Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogeny, natural groups and nemertean classification

  • Conference paper
Advances in Nemertean Biology

Part of the book series: Developments in Hydrobiology ((DIHY,volume 89))

  • 58 Accesses

Abstract

Contemporary practice in the classification of nemerteans (phylum Nemertea) is critically discussed. It is argued that basing higher taxa on the existence of a unique combination of characters in a species (or genus) is unlikely to lead to monophyletic taxa, and that this approach should be abandoned in favour of a classification based on explicit hypotheses of phylogeny. These hypotheses should be based on all available characters and characters should not be excluded before the analysis. The classification should be based on a reconstruction of the phylogeny and reflect this phylogeny in an unambiguous way.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, L. A., F. A. Bisby & D. J. Rogers, 1985. Taxonomic analysis in biology. Columbia University Press, New York, 336 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, A., 1917. Pelagic nemerteans from the ‘Michael Sars’ North Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910. Reports of the Scientific Results Michael Sars North Atlantic deep Sea Expedition, 3: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, A. J., 1958. Logic and memory in Linnaeus’s system of taxonomy. Proc. linn. Soc., London 169: 144–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cedhagen, C. & P. Sundberg, 1986. A previously unrecognized report of a nemertean in the literature. Arch. Nat. Hist. 13: 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H. & P. H. Harvey, 1984. Comparative approaches to investigating adaptation. In J. R. Krebs & N-B. Davies (eds), Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell, Oxford: 7–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coddington, J., 1988. Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses. Cladistics 4: 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft, J., 1981. The use of functional and adaptive crite- ria in phylogenetic systematics. Am. Zool. 21: 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft, J., 1983. The significance of phylogenetic classifications for systematic and evolutionary biology. In J. Felsenstein (ed.), Numerical taxonomy. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Ser. G (Ecological Sciences), No 1. Springer-Verlag, New York: 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C., 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London, 502 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Querioz, K., 1988. Systematics and the Darwinian revolution. Phil. Sci. 55: 238–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky, T., 1937. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York, 364 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. J., 1989. Phylogenies and the analysis of evolutionary sequences with examples from seed plants. Evolution 43: 1137–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldredge, N. & J. Cracraft, 1980. Phylogenetic patterns and the evolutionary process. Columbia University Press, New York, 349 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farris, J. S., 1970. Methods for computing Wagner trees. Syst. Zool. 19: 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farris, J. S., 1983. The logical basis of phylogenetic analysis. In N. Platnick & V. Funk (eds), Advances in cladistics, II. Columbia University Press, New York: 7–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein, J., 1983. Parsimony in systematics: biological and statistical issues. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 57: 379–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein, J., 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125: 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselin, M. T., 1985. Narrow approaches to phylogeny: A review of nine books of cladism. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 1: 209–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselin, M. T., 1987. Species concepts, individuality, and objectivity. Biol. Phil. 2: 127–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1972. Nemerteans. Hutchinson, London, 224 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1984. Craticulineus novaezealandiae gen. et sp. nov., a new lineid heteronemertean from the South Pacific (Nemertini). Zool. Anz., Jena 213: 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1985. The need for a standard approach to taxonomic descriptions of nemerteans. Am. Zool. 25: 514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1988. Evolutionary relationships between mono- and polystiliferous hoplonemerteans: Nipponnemertes(Cratenemertidae), a ‘missing link’ genus? Hydrobiologia 156: 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., 1990. Classification of the Nemertea Enopla: response to Sundberg’s critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. Scr. 19: 141–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R. & J. Moore, 1976. Freshwater nemerteans. Zool. J. linn. Soc. 58: 177–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R., D. E. Wickham & A. M. Kuris, 1990. A new genus and species of monostiliferoidean nemertean (Nemertea: Enopla) found on an egg mass of the anomuran decapod Paralithodes camtschatica. Zool. J. linn. Soc. 98: 185–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosliner, T. M. & M. Ghiselin, 1984. Parallel evolution in opistobranch gastropods and its implications for phylogenetic methodology. Syst. Zool. 33: 255–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, G. C. D., 1974. On the foundations of biological systematics. Acta Biotheor. 13: 85–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 263 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, D. L., 1989. Metaphysics of evolution. SUNY Press, New York, 331 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, L. H., 1951. The invertebrates. Vol. II: Plathyleminthes and rhynchocoela. McGraw-Hill, New York, 550 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen, A. & J. Lützen, 1989. Ultrastructure of the protonephridial terminal organ in the terrestrial nemertean Geonemertes pelaensis(Rhynchocoela, Enopla, Hoplonemertini). Acta Zool. 70: 157–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D., C. Alos & R. Sarda, 1990. Miscellania dentata gen. et sp.n. (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Zool. Scr. 19: 169–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meglitch, P. A., 1972. Invertebrate Zoology, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 834 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1972. On a new genus of freshwater hoplonemertean from Campbell Island. Freshwat. Biol. 2: 187–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1973. A new genus of freshwater hoplonemertean from New Zealand. Zool. J. linn. Soc. 52: 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1981. The Geonemertesproblem (Nemertea). J. Zool., Lond. 194: 175–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1985. The evolution and comparative physiology of terrestrial and freshwater nemerteans. Biol. Rev. 60: 257–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R. Gibson, 1988. Further studies of the evolution of land and freshwater nemerteans: generic relationships among the paramonostiliferous taxa. J. Zool., Lond. 216: 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. & R Gibson, 1993. Methods of classifying nem-erteans: an assessment. Hydrobiologia 266: 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, G. J., 1972. Phylogenetic relationship and classifica-tion. Syst. Zool. 21: 227–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, G. & N. Platnick, 1981. Systematics and biogeogra-phy: cladistics and vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York, 567 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norenburg, J., 1985. Structure of the nemertine integument with consideration of its ecological and phylogenetic significance. Am. Zool. 25: 37–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. P. (ed), 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2, 398 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruse, M., 1979. The Darwinian revolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 320 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze, M. S., 1851. Beitrilge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien. C. Koch, Greifswald, 78 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P. H. A. & R. R. Sokal, 1973. Numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 573 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G., 1923. On Brinkmann’s system of the Nemertea Enopla and Siboganemertes webers, n. g. n. sp. Quart. J. Micros. Sci. 67: 627–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G., 1930. Die Gattung Oerstedia. Zoologischer Mededelungen, Leiden, 13: 226–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1984. Multivariate analysis of polymorphism in the hoplonemertean Oerstedia dorsalis(Abildgaard, 1826). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 78: 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P. 1979. Statistical analysis of variation in characters in Tetrastemma laminariae(Nemertini), with a redescription of the species. J. Zool., Lond. 189: 39–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1989a. Phylogeny and cladistic classification of terrestrial nemerteans: the genera pantinonemertesMoore & Gibson and GeonemertesSemper. Zool. J. linn. Soc. 95: 363–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1989b. Phylogeny and cladistic classification of the paramonostiliferous family Plectonemertidae (phylum Nemertea). Cladistics 5: 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1990. Gibson’s reclassification of the enoplan nemerteans (Enopla, Nemertea): a critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. Scr. 19: 133–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, P., 1991. A proposal for renaming the higher taxonomic categories in the phylum Nemertea. J. nat. Hist., Lond. 25: 45–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turbeville J. M. & E. E. Ruppert, 1985. Comparative ultra-structure and evolution of nemertines. Am. Zool. 25: 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijnhoff, G., 1912. Die Systematik der Nemertinen. Zool. Anz. 40: 337–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, E. O., 1981. Phylogenetics: the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 439 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilfert, M. & R. Gibson, 1974. A new genus of hermaphroditic freshwater heteronemertean (Nemertinea). Z. Morph. Tiere 79: 87–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winsor, M. P., 1976. Starfish, jellyfish, and the order of life. Yale University Press, New Haven, 228 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenkevitsch, L. A., 1934. Uber das Vorkommen der Brackwasser-polychaete Manavunkia (M. polarisn.sp.) an der Murmanskiiste. Zool. Anz. 109: 195–203.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18, S-413 90, Göteborg, Sweden

    Per Sundberg

Authors
  1. Per Sundberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

R. Gibson J. Moore P. Sundberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Sundberg, P. (1993). Phylogeny, natural groups and nemertean classification. In: Gibson, R., Moore, J., Sundberg, P. (eds) Advances in Nemertean Biology. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 89. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2052-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2052-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4909-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2052-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation