Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methods for the isolation and analysis of carotenoids

  • Chapter
Carotenoids in Photosynthesis

Abstract

Carotenoid analysis is undertaken for many different purposes and the analytical strategy that is adopted is determined largely by the amount of information that is required. Thus, in many cases, the only objective is a routine screening of the leaf or other carotenoid-containing material to monitor possible and often subtle quantitative changes in pigment content and composition. In other cases, identification of all carotenoids found in a range of photosynthetic organisms may be required. Chromatographic properties and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) light absorption spectra provide a valuable first indication of the compounds present, but other data, especially mass spectra and preferably nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, are essential to confirm identifications. If compounds are detected that have not previously been identified, i.e. possible new structures, their characterisation is an exercise in investigative organic chemistry and the non-chemist should seek specialist help. Some of the most complicated and difficult, yet most important, analytical problems involve the separation and characterisation of carotenoid geometrical (Z/E) isomers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aubert, M.-C., Lee, C.R., Krstulovic, A.M. et al. (1991) Separation of trans/cis α-and ß-carotenes by supercritical fluid chromatography. I. Effects of temperature, pressure and organic modifiers on the retention of carotenes. J. Chromatogr. ,557:47–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P. and Pallett, K.E. (1988) Herbicidal inhibition of carotenogenesis detected by HPLC. In: Factors Affecting Herbicide Activity and Selectivity ,Proceedings of the European Weed Research Society Symposium, pp. 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P. andPallett, K.E. (1990) The effect of diflufenican on pigment levels in carotenogenic systems. Z. Naturforsch. ,45c:492–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, P., Evershed, R., Young, A.J. et al. (1992) Characterisation of carotenoid acyl esters produced in drought-stressed barley seedlings. Phytochemistry ,31:3163–3168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauernfeind, J.C. (1981) Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Amotz, A., Katz, A. and Avron, M. (1982) Accumulation of ß-carotene in halotolerant algae: Purification and characterization of ß-carotene-rich globules from Dunaliella bardawil (Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol ,18:529–537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berland, B., Le Champion, T. and Campos Baeta Nevis, M.H. (1989)Interaction de la salinité et de la temperature sur la morphologie, la croissance et la composition cellulaire d’une Cyanobacterie halotolerante (Aponotheca sp.) Bot. Mar. ,32:317–329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berset, D. and Pfander, H. (1985) Untersuchungen zur carotinoidzusammensetzung in blüten der gartenhybride Narcissus cvv “Golden Harvest”. Helv. Chim. Acta ,68:1149–1154.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerkeng, B., Vernett, M., Nielsen, M.V. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1990) Carotenoids of Chrysochromulina polyepis (Prymnesiophyceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. ,18:303–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjørnland, T., Guillard, R.R.L. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1988) Phaeocystis sp. clone 677–3-a tropical marine planktonic Prymnesiophyte with fucoxanthin and 19’-acyloxyfucoxanthins as chemosystematic carotenoid markers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol 16:445–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjørnland, T., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Thorndsen, J. (1989) Carotenoids of the marine chrysophyte Pelagococcussubviridis from the Norwegian Sea. Phytochemistry ,28:3347– 3353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braumann, T. and Grimme, H. (1981) Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls and carotenoids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta ,637:8–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, G. (1985) General carotenoid methods. Methods Enzymol. ,111:113–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, G. (1991) Carotenoids. In: Banthorpe, D.V. and Charlwood, B.V. (eds.), Methods in Plant Biochemistry ,Vol. 7. Academic Press, London, pp. 473–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. (1971) Biosynthesis of carotenoids. Methods Enzymol., 18C:654–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.S. (1987) Functional organisation of chlorophyll a and the carotenoids in the alga, Nannochloropsis salina. Plant Physiol. ,83:434–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.S. (1988) Photosynthetic pigment organisation in diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol ,24:96–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budzikiewicz, H. (1974) Biochemical applications of mass spectrometry.Adv. Mass Spectrom., 6:163–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budzikiewicz, H., Brzezinka, H. and Johannes, B. (1970) Photosynthesis in green plants. II. Mass spectrometric investigation of carotenoids. Monatsh. ,101:579–609.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bushway, R.J. (1986) Determination of a-and ß-carotene in some raw fruits and vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. ,34:409–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, A.E. and Britton, G. (1990) High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the pigments of purple photosynthetic bacteria. In: Baltscheffsky, M. (ed.), Current Research in Photosynthesis ,Vol. II. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 53–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, N.E. (1992) Carotenoid reversed-phase high-performancce liquid chromatography methods: Reference compendium. Methods Enzymol. ,213:185–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cygnarowicz, M.L. and Seider, W.D. (1990) Design and control of a process to extract ß-carotene with supercritical carbon dioxide. Biotechnol. Progr. ,6:82–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B.H. (1976) Carotenoids. In: Goodwin, T.W. (ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments ,2nd. Ed., Vol.2. Academic Press, London, pp.38–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degnan, A.J., Elbe, J.H. von and Hartel, R.W. (1991) Extraction of annatto seed pigment by supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Food Science ,56:1655–1659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englert, G. (1982) N.M.R. of carotenoids. In: Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. (eds.), Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 107–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Englert, G. (1985) NMR of carotenoids -new experimental techniques. PureAppl. Chem., 57:801–821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englert, G. (1991) NMR of carotenoids: Novel experimental techniques. Pure Appl. Chem., 63: 59–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englert, G. (1993) NMR of carotenoids. In: Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. Carotenoids, Isolation and Analysis ,Vol. 1. Birkhaüser, Basel.(In press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzell, C.R. and Broman, S. (1993) Mass spectrometry. In: Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. Carotenoids, Isolation and Analysis,Voì. lb,. Birkhaüser, Basel.(In press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzell, C.R. and Wahlberg, I. (1979) Carotenoids, In: Waller, G.R. and Dermer, O.C. (eds.), Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry. Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 407–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzell, C.R., Francis, G.W. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1969) Mass spectrometric studies of carotenoids. 2. A survey of fragmentation reactions. Acta Chem. Scand. ,23:727–750.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eugster, C.H. (1982) New carotenoid structures and stereochemistry. In: Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. (eds.), Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eugster, C.H. (1985) Carotenoid structures, old and new problems. Pure Appl. Chem., 57:639–647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fawley, M.W. (1987) Separation of chlorophylls cì and c2 from pigment extracts of Pavlova gyrans by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Plant Physiol., 86:76–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foss, P., Guillard, R.R.L. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1984) Prasinoxanthin. A chemosystematic marker for algae. Phytochemistry ,25:118–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, A.M. and Yamamoto, H.Y. (1991) Resolution of lutein and zeaxanthin using a nonendcaped, lightly carbon-loaded C-18 high-performance liquid chromatographic column. J. Chromatogr. ,543:137–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, T.W. and Britton,G. (1988) Distribution and analysis of carotenoids. In: Goodwin, T.W. (ed.), Plant Pigments. Academic Press, London, pp. 61–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grung, M., Metzger, P. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1989) Primary and secondary carotenoids in two races of the green alga Botryococcus braunii. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. ,17:263–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hager, A. and Stransky, H. (1970) Das carotinoidmuster und die verbreiting des lichtinduzierten xanthophyllcyclus in verschiedenon algenklassen. III. Grünalgen. Arch. Mikrobiol., 72:68–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, H., Koyama, Y. and Shimamura, T. (1988) Isolation of cis-trans isomers of canthaxanthin by high-performance liquid chromatography using a calcium hydroxide column and identification of their configurations by 1H NMR spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. ,448:182–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haugan, J.A., Aackermann, T. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1992) Isolation of fucoxanthin and peridinin. Methods Enzymol. ,213:231–235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoque, E. (1988) Isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pigments in Norway spruce. J. Chromatogr. ,448:417–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humbeck, K., Römer, S. and Senger, H. (1990) The role of carotenoids in light-induced assembly of photosystem II in mutant C-6D of Scenedesmus obliquus. In: Baltscheffsky, M. (ed.), Current Research in Photosynthesis Vol.1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 655–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikuno, Y., Maoka, T., Shimizu, M. et al. (1985) Direct diastereoisomeric resolution of carotenoids. II. All ten stereoisomers of tunaxanthin (e,e-carotene-3,3’-diol). J. Chromatogr. ,328:387–391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, P.B., Le Boeuf, R.D., McCommas, S.A. and Tauber, J.D. (1982) The cleavage of carotenoid esters by cholesterol esterase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. ,B72:157–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, S.W. (1981) An improved thin-layer chromatographic technique for marine phytoplankton pigments. Limnol. Oceanogr. ,26:191–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, S.W. and Wright, S.W. (1987) A new spectrally distinct component in preparations of chlorophylls from the microalga Emiliana huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Biochim. Biophys. Acta ,894: 180–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. (1966) Algal carotenoids. V. Isofucoxanthin -a rearrangement product of fucoxanthin. Acta Chem. Scand. ,20:1728–1730.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1959) Quantitative paper chromatography of carotenoids. Acta Chem. Scand. ,13:1863–1872.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, N-H, Nielsen, A.B. and Wilbrandt, R. (1982) Chlorophyll a sensitized trans-cis photoisomerization of all-trans,y-ß-carotene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ,104:6117–6119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, B., Brzezinka, H. and Budzikiewicz, H. (1974) Massenspektroskopische fragmentierungsreaktionen. VII. Abbau der polyenkette bei carotinoiden. Org. Mass Spectrom. ,9:1095–1113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, B., Brzezinka, H. and Budzikiewicz, H. (1979) Mass spectroscopic fragmentation reactions. XXI. Factors influencing the loss of xylene and toluene from the polyene chain of carotenoids. Z. Naturforsch. ,34B:300–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama, N., Hashimoto, H., Koyama, Y. and Shimamura, T. (1990) High-performance liquid chromatography of cis-trans isomers of neurosporene: discrimination of cis and trans configurations at the end of an open conjugated chain. J. Chromatogr. ,519:221– 227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachik, F. and Beecher, G.R. (1985) Decapreno-ß-carotene as an internal standard for the quantification of the hydrocarbon carotenoids by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. ,346:237–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachik, F. and Beecher, G.R. (1988) Separation and identification of carotenoids and carotenol fatty acid esters in some squash products by liquid chromatography. 1. Quantification of carotenoids and related esters by HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem. ,36:929– 937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachik, F., Beecher, G.R. and Whittaker, N.F. (1986) Separation, identification, and quantification of the major carotenoid and chlorophyll constituents in extracts of several green vegetables by liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. ,34:603–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachik, F., Beecher, G.R. and Lusby, W.R. (1988) Separation and identification of carotenoids and carotenol fatty acid esters in some squash products by liquid chromatography. 2. Isolation and characterisation of carotenoids and related esters. J. Agric. Food Chem. ,36:938–946.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachik, F., Beecher, G.R. and Goli, M.B. (1991) Separation, identification and quantification of carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Pure Appl. Chem. ,63:71–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohata, K. and Wantanabe, M. (1988) Diel changes in the composition of photosynthetic pigments and cellular carbon and nitrogen in Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae). J. Phycol. ,24, 58–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, Y., Hosomi, M., Miyata, A. et al. (1988) Supplementary and revised assignment of the peaks of the 7,9-, 9,9’-, 13,13’-, 9,13’-di-cis and 9,9’,13-trí-cw isomers of ß-carotene in high performance liquid chromatography using a column of calcium hydroxide. J. Chromatogr. ,439:417–422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, Y., Takatsuka, I., Kanaji, M. et al. (1990) Configurations of carotenoids in the reaction centre and the light-harvesting complex of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Natural selection of carotenoid configurations in pigment-protein complexes. Photochem. Photobiol. ,51:119–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, R.L. and McNaughton, D.E. (1986) Comparison of column packings for isocratic HPLC analysis of carotenoids using non-aqueous reversed-phase. J. Liq. Chromatogr., 9:2013–2033.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, R.L., Agnew, M.P. and McNaughton, D.E. (1986) The use of decanol for improving chromato graphic stability in isocratic non-aqueous reversed-phase analysis of carotenoids by HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. ,9:1997–2012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leenheer, A.P. de and Nelis, H.J. (1992) Profiling and quantitation of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection. Methods Enzymol., 213:251–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1990) Artifacts of natural carotenoids -unintended carotenoid synthesis. In: Krinsky, N.I., Mathews-Roth, M.M. and Taylor, R.F. (eds.), Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 149–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Jensen, A. (1971) Quantitative determination of carotenoids in photosynthetic tissues. Meth. Enzymol. ,23:586–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. ,148:350–382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtlé, C., Duval, J-C. and Lemoine, Y. (1987) Comparative biochemical, functional and ultrastructural studies of photosystem particles from a Cryptophyceae: Cryptomonas rufescens; isolation of an active phycoerythrin particle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta ,894:79– 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maoka, T. and Matsuno, T. (1989) Diastereomeric resolution of carotenoids. in ß,ß-Caroten-2-ol, ß,ß-carotene-2,2’-diol and 2-hydroxyechinenone. J. Chromatogr. ,478:379–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Märki-Fischer, E., Buchecker, R., Eugster, C.H. et at. (1982) Absolute konfiguration von antheraxanthin < cw-antheraxanthin > und der diastereomeren mutatoxan thine. Helv. Chim.Acta ,65:2198–2211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, G.P. and Weedon, B.C.L. (1976) Chemistry of carotenoids. In: Goodwin, T.W. (ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments ,2nd. Ed., Vol.1. Academic Press, London, pp. 149–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, R.K., Bernhard, K., Meyer, H. etal. (1980) Beitrag zur analytik und synthese von 3-hydroxy-4-oxocarotinoiden. Helv. Chim. Acta ,63:1654–1674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelis, H.J. and de Leenheer, A.P. (1983) Isocratic nonaqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography of carotenoids. Anal. Chem. ,55:270–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelis, H.J. and de Leenheer, A.P. (1989) Profiling and quantitation of bacterial carotenoids by liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection. App. Env. Microbiol., 55:3065–3071.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noack, K. (1982) Circular dichroism of carotenoids and its use in investigations of their structures, configurations and conformations. In: Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. (eds.), Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 135–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noack, K. and Buchecker, R. (1993) Circular dichroism. In: Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. (eds.), Carotenoids, Isolation and Analysis ,Vol. lb,. Birkhäuser, Basel, (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil,C.A., Schwartz, S.J. andCatignani, G.L. (1991) Comparison of liquid chromato graphic methods for determination of cis-trans isomers of ß-carotene. J. Assoc. Off Anal. Chem., 74:36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, T.G., Gallagher, J.C. and Alberte, R.S. (1987) Photosynthetic light-harvesting function of violaxanthin in Nannochloropsis spp. (Eustigmatophyceae). J. Phycol., 23:79–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, F.C., Guillard, R.R.L. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1988) Carotenoid distribution patterns in Bacillariophyceae (diatoms). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. ,16: 589–592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfander, H. (ed.) (1987) Key to Carotenoids. (O. Straub). 2nd Ed., Birkhäuser, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip, T. and Chen, T-S. (1988) Separation and quantitative analysis of some carotenoid fatty acid esters of fruits by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. ,435:113–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philip, T., Chen, T.-S, and Nelson, D.B. (1988) Liquid chromatographic profiles of major carotenoid esters in commercially processed California navel and Valencia orange juice concentrates. J. Chromatogr.,442:249–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Ritter (1981) Appendix: Absorption maxima and Eicir values for carotenoids In: Bauernfeind, J.C. (ed.), Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors. Academic Press, New York, pp. 883–923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock, CD. and Zeevaart, J.A.D. (1991) The aba mutant of A rabidopsis thaliana is impaired in epoxy-carotenoid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ,88: 7496–7499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rüedi, P. (1985) HPLC -a powerful tool in carotenoid research. PureAppl. Chem. ,57:793– 800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rüttiman, A., Schiedt, K. and Vecchi, M. (1983) Separation of (3Æ,3 7R)-, (3R,3’S; meso)-, (3S,3’S)-zeaxanthin, (3R,3R,6R)-, (3R,3’S,6’S)-and (35,3 ’S,6’S)-lutein via the dicarbamates of (S)-(+)-cc-(l-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate. J. High Resol. Chromatogr., Chromatogr. Commun. ,6:612–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H.H., Artz, W.E., Poor, C.L. etal. (1989) High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers. J. Chromatogr. ,479:261–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siefermann-Harms, D. (1988) High-performance liquid chromatography of chloroplast pigments. One-step separation of carotene and xanthophyll isomers, chlorophylls and phaeophytins. J. Chromatogr. ,448:411–416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauber, J.L. and Jeffrey, S.W. (1988) Photosynthetic pigments in fifty-one species of marine diatoms. J. Phycol ,24:158–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturzenegger, V., Buchecker, R. and Wagnière, G. (1980) Classification of the CD spectra of carotenoids. Helv. Chim. Ada ,63:1074–1092.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, S.S. and Björkman, O. (1990) Leaf xanthophyll content and composition in sun and shade determined by HPLC. Photosyn. Res. ,23: 331–343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukida, K., Saiki, K., Takii, T. and Koyama, Y. (1982) Separation and determination of cis/ trans ß-carotenes by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. ,245:359– 364.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi, M. and Müller, R.K. (1979) Separation of (35,3’5)-, (3/?,37?)-and (35,37?)-astaxanthin via (-)-camphanic acid esters. J. High Resol. Chromatogr., Chromatogr. Commun. ,2:195–196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi, M., Englert, G., Maurer, R. and Meduna, V. (1981) Trennung und charakterisierung von ß-carotin-isomeren. Helv. Chim. Ada ,64:2746–2758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, W., Englert, G., Rigassi, N. and Schwieter, U. (1971) Spectroscopic methods. In: Isler, O. (ed.), Carotenoids ,Birkhäuser, Basel, pp. 189–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S.W. and Jeffrey, S.W. (1987) Fucoxanthin pigmentmarkers of marine phy toplankton analyzed by HPLC and HPTLC. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. ,38:259–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S.W. and Shearer, J.D. (1984) Rapid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phy toplankton. J. Chromatogr. ,294:281–295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A.J. and Britton, G. (1988) Photobleaching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella parva 19/9. Photosynth. Res. ,25:129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A.J., Musker, D. and Britton, G. (1989) A rapid method for the analysis of the mode of action of bleaching herbicides. Pestic. Biochem. Physioi ,35:244–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zechmeister, L. (1962) Cis-trans Isomeric Carotenoids ,Vitamins A and Arylpolyenes. Springer-Verlag, Vienna.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Britton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. J. Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK

    Andrew J. Young

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK

    George Britton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Britton, G., Young, A.J. (1993). Methods for the isolation and analysis of carotenoids. In: Young, A.J., Britton, G. (eds) Carotenoids in Photosynthesis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2124-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2124-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4942-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2124-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation