Abstract
Most instabilities in a high voltage vacuum-insulated gap are believed to stem from parasitic “cold-cathode” electron emission processes. This paper reviews the fundamental surface studies that have established the vital role played by micro-particulate contamination in promoting a “non-metallic” field-induced mechanism that injects electrons into a vacuum gap; it also discusses the technological procedures that can be adopted to limit the problem. The review concludes with a consideration of the specific factors that pose potential threats to the reliable operation of high voltage devices in space.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R.V. Latham, HV Vacuum Insulation: The Physical Basis, London/New York, Academic Press (1981).
H.C. Miller, “Surface Flash-over of Insulators” , Proc. XIII DEIV, Paris pp. 233–240 (1988).
P.A. Chatterton, “Recent Developments in Vacuum Breakdown and Discharge Physics Relevant to Accelerator Tube Design” , Nucl. Insts. & Meths in Phys. Res., Vol 220, pp. 73–81 (1984)
R.V. Latham, “High-Voltage Vacuum Insulation. New Horizons” , IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 881–894 (1988).
R.V. Latham, K.H. Bayliss, and B.M. Cox, “Spatially Correlated Breakdown Events initiated by Field Electron Emission in Vacuum and High Pressure SF6” , J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys., Vol. 19, pp. 214–231 (1986)
S. Bajic, A.M. Abbott, and R.V. Latham, “The influence of gap voltage, temperature and gas species on the “gas conditioning” of high voltage electrodes” , IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul., Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 891–896 (1989).
B.M. Cox, “The Nature of Field Emission Sites” , J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol 8, pp. 2065–73 (1975).
R.E. Hurley, “Electrical Phenomena Occurring at the Surface of Electrically Stressed Metal Cathodes. III Current-Voltage Characteristics of Electroluminescent (k-spot) Regions on Broad Area Cathodes” , J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 13, pp. 1121–28 (1980).
B.M. Cox and W.T. Williams, “Field-Emission Sites on Unpolished Stainless Steel” , J. Phys. D., 10, pp. L5–9 (1977).
C.S. Athwal and R.V. Latham, “A Micropoint Probe Technique for Identifying Field-Emitting Sites on Broad-Area HV Electrodes” , Physica, Vol. 104C, pp. 46–9 (1981).
Ph. Niedermann, N. Sankarraman, R.J. Noer, and O. Fischer, “Field Emission from Broad-Area Niobium Cathodes: Effects of High-Temperature Treatment” , J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 59, pp. 892–901 (1986).
K.H. Bayliss and R.V. Latham, “An Analysis of Field-Induced Hot-Electron Emission from Metal-Insulator Microstructures on Broad-Area HV Electrodes” , Proc. Roy. Soc, Vol. A403, pp. 285–311 (1986).
C.S. Athwal and R.V. Latham, “Switching and Other Non-Linear Phenomena Associated with Pre-breakdown Electron Emission Currents” , J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys., Vol. 17, pp. 1029–1034 (1984).
N.S. Xu and R.V. Latham, “A Spatially Resolved Energy Analysis of Field” Induced Hot-Electron Emission (FIHEE) from “MIM Microstructures” , J. de Physique, Vol. 47, pp. C7(95–99) (1986).
N.S. Xu and R.V. Latham, “Coherently Scattered Hot-Electrons Emitted from MIM Graphite Microstructures Deposited on Broad-Area Vacuum-Insulated High-Voltage Electrodes” , J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys., 19, pp. 477–82 (1986).
C.S. Athwal, K.H. Bayliss, R.V. Latham, “Field-Induced Electron Emission from Artificially Produced Carbon Sites on Broad-Area Copper and Niobium Electrodes” , IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., Vol. 13, pp. 226–229.
J. Halbritter, “Dynamical Enhanced Electron Emission and Discharges at Contaminated Surfaces” , J. Appl. Phys., A39, pp. 49–57 (1986).
A. Zeitoun-Fakiris and B. Juttner, “On the dose of bombarding residual gas ions for influencing prebreakdown field emission in vacuum” , J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 24, pp. 750–756 (1991).
A.D. Archer and R.V. Latham, XIV’th Int. Symposium on “Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum” , Santa Fe (USA) (1990).
P. Graneau and D.B. Montgomery, “Insulator Flashover Mechanism in Vacuum Insulated Cryocables” , J. Vac. Sci. Tech., 13, pp. 1081–7 (1976).
E.L. Garwin and R.E. Kirby, “Surface Studies of Nb, its Compounds, and Coatings” , Proc. of the Second Workshop on RF-Superconductivity, pp. 455–504 (1984).
R.V. Latham, K.H. Bayliss, and S. Bajic, “The Influence of Surface Oxidation on Prebreakdown Electron Emission Processes” , IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul., Vol 24 (6), pp. 901–903 (1989).
S. Bajic, N.A. Cade, A.D. Archer, and R.V. Latham, “Stimulated cold-cathode emission from metal electrodes coated with Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers” , Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No 99: Section 3, Bath (1989).
R.V. Latham and M.S. Mousa, “Hot-Electron Emission from Composite Metal-Insulator Micropoint Cathodes” , J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol 19, pp. 699–713 (1986).
S. Bajic and R.V. Latham, “Enhanced Cold-Cathode Emission Using Composite Resin-Carbon Coatings” , J. Phys., D: Appl. Phys., 21, pp. 200–4 (1988).
H. Padamsee, “The Technology of Nb Production and Purification” , in 2nd Workshop on RF Superconductivity, pp. 339–376 (1984).
D. Bloess, “Chemistry and Surface Treatment” , in 2nd Workshop on RF Superconductivity, pp. 409–426 (1984).
P. Kneisel, “Clean Work and its Consequences — Contamination Control Considerations” , in 2nd Workshop on RF Superconductivity, pp. 509–532 (1984).
H. Padamsee, J. Kirchgessner, D. Moffat, R. Noer, D. Rubin, J. Sears, and Q.S. Shu, “New Results on RF and DC Field Emission” , in 4th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan (1989).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Latham, R.V. (1993). Potential Threats to the Performance of Vacuum-Insulated High-Voltage Devices in a Space Environment. In: DeWitt, R.N., Duston, D., Hyder, A.K. (eds) The Behavior of Systems in the Space Environment. NATO ASI Series, vol 245. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2048-7_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2048-7_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4907-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2048-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive