iron metabolism. Physiology Reviews, 58 317–396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, C., Gianni, L., Zweier, J., Muindi, J., Sinha, B.K. and Elior, H. (1986) Role of iron in adriamycin biochemistry. Federation Proceedings, 45 2792–2797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M.J. (1988) Catecholate complexes of ferric soybean lipoxygenase 1. Biochemistry, 27 4273–4278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, K.B., Murphy, T., Hermanns, R.D., Rahoo, H., Creighton, A. (1990) Chelating agents as anti-tumour pro-drug razoxane. Inoganica Chemica Acta, 168 283–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, P., Sjöberg, B.M. and Eklund, H. (1990) Three-dimensional structure of the free radical structure of the free radical protein of ribonucleotide reductase. Nature,345 593–598.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J.B. and Huehns, E.R. (1989) The toxic effects of deferoxamine. Baillière’s Clinical Haematology, 2 459–474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J.B., Huehns, E.R. and Hider, R.C. (1988) The development of iron chelating drugs. Baillière’s Clinical Haematology, 2 257–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J.B., Morgan, J., Hoyes, K.P., Burke, L.C., Huehns, E.R and Hider, R.C. (1990) Relative oral efficacy and acute toxicity of hydroxypyridin-4-one iron chelators in mice. Blood, 76 2389–2396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raventos-Suarez, C., Pollack, S. and Nagel, R.L. (1982) Plasmodium falciparum: inhibition of in vitro growth by deferoxamine. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 31 919–922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, B.R., Kloner, R.A. and Przyklenk, K. (1989) Early treatment with deferoxamine limits myocardial ischaemic/reperfusion injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 7 45–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard, P. and Ehrenberg, A. (1983) Ribonucleotide reductase - a radical enzyme. Science,221 514–519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins-Browne, R.M. and Prpic, J.K. (1985) Effects of iron and deferoxamine on infections with Yersinia enterocolitica. Infectious Immunology, 47 774–779.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senator, G.B. and Muirden, K.D. (1968) Concentration of iron in synovial membrane, synovial fluid and serum in rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 27 49–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silley, P., Griffiths, J.W., Monsey, D. and Harris, A.M. (1990) Mode of action of GR69153, a novel catechol-substituted cephalosporin and its interaction with the ton B-dependent iron transport system. Anti-microbial Agents and Chemotherapy, 34 1806–1808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Hider, R.C. and Porter, J.B. (1990) A direct method for quantification of non-transferrinbound iron. Analytical Biochemistry, 186 320–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slivka, A., Kang, J. and Cohen, G. (1986) Biochem. Pharmacol., 35, 553–556.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streater, M., Taylor, P.D., Hider, R.C. and Porter, J.B. (1990) Novel 3-hydroxy-2(1H)pyridinones. Synthesis, iron(III)-chelating properties and biological activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 33,, 1749–1755.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutomatsu, A., Nakano, M. and Hirai, S. (1990) Phospholipid peroxidation induced by the catechol-Fe3+ (Cu2+) complex: A possible mechanism of nigrostriatal cell damage. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 283 334–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, J.B., Gunn, B.P., Martin, J.G., Mazdiyasni, H., Stewart, A.O., Young, P.R., Goetze, A.M., Bousko, J.B., Dyer, R.D., Brooks, D.W. and Carter, G.W. (1988) Orally active hydroxamic acid inhibitors of leukotriene biosythesis. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 31 3–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, J.B., Kim, K.H., Mazdiyasni, H., Holms, J.H., Ratajczyk, J.D., Stewart, A.O., Dyer, R.D. and Carter, G.W. (1990) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 33, 992–998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, J.B., Mazdiyasni, H., Holms, J.H., Ratajczyk, J.D., Dyer, R.D., Carter, G.W. (1987) Hydroxamic acid inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 30 574–580.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.W. and Clarke, S.R. (1986) The leukotriene biosynthetic pathway: A target for pharmacological attack. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 100–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C.E. and Aust, S.D. (1986) Release of iron from ferritin by cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotics. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 248 684–689.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstensen, K. (1988) Hepatocytes and reticulocytes have different mechanisms for the uptake of iron from transferrin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263 16837–16841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kraaij, A.M.M., van Eijk, H.G. and Koster, J.F. (1989) Prevention of postischaemic cardiac injury by the orally active iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (L1) and the antioxidant (+)-cyanidanol-3. Circulation, 80 158–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vile, G.F., Winterbourn, C.C. and Sutton, H.C. (1987) Radical-driven Fenton reactions: studies with paraquat, adriamycin, and anthraquinone-6-sulfonate and citrate, ATP, ADP, and pyrophosplate iron chelates. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 259 616–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Washington, J.A., Jones, R.N., Allen, S.D., Gerlack, E.H., Koontz, F.P., Murray, P.R., Pfaller, M.A. and Erwin, M.E. (1991) In vitro comparison of GR69153, a novel catechol-substituted cephalosporin, with ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone against 5203 recent clinical isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 35, 1508–1511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall, D.J. and Clegg, J.B. (1981) The Thalassaemia Syndromes, 3rd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, E.D. (1984) Iron withholding: A defense against infection and neoplasia. Physiological Reviews, 64 65–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, E.D. (1990) Cellular iron metabolism in health and disease. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 22 531–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, S. and Peto, T. (1990) Stage-dependent effect of deferoxamine on growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Blood, 76 1250–1255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrigglesworth, J.M. and Baum, H. (1980) The biochemical functions of iron, in Iron in Biochemistry and Medicine II, (eds. A. Jacobs and M. Worwood), Academic Press, London, pp. 29–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrigglesworth, J.M. and Baum, H. (1988) Iron-dependent enzymes in the brain; in Brain Iron: Neurochemical and Behavioural Aspects,(eds Moussa, B.H. and Youdim, B.H.), Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, S., Blake, D.R. and Bacon, P.A. (1984) The effect of deferoxamine on antigen induced inflammation in the rat air pouch. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 36 543–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zähner, H., Diddeus, H., Keller-Schierlein, W. and Naegli, H.U. (1977) Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, 30 5201–5205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zurlo, M.G., De Stefano, P., Borgna-Pignatti, C., Di Palma, A., Piga, A., Melevendi, C., Di Gregorio, F., Burattini, M.G. and Terzoli, S. (1989) Survival and causes of death in thalassaemia major. The Lancet, II 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweier, J.L. (1985) Iron-mediated formation of an oxidised adriamycin free radical. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 839 209–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hider, R.C., Singh, S. (1993). Iron chelators of clinical significance. In: Silver, J. (eds) Chemistry of Iron. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2140-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2140-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4948-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2140-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics